Category: Body

Humanoid robots, robots with a human body plan and human-like detects, are getting a charge out of expanding prominence as research apparatus. An ever-increasing number of gatherings overall work on issues like bipedal motion, apt control, broad media observation, human-robot cooperation, versatile control, and learning, directed for the application in humanoid robots. These endeavors are spurred by the vision to make another sort of hardware: robots that work in close participation with people in a similar situation that we intended to suit our necessities. While profoundly concentrated mechanical robots are effectively utilized in modern large-scale manufacturing, these new applications require an alternate methodology: universally useful humanoid robots. The human body is appropriate for acting in our regular surroundings.

A robot with a human-like body can exploit these human-focused plans. The new applications will require social connection among people and robots. On the off chance that a robot can investigate and blend discourse, eye developments, emulates, signals, and non-verbal communication, it will be equipped for natural correspondence with people. A large portion of these modalities require a human-like body plan. A human-like activity collection additionally encourages the programming of the robots by show and the learning of new abilities by impersonation of people, in light of the fact that there is a coordinated mapping of human activities to robot activities. Last, yet not least, humanoid robots are utilized as an apparatus to comprehend human knowledge. Similarly biomimetic robots have been worked to comprehend certain parts of creature knowledge, humanoid robots can be utilized to test models of parts of human insight. Tending to the majority of the above zones all the while surpasses the present best in class. The present humanoid robots show their capacities in undertakings requiring a restricted subset of abilities. After some concise verifiable notes, this article will audit the state-of-the-workmanship in humanoid mechanical autonomy and talk about conceivable future advancements. Although, from the above, it may seem that the most important issues for construction and control of humanoid robots have been solved; this is not at all the case. The capabilities of current humanoid robots are rather limited, when compared to humans.

Early studies of the humanoid framework by Leonardo de Vinci, considered the first man, drew on the humanoid component in 1495. It was intended to sit up, wave arms, move head while opening also, shutting its jaw. The eighteenth century can be considered as the fruitful period in the advancement of numerous self-ruling which had the option to imitate some human developments. In 1773, Pierre and Henry Louis developed the first robotization which had the option to compose. The mechanical trumpeter was made by Fridrich Kaufmann in 1810. The trumpeter contained an indented drum which was utilized to actuate a few valves that went air through twelve tongues. Development and improvement time of humanoid starts in the nineteenth century when John Brainerd designed the Steam Man in 1865. It was moved by steam-motor and used to pull trucks. In 1885 the Electric Man was built by Frank Reade Junior which was more-or-less an electric version of the Steam Man. A prototype soldier called Boilerplate was built by Dr.Achibald Campion in 1893. Flamingo, Spring Turkey, Uniroo and 3D Biped were worked in MIT having amazing execution on strolling furthermore, running developments in a dynamic and stable step.

The principal control part is finished by a microcontroller in the way controlling of a robot. Since the intricacy of the framework is high a more PC is expected to play out the assignment. The systems administration gets entangled and a power the board framework is expected to give current to every one of the engines. The fundamental PC utilized can be as amazing as Raspberry pi or equal with preparing intensity of 700 Mhz. Since the work is based on Linux, so there is no issue in permitting and subsequently open-source tasks can be done. Another microcontroller is associated in arrangement to interface the sensors. Since Pi doesn’t have any locally available ADC, this microcontroller is required.

A humanoid robot can convey to human with outward appearance and hand motions. It even can utilize its hand to convey things and move from spot to put. Be that as it may, these are as yet not adequate in our every-day exercises, the humanoid robot ought to have the option to adjust existing capacity, adapt to changes and ready to adapt new abilities rapidly.

A humanoid robot is a machine which resembles a duplication of person. A humanoid robot should resemble a human and act like a human. With the headway of the innovation, these days, the appearance and normal for the humanoid robot is winding up increasingly more like human. The accompanying subsections examines about the innovation is being concocted to make the humanoid robot resembles a human in term of the facial expressive robot head, robot hand, robot movement and robot learning conduct.

The improvement of humanoid robot propels every now and then. Previously, the humanoid robot is just utilized in home applications and for excitement. Be that as it may, the persistent improvement procedure of innovation, these days, the humanoid robot can be connected in numerous fields, for example, social insurance, sport, space investigation, development and industry and even instruction. The utilizations of humanoid robot in various fields are examined in the accompanying areas:

• Home applications. This is the period that individuals are occupied with work and dependably leave their home abandoned. So, there is a need a robot to take care of their home in their nonattendance.
• Diversion. The humanoid robots are ending up progressively prevalent for giving amusement as well. The humanoid robots are generally excellent in correspondence with the human with the outward appearance, hand signals and other forms of non-verbal communication dialects. There are numerous humanoid robots being produced for the utilization of excitement.
• Health Care. Humanoid robots have the human-like highlights, for example, stroll in a biped manner and speak with individuals simply like human. In medical clinic, humanoid robot can be utilized as an administration robot to help attendants and patients in their exercises and furthermore help the general population in remote site to speak with individuals in emergency clinic (Nishiyama et al., 2003). In emergency clinic, humanoid robot has turned into the medical attendant’s symbol as the robot can talk and comprehend the necessities of the patient. For patient, humanoid robot helps the patients who are bother to move. Patient can likewise convey to robot and view the robot as another presence of clients.
• Space. Another field that the humanoid robot began to infiltrate is the application in space. The analysts began to think about the reasonableness of humanoid robot in supplanting human to enter the space. It is because of the human life support in space is in all respects expensive and space missions are constantly risky. The analysts have a dream to make humanoid robots in supplanting human in future space investigation.

It is significant in supplanting people with humanoid robots for perilous occupation in the site. For instance, development apparatus and hardware assume a significant job in numerous errands at the site. All the time, human presentation too risky while working the apparatus and hardware. On the off chance that a humanoid robot can work the hardware and gear and the robot can be conveyed from a remote site, at that point it will take care of the issue of hazardous occupations. Humanoid robot likewise assumes significant job is in a fiasco site where a development machine is required to move away some huge and substantial articles. It is risky for a human administrator to work in a debacle site.

Humanoid robot is a wonderful machine; it is a fascinating field of concentrate with its capacity of getting data from its encompassing and completing physical work simply like human. The general idea of humanoid robot is utilizing distinctive sort sensors to secure data and performing diverse undertaking dependent on the procured data by utilizing the facial expressive head, hands, body and legs. The investigation of humanoid robot has been begun in the previous four decades, from years to years, new innovations will be acquainted with supplant or advance from the old advances. Numerous inquiries about get roused from the sci-fi films such as ‘Star Wars’, ‘Genuine Steel’ and ‘Transformers’ motion pictures and arrangement. The ongoing created humanoid robots are drawing nearer and closer to human conduct.

The above question is one that is often heard from students who simply wish to pursue their main subject of interest. To answer this let us first define what we mean by anatomy and physiology. Anatomy is the study of the structure and components of the human body. Physiology is the study of the processes which go on inside the living organism. Since a process is the method by which something is done, physiology is actually a study of how and why all the parts of the human body work and how they relate to each other in the whole person.

People have been using many kinds of techniques and remedies over the centuries in attempts to cure or alleviate diseases. For a long time and in many cases, it was entirely by trial and error that they found effective treatment, having no real idea how their bodies were constructed and how they worked. The fact to note is this: – you cannot mend something if you do not know how it works.

It was only in the seventeenth century, for example, that it was discovered what the heart actually did in the body. Until then, it was thought to be the centre for the emotions, whilst the brain was the centre of intellectual thoughts. However, William Harvey, a pioneering doctor, showed in 1661 that the heart is a pump, and that it helps to circulate blood to arteries, then to veins, and then back to itself. Just as today, such radical ideas were not much liked by the medical profession. Harvey was shunned by his peers, but did live to ultimately see his discovery fully accepted. It was through such discoveries as the circulation of the blood that the whole study of physiology came into being. Even professional doctors lived in ignorance of the true working of the body for a long time.

Blood-letting, for example, was a very common practise even into the late nineteenth century as a way of removing disease out of the body – it was not realised then that, in fact, this was very much the wrong technique to be used, actually removing a potential channel of cure and very much weakening (and sometimes killing) the client in the process.

For the orthodox medical profession, a thorough knowledge of anatomy and physiology, together with pathology and diseases, has thus become an absolute essential. Their process of breaking down suffering into individual symptoms which can then be identified, and the appropriate specific treatment applied, obviously requires this. As a result, man now knows in considerable detail just how the body is constructed and how it works. There are, however, many aspects which still remain a mystery (in scientific terms), as the application and efficacy of many holistic therapies proves – but which most orthodox doctors are still unwilling to admit.

So, why do holistic practitioners need to know about anatomy and physiology? There are a number of very good reasons. If therapists are dealing with human bodies, then they must respect what they are treating, and respect can only come with knowledge. Holistic therapists do not generally need the indepth knowledge of the orthodox medical professional. This is because they are normally looking at the client as a whole, rather than concentrating on specific symptoms.

Holistic therapists are looking to stimulate the body’s natural healing abilities however – rather than suppressing symptoms through the application of external inputs, such as man-made drugs. Some holistic therapists may perform this stimulation directly, by stimulating nerve endings or meridians, for example. Others may work by stimulating the client’s natural healing energy. This is usually referred to as the vital force. The concept of vital force is a fundamental tenet of naturopathy. Holistic therapists need to know and understand what it is they are treating and, equally important, understand what the possible effects might be. In talking to the client, the information a holistic therapist receives is often directly related to various parts of the body and their (mal) functioning.

Inputs may well come from the client because of dissatisfaction with orthodox treatment. Medical information may be provided by the client arising from their previous interaction with doctors. In finding out what the holistic therapist needs to know about the client, and then analysing that in order to determine the best treatment, they must have at least a basic knowledge of the body’s anatomy and physiology so that they can understand what they are dealing with and therefore avoid doing something which might make the client’s condition even worse. In some cases, this knowledge will not be required; in others, it can make a major difference in leading the therapist to an effective cure.

Another factor which cannot be ignored is that much of the criticism which the orthodox profession makes about holistic practitioners is that holistic practitioners do not know enough about the human body. Obviously from the orthodox medical professionals’ standpoint, and with the many years of training they have to undergo, this view is understandable and, in fact, it is not an unreasonable view.

The holistic therapist is trying to break down some of these barriers with orthodox medical practitioners so that more can be done together but, in order to do so, they have to be able to communicate effectively, which can generally only be done at present through the use of the proper medical terminology. Medical terminology requires a basic understanding of anatomy and physiology, together with an understanding of pathology and disease. So, the study of anatomy and physiology does very much have its place for holistic therapists. This Course should help you, the therapist, to readily obtain a good basic knowledge in a way which is both interesting and helpful.

In this essay, I am going to give an overview of the molecular, microscopic, tissue, and organ structure of the integumentary system and traverse a little into function, as we are missing a colleague. The integumentary system is the largest organ system in the human body, briefly comprising skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands. The system plays many roles, such as thermoregulation, immune defense, vital sensory perception, absorption, and secretion. Its accessories and appendages work in tandem on the front lines as a literal bodyguard to all other systems. The high degree of cell specialization and versatility of keratin are of particular importance.

The skin’s 3 main subdivisions are the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, separated by the basement membrane zone. All layers contain keratinocytes (immune cells, and nerve endings), but the dermis’ main cell type is the fibroblast, and the lipocyte is the queen of the subcutis.

The epidermis has up to 5 layers, with adapted epithelial cell shapes. Basal keratinocytes, similar to stem cells, are generated in the stratum basale and are differentiated by keratinization as they ascend epidermal tissue layers, many eventually forming a multi-layered graveyard atop the epidermis. These now flattened skin cells promote water resistance, as keratin is a water-insoluble fibrous protein. The epidermis also metabolizes vitamin D.

The dermis is where so much magic happens, be it hair bulges, the seats of eccrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands, an abundance of nerve endings, a lymphatic presence, and of course a high degree of vascularization and connective tissue containing collagen and elastin to support and maintain the above epidermis.

Melanocytes produce melanin to combat UV damage via melanosomes, small organelles. Merkel cells and corpuscles are mechanoreceptive and the antigen-presenting Langerhans cells are immune sentinels.

Beneath the basement membrane zone lies the hypodermis, in most people this subcutaneous layer contains the majority of body fats. Not just an energy source, this dense layer of adipocytes-adipose cushions the underlying fascia and musculature from the outside world. Areolar connective tissue is present.

Hair is strands of fully keratinized epithelial cells that grow from bulb-like follicles. More than its thermoregulatory and barrier functions, hair-related structures are theorized to have immune and wound-healing involvement. The hair shaft provides a highway for the sebaceous glands’ secretions to reach the epidermis. This sebum, in conjunction with sweat from the sudoriferous glands contributes to a hydrolipid bilayer, an emulsion with anti-pathogenic and water-resistant properties, but with a ph skin flora find agreeable. The mechanoreceptors near the hair follicle augment the tactile sense, also leading to piloerection via contracting the arrector pili.

Nails are tough but permeable keratinized plates that sheath the digits. The nail root in the dermis is provided with continuous cells from the stratum basale, allowing nail growth. The nail matrix is protected by this talon homolog which also serves to enhance precise delicate movements of the distal digits through counter-pressure exerted on the pulp of the finger. The nail then acts as a counter-force when the end of the finger touches an object, thereby enhancing the sensitivity of the fingertip.

To conclude, the structures within the integumentary system are complex, specialized, and interconnected. The systems’ constituents interrelate their structures to perform functions, particularly the stratified tissue types performing different roles with their versatile cells. The largest organ system definitely seems to keep itself busy.

Introduction

Anatomy focuses on the study of the structures that makes up the human body. My understanding and mentality about the human body have intensified and upgraded my knowledge. However, as I continue with the academic report of anatomy. I will be reflecting on what I have learned and studied during my science topics.

The structural organization of the human body

There are five levels that comprise the structural organization of the human body. Cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, and organisms. All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the basic building blocks of all organisms. Even though cells are made of smaller parts, none of those parts could survive on their own with cells. Many cells working together form tissue. The cells involved are specialized to initiate with each other to perform.

When there are layers of tissue working together, they form an organ. In fact, your body can not survive without vital organs like kidneys, lungs, liver, heart, and brain. When organs work together, they form organ systems. Organ systems keep the body adjusted and in a stable state. These systems often work together and hardly ever work in isolation. Organisms are technically any form that can carry out its own functions such as takes material in and push material out. Some fully functioning organisms are just one cell.

The 11 organ systems:

1. Circulatory system: As the name implies its circulates blood around the body through the heart, arteries, veins, delivering oxygen, nutrients to organs, to help eliminate waste products from the system;
2. Digestive system and Excretory system: System to absorbs nutrients to remove waste through the gastrointestinal tract;
3. Endocrine system: Influences the function of the body using hormones;
4. Integumentary system: This includes the skin, hair, nails, sweat, and other exocrine glands;
5. Lymphatic system: Is an organ system in vertebrates that is part of the circulatory system;
6. Muscular system: Enables the body to move using muscles;
7. Nervous system: Collects and processes information from the senses through the use of nerves and the brain to tell the muscles to contract;
8. Urinary system: The system where the kidneys filter blood to produce urine and get rid of waste;
9. Reproductive system: The reproductive organs required for the production of offspring;
10. Respiratory system: Brings air into and out of the lungs to absorb oxygen and remove carbon dioxide;
11. Skeletal system: Bone maintains the body structure and its organs.

Organisms are technically any form that can carry out its own functions such as takes material in and push material out. Some fully functioning organisms are made of just one cell in order to help the system work together.

Anatomical terms

An anatomical term is a form of scientific terminology used by anatomists, zoologists, doctors, and health care professionals.

Medial, lateral, anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, proximal, and distal. According to Keith B, 27 Sep. 2011 ‘Anatomical Planes of the body’ I have learned that It is important to use anatomical terms in the medical field because it makes doctors have a common systematic form of communication and to ensure there is no confusion when identifying or analyzing structures. Anatomy terms Its helpful when used in front of a patient in order to prevent shock and undue anxiety. Using the terms has also made it simple, clear, and time-saving.

The body also has different departments that contain and protect delicate internal organs. Although dorsal and ventral cavities are the largest body compartments, they have some distinguishing factors. A ventral cavity can allow for significant changes in the size and shape of the organs as they perform their functions, and include the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. The thoracic contains the heart and the abdominopelvic contains other organs in the stomach for instance Kidney, liver, and lungs. The cavity is more rigid and includes the cranial and spinal cavities which house the brain and spinal cord respectively.

As a student, I have acquired some knowledge of how the human body works and several relationships that exist in the main organ. Such as the cell, tissue, organ, atom, organelle, organ system, and compound of molecules.

A cell is a membrane-enclosed chamber that holds molecular materials committed to carrying out metabolic reactions and caring for the genetic material. Each of the cells has a specific role they play within the body. Red blood cells carry oxygen through our bloodstream. A muscle in the cells initiates to power our movements and the brain cells help process and pass information concerning our environment and our body. Just to name a few.

A tissue is a particular type of cell and its products to work together. There are four tissue types in the human body. Epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective tissue. Epithelial tissue is made up of cells that line inner and outer body surfaces, such as the skin. Muscle tissue is made up of cells that can contract and move. Nervous tissue is made up of neurons connected together to carry out electrical massages. Connective tissue is made up of cells that form the body’s structure such as bone and cartilage to provide support within the body.

An organ system is a type of organ that is connected to perform as a team to help carry out complicated tasks. From the digestive system to the immune system, organs such as the mouth, liver, stomach, intestines, etc. Each plays a very vital role in digesting our food and allowing the food we eat to absorb the nutrients to fuel metabolism. The rest organ system is lymphatic, endocrine, nervous, cardiovascular, integumentary, muscular, reproduction, respiratory, urinary, immune, and skeletal.

Techniques for diagnosing injuries and diseases

Taking an adequate history of the patient’s health condition and provided the patient with the opportunity to express his or her current health concerns If the patient is unable to provide a history due to language barrier, capacity issue, etc you can consult those who may be able to assist in obtaining the history, by assessing any relevant risk factors, including family history, which might help in diagnosis and also reading the notes taken by other healthcare professionals e.g. nurses, paramedics such as medical records, test results, and consultation reports.

Physical examination

This involves performing an appropriate physical examination. which is necessary to look out for any vital signs and abnormalities because many serious disorders are challenging to diagnose, a physical examination is important to help rule out the worst-case scenario.

Anatomy is the study of structures of the body. Physiology is the study of the body’s functions. Several techniques people use to study anatomy are dissection (the process of cutting something open), utilizing microscopes to analyze the smaller aspects of anatomy (cells and tissue), and using radiological equipment to view the internal anatomy of living beings (ultrasound, CT, MRI). Techniques used in physiology consist of a variety of methods including electroencephalography (a monitoring method to record the electrical activity of the brain), optical imaging (uses light to examine cellular and molecular function), heart rate variability (measures the beat-to-beat interval), and medical infrared thermography (uses a clinical thermometer which can be used to detect breast cancer, diabetes neuropathy, peripheral vascular disorders, fever screening, and brain imaging). Studying one often is accompanied by studying the other because they are dependent on one another. Anatomy will display the structure of a part of the body while physiology will explain the structure of that part of the body.

There are three main layers of skin.

The epidermis is the outermost layer of thin skin that consists of four or five layers of epithelial cells. The stratum basale (stratum germinativum) is the deepest epidermal layer. The cells of the stratum basale bond to the dermis by intertwining collagen fibers, also known as the basement membrane. The stratum spinosum is composed of eight to 10 layers of keratinocytes, which are flat sacs filled with keratin because their nuclei and organelles disintegrated upon cell death whose main function is to protect the skin against abrasion and penetration. The stratum granulosum is made up of keratin, keratohyalin (protein structure found in granules in the stratum granulosum), and cell membranes that will form the stratum lucidum, the stratum corneum, and the structures of hair and nails. The stratum lucidum is a smooth, somewhat translucent layer of the epidermis located above the stratum granulosum and below the stratum corneum. This thin layer of cells is found only in the thick skin of palms, soles, and digits. The translucent appearance is due to the rich protein eleidin, found in lipids, which also provides a barrier against water. The stratum corneum is the external layer of the epidermis and is the layer exposed to the outside environment. There are about 15 to 30 layers of cells in the stratum corneum. The dry, dead layer helps prevent the penetration of microbes and the dehydration of underlying tissues and provides mechanical protection against abrasion for the more delicate, underlying layers. The epidermis contains melanin which gives skin its color and allows the skin to tan. It also acts as a waterproof barrier to the outside environment while preventing excessive water loss from the body. The epidermis also contains the protein keratin which stiffens epidermal tissue to form fingernails and the outermost layer consists of 25-30 layers of dead cells.

The dermis is the bottom-most thick inner layer of skin which comprises blood vessels, connective tissue, nerves, lymph vessels, sweat glands, and hair shafts. It also provides strength and elasticity to the skin. The dermis has two main layers. The upper papillary layer contains touch receptors that correspond with the central nervous system and is responsible for the folds of fingerprints. The lower reticular is made of dense elastic fibers that house hair follicles, nerves, and glands.

The hypodermis also named the subcutaneous layer, is a layer directly below the dermis and serves to connect the skin to the fibrous tissue of the bones and muscles. It functions as a mode of fat storage and provides insulation and cushioning for the integument. (J. Gordon Betts, 2013)

Understanding all of the levels of tissue within the skin would provide the best treatments for skin diseases by recognizing what tissues are being afflicted and their role within the skin, how to approach treatment of skin cancer (depending on what layer of skin is affected), and this information would further advance research within dermatology.

The urinary system has some important roles, including cleaning the body by getting rid of the wastes; and it regulates the pit levels, which is a function that is shared with the lungs and the buffers in the blood. Moreover, it regulates the blood pressure in collaboration with the heart and blood vessels. A function of the urinary system that I found interesting is that the kidney determines 85% of the erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell production. Based on the diversified functions of the urinary tract, one can easily guess that its failure can be quite disastrous and can end up causing various diseases, for example, a bladder infection.

The urinary system filters blood through 2 to 3 million tufts or specialized capillaries. However, during filtration large elements like blood cells (platelets, antibodies) are excluded. The solutes that are filtered are ions, amino acids, vitamins, and wastes, and they create a composition similar to plasma.

Our urine can differ based on external influences, such as water intake, exercise, temperature, and nutrients. The odor and color of the urine can indicate whether we are hydrated or not. Moreover, through urinalysis (a urine analysis) we can get clues on renal disease, for instance. Moreover, urinating constantly can be an indicator of diabetes mellitus.

The urinary system has various organs with specific functions. The urethra transports urine from the bladder and it eliminates it from the body. The urethra is the only organ that shows some anatomic differences between males and females. The bladder has the function of collecting urine from the ureters. Other important organs are the kidneys. Each kidney has millions of filtering units known as nephrons, which include filters called glomerulus and tubule. The glomerulus has the function of filtering the blood, while the tubule has the role of removing wastes and returning needed substances to our blood.

A disease that occurs in the urinary system is a bladder infection. A bladder infection occurs when bacteria enter the body through the urethra, get attached to the walls of the bladder, and start to reproduce quickly to the point that the body is not able to fight the bacteria that is causing the infection. The symptoms of a bladder infection depend on how serious the infection is, however, the most common symptoms are pain, burning when urinating, cloudy or bloody urine, urinating frequently, and cramping or pressure in the lower abdomen or lower back. In comparison, kidney infections tend to be more serious as it causes fevers chills nausea, and vomiting, hence they require immediate medical attention (Healthline, 2020).

When it comes to a bladder infection, women are more at risk of getting it and this is because they have shorter urethras, which makes it easier for the bacteria to reach the bladder. Moreover, the urethra in women is close to the rectum. Some of the risks for bladder infections that concern both genders are advanced age, insufficient fluid intake, narrowed urethra, pregnancy, diabetes, and weakened immune systems (Healthline, 2020).

When diagnosing a bladder infection, doctors perform a urinalysis, where the patient’s urine is checked for the presence of white blood cells, red blood cells, and bacteria. Furthermore, on top of urinalysis, a urine culture can be performed, a test that determines the type of bacteria in the urine that is causing the infection. This process is important as it helps determine what kind of antibiotics can best cure the infection.

In general, tract infections (UTIs) are common in medical practices, and about 150 million people suffer from UTIs, therefore they tend to influence communities in a negative way, especially with the increase of drug-resistant bacteria.

In conclusion, the urinary system has various functions as it gets rid of wastes produced by the body and controls our PH levels. It is made up of various organs such as the urethra, bladder, and kidney, and each organ has its own specific function in the process of getting rid of wastes. There are various diseases that occur in the urinary system such as a bladder infection. A symptom of a bladder infection can be pain or burning when urinating. While diagnosing a bladder infection doctors perform urinalysis and urine culture in order to know what type of antibiotic to prescribe their patients.

The complexity of mind body problem and its existence is difficult to interpret. Humans do exist and have both physical properties (height, weight, and etcetera) and mental properties such as beliefs, values, desires and etcetera. In his meditations, Descartes reaches to a conclusion that he exists because he is a ‘thinking thing.’ Later in his meditations, he takes the same idea forward to establish the mind-body dualism which contrasts the human mind with human body. The essay will brief the reader about how Descartes concluded the ‘cogito’ and what role do the senses play to establish this claim. The reader will also be briefed about his theory of mind body dualism, the concept of res-extensa and res cogitans and several problems faced by this theory. The essay concludes with the persuasiveness of this theory and objections to Descartes from other notable philosophers.

Initially, Descartes does not believe that the information we receive through our senses can be trusted or are necessarily accurate. To solve this problem, his first step is to put everything through a constant process of demolition and reconstruction. He puts his every thought to doubt and refuses to believe the most basic element of thought before proving them. He thought that it would be a waste to divide every idea to individual basis hence he attacked the foundational basis: the idea that sense of perception conveys accurate information. For proving this, he put forward several arguments.

One of his arguments was to imagine that his sense of perception was being altered by an ‘evil demon’ . He chose to believe that the evil demon’s sole purpose was to deceive him and trick him into thinking that he knew everything. But because he wanted to be certain about it, he started doubting everything and put it through the process of demolition and reconstruction as described above. And even if there was a slightest chance of fault, he would disbelieve it. But later, he found out that he couldn’t really doubt his own existence. Just the act of doubting confirmed that there was someone doing the doubting. Because doubting meant thinking and thinking meant there has to be a thinker, hence he must exist. Descartes concluded that he was a ‘thinking thing’ and formulated the infamous cogito ergo sum-“I think, therefore I am.” Thus he establishes the existence of mind.

The most notable objection to this concept is posed by the 19th century German philosopher Friedrich Nietzche. He questioned this by asking if thoughts really required a thinker. According to his speculation, thoughts might be a chain of free floating ideas in space. And if Descartes believed that everything that was indubitable was true, and then would no doubt prove that he will disbelief anything might be wrong?

Now that he established the existence of mind, his next step involved the existence of body. To confirm this, he begins by doubting his senses and argues that his senses often make him experience things in dreams which upon waking up, vanish or are never materialised. He then extends his investigation into thinking that what more he might be constituted of besides mind. What is it on which he is dependent upon for the existence of his mind and if it is any different from himself? He realises that apart of only thinking, he performs various actions through his hands, feet and other parts which has a distinct existence from his mind and soul. Hence he concludes that he has a ‘body’.

Intro about water and it importance for life

Water is an indispensable elixir that sustains all forms of life on Earth. Constituting a significant portion of our planet, water is the essence of survival and the foundation of ecosystems. Its importance cannot be overstated. From nourishing organisms to regulating temperatures and facilitating chemical reactions, water serves as a catalyst for life’s processes. It is the conduit through which nutrients are transported, supporting the growth of plants and sustaining diverse animal species. Additionally, water plays a vital role in maintaining the balance of our planet’s climate system. As a precious resource, we must cherish and conserve water to ensure the continuity of life for generations to come.

Essay About Water 1 (100 words)

Water is an essential resource for all life on Earth. It is vital for our survival and plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems. It is not only necessary for drinking, but also for agriculture, industry, and sanitation. It is a universal solvent, enabling various chemical reactions and transportation of nutrients in our bodies.

However, water scarcity is a growing concern in many parts of the world. Climate change, pollution, and overconsumption are threatening the availability and quality of water. It is our responsibility to conserve water by practicing sustainable habits, such as fixing leaks, using water-efficient appliances, and promoting water conservation awareness.

In conclusion, water is a precious resource that we must value and protect. By taking action to preserve and wisely use water, we can ensure its availability for future generations and the health of our planet.

Short Essay on Importance of Water 2 (200 words)

Water is an essential resource that sustains all life on Earth. Its importance is undeniable, as it plays a vital role in various aspects of our lives and the planet’s well-being. It supports ecosystems, agriculture, human health, and industry.

Ecosystems rely on water as a habitat for plants and animals, ensuring biodiversity and a thriving environment. In agriculture, water is crucial for crop irrigation, ensuring food production and preventing hunger. It also promotes human health by hydrating the body, regulating temperature, and preventing waterborne diseases.

Water is indispensable in transportation, industry, and energy production. It facilitates manufacturing processes, cooling systems, and power generation, driving economic growth and development.

However, the world faces a water crisis and increasing scarcity in many regions. Responsible water management, conservation, and protection of water bodies are crucial for a sustainable future.

In conclusion, water is a precious resource that sustains life, ecosystems, and economic activities. Its significance in agriculture, human health, and environmental preservation is paramount. As responsible stewards, we must value and conserve water for the benefit of present and future generations.

Essay on Important Uses of Water 3 (300 words)

Introduction

Water is one of the most essential resources for life on Earth. It plays a vital role in sustaining various ecosystems and is crucial for the survival of all living organisms. Apart from its significance in maintaining ecological balance, water serves numerous important purposes in our day-to-day lives. In this essay, we will explore some of the key uses of water and their significance.

Different Uses of Water:

• Drinking and Hydration: The most basic and crucial use of water is for drinking and staying hydrated. Water is essential for maintaining the body’s fluid balance, regulating body temperature, and facilitating the transportation of nutrients and oxygen to cells.
• Agriculture: Water is indispensable for agricultural practices. Irrigation systems rely on water to provide crops with the necessary moisture for growth. It is estimated that about 70% of global freshwater usage goes towards agriculture, highlighting its crucial role in food production.
• Domestic Use: Water is used extensively for various domestic purposes, such as cooking, cleaning, bathing, and sanitation. It is vital for personal hygiene and maintaining a clean living environment.
• Industry: Water plays a significant role in various industrial processes. It is used for cooling machinery, generating steam, and cleaning equipment. Industries such as manufacturing, power generation, and chemical production rely heavily on water for their operations.
• Recreation and Tourism: Water-based recreational activities, such as swimming, boating, and fishing, are popular leisure pursuits for many people.

Conclusion

Water is an indispensable resource that serves a multitude of vital purposes in our lives. From providing hydration and sustaining ecosystems to supporting agriculture, industry, and domestic use, water is essential for our survival and overall well-being. It is crucial that we recognize the importance of water conservation and responsible water usage to ensure its availability for future generations. Through sustainable practices and efficient water management, we can safeguard this precious resource and continue to benefit from its many significant uses.

Essay About Water Cycle 4 (400 words)

Introduction

The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, is a fundamental process that continuously circulates water throughout the Earth’s systems. It is a complex and fascinating phenomenon that involves the continuous movement and transformation of water between the atmosphere, land, and oceans. This essay aims to explore the significance of the water cycle, its importance, and the vital sources of water that contribute to this remarkable natural process.

Why is the Water Cycle Important?

The water cycle is of paramount importance for several reasons. Firstly, it plays a crucial role in sustaining life on Earth. Without the water cycle, life as we know it would not be possible. Through this cycle, water is constantly replenished, ensuring a continuous supply for various organisms. It enables the growth of vegetation, providing habitats for animals and supporting the intricate web of life.

Moreover, the water cycle is vital for maintaining the Earth’s climate and regulating temperatures. Evaporation from oceans, lakes, and rivers transfers heat energy from the Earth’s surface to the atmosphere, leading to cloud formation and subsequent precipitation. This process helps distribute heat energy across the globe, influencing weather patterns and preventing extreme temperature fluctuations.

Important Sources of Water

The water cycle relies on various sources of water to facilitate its continuous operation. The primary source is the world’s oceans, which cover around 71% of the Earth’s surface. Through the process of evaporation, the sun’s heat energy causes water molecules to transform from liquid to gas, rising into the atmosphere and forming clouds. Oceans contribute a significant portion of the water vapor that eventually falls as precipitation.

Surface water sources, such as rivers, lakes, and streams, also play a vital role in the water cycle. They receive precipitation and serve as collection points for runoff water, which eventually returns to the oceans. Surface water is crucial for sustaining terrestrial ecosystems, providing habitats for aquatic life and enabling the growth of vegetation along their banks.

Conclusion

The water cycle is a remarkable natural process that continuously circulates and redistributes Earth’s water resources. Its importance cannot be overstated, as it sustains life, regulates climate, and ensures the availability of fresh water for various purposes. Oceans, surface water, and groundwater are crucial sources that fuel the water cycle, highlighting the interconnectivity of Earth’s water systems.

Water as Essential Part of Our Life – Essay 5 (500 words)

Introduction

Water is an essential resource that plays a crucial role in sustaining life on Earth. It is a fundamental part of our existence, with its significance extending beyond our basic physiological needs. From the human body’s composition to the growth of plants and the survival of marine creatures, water serves as a lifeline for all living beings.

Water – An Essential Part of the Human Body

Water constitutes a significant portion of the human body, highlighting its vital importance. Approximately 60% of our body weight is comprised of water, emphasizing its role in maintaining bodily functions. It is involved in various physiological processes, such as digestion, absorption, circulation, and temperature regulation. Water acts as a lubricant for joints, aids in the removal of waste through urine and sweat, and supports overall cellular function. Without an adequate supply of water, the human body’s ability to function optimally would be severely compromised.

Water – Vital for Plant Growth

Plants, the primary producers of the Earth’s ecosystems, heavily rely on water for their growth and survival. Through a process called photosynthesis, plants utilize water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and glucose, which fuels their growth. It is essential for the transport of nutrients and minerals from the soil to different parts of the plant. It also helps maintain turgidity, ensuring that plants remain upright and capable of withstanding external pressures. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in regulating plant temperature through transpiration, where excess water is released from leaves as vapor. Without an adequate supply of it, plants would wither and die, disrupting ecosystems and impacting food production.

Water – Habitat for Marine Creatures

The Earth’s oceans, teeming with an incredible diversity of marine life, owe their existence to water. Aquatic ecosystems provide a habitat for countless organisms, ranging from microscopic plankton to majestic whales. It not only serves as a medium for aquatic organisms to live in but also provides them with sustenance. It acts as a source of food, harboring various nutrients and supporting the growth of algae, phytoplankton, and other primary producers. It also serves as a means of transportation for marine creatures, enabling migration, reproduction, and dispersal. Without water, the delicate balance of marine ecosystems would be disrupted, leading to severe consequences for both marine life and the entire planet’s ecological well-being.

Conclusion

Water is undeniably an essential part of our lives, indispensable for human well-being, plant growth, and the existence of marine life. It not only fulfills our basic physiological needs but also plays a vital role in maintaining ecosystems and supporting biodiversity. As responsible stewards of our planet, it is crucial for us to recognize the importance of water and take active measures to conserve and protect this invaluable resource. By understanding and valuing water’s significance, we can ensure a sustainable future for ourselves and generations to come.

Essay About Water 6 (600 words)

Water is the basic necessity for the functioning of all life forms that exist on earth. It is safe to say that water is the reason behind earth being the only planet to support life. This universal solvent is one of the major resources we have on this planet. It is impossible for life to function without water. After all, it makes for almost 70% of the earth.

However, despite its vast abundance, water is very much limited. It is a non-renewable resource. In addition, we need to realize the fact that although there is an abundance of water, not all of it is safe to consume. We derive some very essential uses from the water on a daily basis.

Significance of water

If we talk about our personal lives, water is the foundation of our existence. The human body needs water for the day to day survival. We may be able to survive without any food for a whole week but without water, we won’t even survive for 3 days. Moreover, our body itself comprises of 70% water. This, in turn, helps our body to function normally.

Thus, the lack of sufficient water or consumption of contaminated water can cause serious health problems for humans. Therefore, the amount and quality of water which we consume is essential for our physical health plus fitness.

Further, our daily activities are incomplete without water. Whether we talk about getting up in the morning to brush or cooking our food, it is equally important. This domestic use of water makes us very dependent on this transparent chemical.

In addition, on a large scale, the industries consume a lot of water. They need water for almost every step of their process. It essential for the production of the goods we use every day.

If we look beyond human uses, we will realize how water plays a major role in every living beings life. It is the home of aquatic animals. From a tiny insect to a whale, every organism needs water to survive.

Therefore, we see how not only human beings but plants and animals too require water. The earth depends on water to function. We cannot be selfish and use it up for our uses without caring about the environment.

A world without water

Water is not only required for our survival but for a healthy and happy life as well. Everyone has seen the scenario of water-deprived countries like Africa, where citizens are leading a miserable life. It is time for everyone to wake up and realize the urgency of conserving water.

In other words, a world without water would make the human race impossible to last. The same can be said for all the animals and plants. In fact, the whole earth will suffer without water.

Firstly, the greenery will soon diminish. When earth won’t get water, all the vegetation will die and turn into barren land. The occurrence of different seasons will soon cease. The earth will be caught in one big endless summer.

Furthermore, the home of aquatic animals will be taken from them. That means no fishes and whales for us to see. Most importantly, all forms of living organisms will go extinct if we do not conserve water right away.

In conclusion, unnecessary usage of water must be stopped at once. Every single person must work to conserve water and restore the balance. If not, we all know what the consequences are going to be.

Water, such an important substance for general health. Water is so important for humans that more than half of our bodies are made up of water. Your body uses water in all its cells, organs, and tissues to help regulate its temperature and maintain other bodily functions. Because your body loses water through breathing, sweating, and digestion, it is important to rehydrate by drinking fluids and eating foods that contain water. Water helps us flush out waste from your body, regulate body temperature, and helps your brain function. When you are doing anything physical activity-related and you’re in extreme heat, you have to regularly rehydrate in order to replenish the lost electrolytes. Open water sources like wells have to be regularly checked for waterborne diseases because the water is coming from the ground or another water source. Cleaning water is very important for everyone worldwide. There are many waterborne illnesses that are detrimental and can cause epidemics in societies around the world. Utilization of defiled water can prompt a wide assortment of diseases including cholera, hepatitis A, typhoid, and arsenic harming from bacterial and viral pathogens, pathogenic protozoa, and other water‐borne pathogens. More than 5 million individuals die every year from water‐borne sickness bringing about loose bowels and liquid/electrolytes. Proof proposes disease spreads through the expanded presentation to human and creature waste close to open water sources. Water utility companies that work for the cities are responsible for the water cleanliness and safety of their citizens.

Unquestionably, water helps dissolve minerals and nutrients; making them more accessible to the body. It also helps remove waste products. Water is essential for the kidneys to function. If the kidneys do not function properly, waste products and excess fluid can build up inside the body. When waste and excess fluids are built up inside the body, this can cause Cirrhosis. Cirrhosis occurs when the liver becomes scarred. As the scar tissue replaces healthy tissue, this creates small humps on the organs causing blockages, which can lead to bile backing up into the liver and the blood. Although, water is very important when it comes to our body’s skin, hair, nails, and muscles.

For quite a long time, calorie counters have been drinking heaps of water as a weight reduction system. While water doesn’t have any supernatural impact on weight reduction, substituting it for more calorie-filled drinks can absolutely help. ‘What works with weight reduction is on the off chance that you pick water or a non-caloric drink over a caloric refreshment as well as eat an eating routine higher in water-rich nourishments that are more advantageous, all the more filling, and help you trim calorie consumption,’ says Penn State analyst Barbara Rolls, PhD, creator of many diet plans. Nourishment with high water substance will in general look bigger, its higher volume requires all the more biting, and it is assimilated all the more gradually by the body, which causes you to feel full. Water-rich nourishments incorporate organic products, vegetables, stock-based soups, oats, and beans. They state you can live for three weeks without food, yet just three days without water. Water is a fundamental component throughout everyday life, and drinking enough spotless and solid water each day ought to be a need.

Our bodies are comprised of 70% water, and as we approach our day, we go through that water. That is the reason it isn’t just critical to remain hydrated, yet to devour water plentiful in minerals to keep your body working at its best. The vast majority expect that water is simply water. They realize it is basic that they drink it, however they aren’t generally mindful of the dietary benefit it has. Other than requiring water for the recovery of cells in the body, here are some different supplements we get from water; calcium – significant in bone wellbeing and perhaps cardiovascular wellbeing, magnesium – significant in bone and cardiovascular wellbeing, sodium – a significant extracellular electrolyte, lost under states of abundance sweat, copper – significant in cell reinforcement work, iron usage and cardiovascular wellbeing, and selenium – significant when all is said in done cancer prevention agent work and in the resistant framework.

On the other hand, while water is very good for you, unclean water can be very threatening towards someone. Waterborne illnesses are brought about by drinking defile or unclean water. Sullied water can cause numerous kinds of diarrheal maladies, including Cholera, and different genuine ailments, for example, Guinea worm illness, Typhoid, and Dysentery. Water related illnesses cause 3.4 million deaths every year. These diseases are conditions caused by pathogenic microorganisms that are transmitted in water. Disease can be spread while bathing, washing, drinking water, or by eating food exposed to contaminated water. Salmonella, one of the more common waterborne illnesses, might be found in water sources, for example, private wells that have been tainted with the excrement of contaminated people or creatures. Waste can enter the water through various ways, including sewage floods, sewage frameworks that are not working appropriately, dirty storm water spillover, and agricultural overflow. There are more than 200,000 cases of salmonella per year in the US. Typhoid, another common waterborne illness, is brought about by the microscopic organisms typhi and spread through crops, beverages, and drinking water that are defiled with contaminated fecal matter. Washing leafy foods can spread it, whenever unsanitary water is utilized. there are more than 20,000 cases of typhoid per year in the US.

Additionally, On April 25, 2014, authorities hoping to set aside cash exchanged Flint, Michigan’s drinking water supply from the Detroit city framework to the Flint River. For over a century, the Flint River, which courses through the core of town, has filled in as an informal waste transfer site for treated and untreated decline from the numerous nearby businesses that have grown along its shores, from carriage and vehicle production lines to meatpacking plants and timber and paper factories. This new water was exceptionally catastrophic. Since city and state authorities violated government law by neglecting to treat the water appropriately, lead drained out from maturing channels into a huge number of homes. Not long after the switch, Flint inhabitants grumbled about discolored, foul-tasting, rank water just as skin rashes and male pattern baldness. Autonomous tests found that a critical extent of tests had lead levels well over the ‘activity level’ for lead set by the U.S. Natural Protection Agency. Actually, a few examples demonstrated lead levels in excess of multiple times the activity level. Somewhere in the range of 9,000 kids, who are especially delicate to lead and its belongings, were presented to debased water. As of 2019, Pipes are now being replaced and officials say the water is safe, but residents still worry, drink bottled water and doubt their elected leaders.

Alternatively, Many scientists use certain methods to clean water and test for dangerous chemicals. In an article called “Perceptions of Water Ownership, Water Management, and the Responsibility of Providing Clean Water”, by Jacqueline Noga and Gregor Wolbring, they state “Snowball convenience sampling was used in order to obtain the greatest number and widest variety of participants in order to understand key perceptions from a range of perspectives. This sampling method was chosen as a means of gathering initial information on the subject in order to create a foundation for further research. The use of snowball sampling meant participants were encouraged to forward the link to their own peers and co-workers. No inclusion or exclusion criteria were used; therefore all of the responses from all of the participants were used for data analysis.” Snowball sampling is where research participants recruit other participants for a test or study. It is used when potential participants are hard to find. It is called snowball sampling because once you have the ball rolling, it picks up more “snow” along the way and becomes larger and larger. In an article called, “How Clean Must Our Drinking Water Be: The Importance of Protective Immunity”, a team of scientist, Floyd J. Frost, Melissa Roberts, Twila R. Kunde, Gunther Craun, Kristine Tollestrup, Lucy Harter, and Tim Muller, conduct a prospective cohort study was conducted in 2 distinct geographic sites in 2 cities in the northwestern United States. Sites A and B were areas of the same city supplied by different unfiltered chlorinated surface-water sources. Both surface sources came from well-protected watersheds with no evidence of human waste contamination. Over the 2-year time frame, 522 serum tests were acquired from 326 people. 64 subjects took an interest in stage 1, 66 just in stage 2, and 196 in the 2 stages. These 196 people were conveyed, by water source, as pursues: 95 from the intercession site A, 101 from site B.

In summary, Americans appear to convey filtered water wherever they go nowadays. Truth be told, it has turned into the second most prevalent beverage, behind soft drinks. Be that as it may, water enthusiast got a shock as of late when we heard that another report had discovered that the advantages of drinking water may have been oversold. Evidently, the old proposal to drink 8 glasses a day was simply a rule, not founded on logical proof. In any case, don’t stop drinking water at this time. While we may not require 8 glasses, there are a lot of incitement to drink water. Actually, drinking clean water, either plain or as different liquids, is fundamental to society’s well being.

The human body is the structure of the human being, and like the grey wolf it is composed of many different types of organ systems. Among all those organ systems the reproductive and respiratory system have very important roles. For example, the respiratory system is very important because it takes in carbon dioxide which converts into oxygen which helps us breath. The reproductive system role is to reproduce offspring and assure the survival of any species. The humans are considered mammals like the grey wolf. The gray wolf or Canis lupus as scientists call it is from the Animalia kingdom its family origin comes from the Canidae and has a genus named Canis Linnaeus. The species Canis lupus Linnaeus can be found in the northern hemisphere and has Eukarya domain. Humans created a pet out of the wolf and is used as a companion or emotional support friend. The human respiratory and reproductive system have many similarities to the grey wolf, both respiratory systems are required for humans and wolves to stay alive and the reproductive to ensure survival for their offspring.

Respiratory System

Anatomy

The respiratory system in humans and its anatomy consists of many organs all which are essential to keep the system functioning. The nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, mouth, throat, lungs, windpipe, voice box, diaphragm, bronchial tubes, bronchioles, air sacs, and capillaries are part of the respiratory systems anatomy. Therefore, the mouth and the nose function together when air goes into them. Then it goes directly to the back of the throat and makes use of the windpipe, which then converts into air passages creating bronchial tubes. All these organs help with the inhalation process and are made to sustain and keep humans alive.

Physiology

The respiratory system works when the following stages and organs all get together to perform their daily jobs. One of the most important organs are the lungs. The lungs have to have open airways to free the inflammation or any swelling. The bronchial tubes have to pass through the lungs and form small bronchioles, then bronchioles go into a tiny balloon air sac called the alveoli. Human bodies produce about 600 million alveoli. Then the mesh of tiny blood vessels called the capillaries form a wall to protect the alveoli. At this stage when the oxygen has been pushed inside the blood passes directly to the heart and the heart pumps making all the cells, tissues, and organs. When the cells take the oxygen, it converts to carbon dioxide which goes into the blood. Finally, the blood transports the carbon dioxide to the back of your lungs, and then it’s removed so your body can exhale.

Comparison

The grey wolf nervous system and the human respiratory system because they both have a spinal cord, brain and a cerebellum. They both contain a set of lungs, a diaphragm, trachea, and a nose. All of the organs in the respiratory system conduct the same functions in both organisms. Therefore, these organisms receive oxygen and breath through the nose and then they have the oxygen transported by the trachea to the lungs. Their mtDNA has been found to be connected to humans as well. Humans and greys wolf’s respiratory systems do not have many differences and what is most important is that their functions are always responding properly to keep them alive.

Disorders

The respiratory system is really important for our bodies, but sometimes not all of us have the gift of having a healthy system. Therefore, sometimes the respiratory system is likely to have some disorders. These are some disorders related to the respiratory system; asthma, pulmonary disease, and pneumonia. Asthma is a disease that causes breathing problems and inflammation of breath in the airways. The symptoms that can affect people who have asthma are dry coughing, dry throat, chest tightness, and the feeling of little to no air. Wolves are related with outbreaks in other species as well. Furthermore, infections like chronic Sarcoptic mange infections. This causes an allergic, inflammatory reaction to which the wolves start to scratch and bite themselves, leading to hair loss, alopecia, and consequently heat loss.

Reproductive System

Anatomy

The organs that make up the reproductive system for the males are the vas deferens, bladder, colon, urethra epididymis, testicles, prostate, seminal vesicle and the penis. The males’ anatomy has internal and external structures. A short description of the males like the penis which has three parts to it: the root, which is connected to the wall of the abdomen, the shaft and the glans. The scrotum is a pouch of skin which hangs at the back of the penis, and carries the testicles that contain nerves and blood vessels. The testicles are the oval organs structured with a spermatic cord. Then lastly the epididymis which is a long tube located on the back of each testicle. These are the external structures of the male reproductive system. The female organs that make up the reproductive system are the labia majora, labia minora Bartholin’s gland, vagina, anus, urinary opening, clitoris, uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. Therefore, the female reproductive system like the male also consists of internal and external organs. The female’s external organs are the labia majora these enclose and protect the rest of the external genital organs, The labia minora are small and usually 2 inches wide. The Bartholin glands located in the vaginal opening and the clitoris is a small protrusion like the penis which becomes sensitive. The male and female reproductive systems and its organs perform reproduction and create life.

Physiology

The male reproductive system of a male works with hormones and chemicals. These hormones and chemicals help with the functions of the cells or organs. The follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone are reproduced by the pituitary gland found in the base of the brain. This is responsible for sperm or spermatogenesis, and testosterone. Testosterone is very important for the male reproductive system because it helps with the process of spermatogenesis. It helps obtain male characteristics such as muscle mass, fat distribution, bone mass, and sex drive. The female reproductive system is made to perform many different functions. The female has egg cells that are used for reproduction, named ova and oocytes. The female reproductive system transports the ova to be fertilized. The way it works is when the ovaries produce the egg cell once it is fertilized the sperm can transport itself to the egg. Then the egg follows the uterus, and the uterine lining thickness and responds to the hormones. Therefore, the reproductive systems for men and women work together for the purpose of sexual reproduction and is essential for sustaining a species.

Comparison

The Canis lupus evolution has helped himself and his pack survive till today. This just like humans we have expanded our population and helped each other survive. The Canis lupus does overproduce offspring because they are constantly mating and not only that but they protect their pack so no one is harmed (Myers). The counter effect of this is that the cubs that result weak are killed by the male Alpha parent. The reproductive strategy used that helps Canis lupus is traveling with their pack they often leave their mate and when they come back, they reproduce rapidly (Myers). The variations are the Canis lupus grey wolf, the Arctic wolf, the red wolf, the Indian wolf, the Himalaya wolf, the Ethiopian wolf and the eastern wolf (Myers). However, just like wolves, we humans also reproduce and have variations of different races and all different types of people.

Disorders

Many disorders that the reproductive system undergoes are many but these are only some linked to the human and wolf species. A common disease in the reproductive system that affects both men and women are STDs in many cases If a pregnant woman has an STD, it can cause serious health problems for the baby. STDs are caused by bacteria or parasites. In grey wolves, parasites also attach to wolves and cause this bacteria. An STD is a virus, meaning there is no cure, and can only be controlled with medication. That is why humans can prevent these diseases by using protection like latex condoms, which help reduce the risk. Unfortunately, it does not guarantee of catching or spreading STDs. The grey wolves are animals if they get sick, they can’t use anything to prevent it, cure it or protect each other.

Integration

The reproductive system is dependent on the respiratory system because oxygen from the respiratory system helps the reproductive system in order to work and keep the cardiovascular system moving. This helps the reproductive system to complete and follow its daily functions as needed. Organs like the ovaries, penis, testicles, and vagina would not be able to work without the help of the respiratory system and the rest of the organs that connect the body of humans. The interaction they acquire with each other on matters like a disease perhaps AIDS this disease attacks the immune system. Therefore, then you can develop pneumonia which is a respiratory disease. Some helpful and some like diseases are not at all good but that still does not affect the fact that they need each other to keep our bodies alive.

Conclusion

Although the Canis lupus is an animal that relies on its physical body it is very smart and intelligent it’s fossil records and natural selection may seem a bit too aggressive and wild. These animals are beautiful and very respected. They are similar in many aspects of life to humans but specially in their reproductive and respiratory systems. They are very noble when it comes to family for the Canis lupus. A wolf pack is always first and the male leader of the pack protection is astonishing how they are overprotective and territorial which is similar to how humans are. The rest that are wild Canis lupus are left alone because they evolved and can’t be domesticated by humans because they start from cubs. These species and their human alike organ systems prove that the evolution of this animal might still be living here with humans for many more years and that we can relate to this particular species. The human respiratory and reproductive system have many similarities to the grey wolf, both respiratory systems are required for humans and wolves to stay alive and the reproductive to ensure survival for their offspring. The grey wolf and the human are connected not only externally but internally as well.

References

1. National Science Foundation – Where Discoveries Begin. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=123314
2. The Top 8 Respiratory Illnesses and Diseases (2018, March 1). Retrieved from https://www.unitypoint.org/homecare/article.aspx?id=2448b930-1451-43e4-8634-c0c16707c749
3. Wolf Origins. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.wolfcountry.net/information/WolfOrigins.html
4. Zimmermann, K. A. (2019, August 23). Respiratory System: Our Avenue for Gas Exchange. Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/22616-respiratory-system.html
5. https://www.macalester.edu/~montgomery/GrayWolfExtra.html
6. http://web.a.ebscohost.com.libproxy.tstc.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=7&sid=7121061d-554f-4ae3-bfd0-b7b9046958d0%40sessionmgr4008&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=f6h&AN=3980444
7. http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/home/library/pdfs/wildlife/research_pdfs/infectious_parasitic_diseases_gray_wolf.pdf