Category: Body

A lot of times, one word is thought to be the same as the other, when in actual sense, they are not. They may have bits of similarities, but when it comes to their basic definitions, their differences become quite obvious. Two of such words that we would be discussing in this piece are anatomy vs physiology. They are often used when describing the parts of a biological component like the human body.

To show how these two words differ from one another, we would be taking you through their definitions, the similarities, as well as the differences between the two.

Definition of anatomy

Anatomy is defined as the discipline that deals with the structure and identity of body parts. When it is about the human body, it is referred to as “human anatomy”. The word, anatomy, stems from Greek, meaning “to cut apart”; which does not come as a surprise considering the need to dissect a dead body in order to do a proper study of both the internal and external tissues.

This discipline is a wide one that can be analyzed not just in dead bodies, but also in living bodies depending on the purpose and depth of the analysis. In some cases, there is a need to employ the use of instruments like a microscope in order to understand the system, organs, tissues, and even cells. to that effect, it is obvious that this discipline deals with the most fundamental study of the structure and identification of the human body.

A difference between physiology and anatomy can be seen in the sub-types of anatomy, amidst other differences. The types include the following:

• Gross anatomy: This is the study of those structures and identities of the body that can be viewed and observed with the eyes. The more scientific term for this is “macroscopy”. This type of study is aimed at bringing to light every possible information about a body part as far as can be seen with the eyes. This type of study entails either to cut open (invasive), not to cut open (non-invasive), or to do both depending on the situation. The use of the dissection technique is quite common in this type of study;
• Microscopic anatomy: This is the study of the structures and identities of the body parts that are too small to be seen and observed with the human eyes. Such body parts are referred to as microscopic, and the use of a microscope is employed in this case. The most common process employed in this sub-type of study usually involves staining a piece of tissue and then studying it under an effective microscope. This tool would magnify the specimen multiple time over to make it sensibly visible enough for the human eye to make anything out of it.

Definition of physiology

Physiology is defined as the study of the functions of different body parts to understand how they work and why. The term comes from the Greek words “physis” and “logos”, which can be interpreted using different words like “origin” or “nature of”; logos, on the other hand, can be interpreted as “the study of”.

As a way of showing the difference between anatomy and physiology, here are the sub-types of physiology:

• Developmental – This study tracks what changes in a biological organism as a result of development, its functions, and how it changes ;
• Animal – This is the sub-study that deals with animals and everything that contributes to their being right from inception to death;
• Comparative – The main focus of this study is the compare and contrast to see the physiological relationship between two organisms or more;
• Plant – This is about every developmental process of plants, how to keep them healthy and what to avoid in order to maintain them in good health;
• Practical – The aim of this sub-type is to make the study of physiology as practical as possible, and implemented in the required walks of life;
• Microscopic – This deals with the study of organisms that are generally too small to be seen and observed with naked eyes. An integral part of this type of study is the microscope.

Main differences between anatomy vs physiology

Here is a tabular representation of the difference between anatomy and physiology for easier understanding. Definition The discipline that deals with the structure and identity of body parts Study the functions of different body parts to understand how they work and why Aims Identifying the different parts of the body structure Understanding the roles of different parts of the body. Can be identified with Living and dead bodies Living bodies only. Sub-types Gross and microscopic Microscopic, practical, plants, animal, comparative, and developmental

Having come this far, you should be able to answer the question – what is the difference between anatomy and physiology? The first addressed the structure and identity of the parts of a body, while the latter is about the functions of the parts of the body.

They have a few similarities since they all deal with parts of a body; also, one of the procedures of study involves the use of a microscope in both cases. That notwithstanding, these disciplines address different aims and benefits.

Abstract

There has been growing awareness in nuts and their consequence concerning human well-being. The intake of nuts is mostly allied with lessening the risk factors of many chronic diseases as well as great effect on human body weight. There are many controversial between nuts and weight, because nuts are in high fat, energy-dense content of nuts may support weight gain and increase the chances of obesity. Nevertheless, nuts are rich in protein and dietary fiber, which cause satiety cause feeling of fullness for longer period plus, richest amounts of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and phytosterols compounds has confer health benefits that ensure the well-being. Hence, it is very significant to prove and do more researches is needed to address the detailed special effects of nuts on satiety, energy stability, body weight management.

Introduction

There is rising concern in nut consumption and human health consequences (Ros etal, 2006). Usually, the public as calorific because of their high fat content has perceived nuts. The confirmation that a higher amount of fat in the diet cause increased in body weight is debatable (Willet, 1998).

In the Mediterranean diet, nuts are suggested in large servings, and their intake has been recommended to people all over the world to promote the well-being (Ros et al., 2014).

Nutritional composition of nuts

Nuts have usually been considered foods with a high nutritious status. Each variation has particular features but, in over-all terms, nuts provide between 23.4 and 26.8 kJ/g, and are low in saturated fat (Nuts, such as almonds, walnuts, cashew nuts, Brazil nuts, macadamias, hazelnuts and pistachios, in addition to legume seeds, such peanuts, are nutritious foods each with special composition. Generally, these foodstuffs have healthy monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA), protein, fibers, vitamins E and K, folate, vitamin B1, minerals for instance magnesium, copper, potassium and antioxidants, and phytosterols composites, with standard aids to human well-being. Supposed that nutritional attributes can effect health plus the choice of different portion sizes of nuts play important role for prevention (Cardoso et al., 2017).

Prevalence of obesity

Speedy increases in the occurrence of overweight and obesity global signify a chief community health problem. Weight gain is an ongoing process, averagely, an adult gains 1 pound (or 0.45 kg) yearly, for example, 20 pounds over 20 y (González MA and Rastrollo M, 2011).

Bulky appearance and obesity are major community worries. Population health statistics illustrate that obesity in Australia, and in other industrialized states including the United Kingdom continuing to increase. In Australia 67% of men and 52% of women are overweight and the uninterrupted costs are assessed to be over $840 million per year (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2003).

Nuts and body weight

Previous evaluations and epidemiological trials have recommended that consistent nut consumption have valuable influence on well-being throughout obesity (Jackson et al., 2014).

Nuts with two dynamics that to increase the satiety and elongate feelings of fullness helps in managing weight (Holt SH et al., 1995).

The number of randomized well-ordered trials were done in weight managing or cholesterol-reducing trials results shown that higher nut consumption with energy control diet was linked with no weight increase or with sustaining a stable and healthy body weight (Sabaté, 2003).

Review of literature

Nut consumption was associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome, nevertheless of demographic influences, living pattern, and further dietary aspects (Jaceldo-Siegl et al., 2014).

A study is done to examine the role of nuts in weight maintenance. The results of study shown that Nuts have protein which helps to feel full longer time period and fiber, which helps to fill up plus nuts are richest source of healthy fat content, take much elongated time to digest than carbohydrates and protein, which cause the stitey level for longer time period(Mills, 2019).

The thousand studies have shown an opposite link between nut consumption and BMI Dietary fat has been frequently involved in the improvement and maintenance of obesity while there is significant controversy on that alliance. However, since nuts are rich in fat, their beneficial nutritive benefits of nuts on body weight has generated some recent concerns (Rajaram and Sabate, 2006).

Dietary fiber that comprised nuts that linked with a lower BodyMassIndex, waist-to-hip ratio and fasting level of Apo lipoprotein B and glucose (Lairon et al., 2005).

Authors recommended that nuts have some kind of satiating quality. 6-month clinical trial, between 54 and 78% of the extra energy provided by an almond supplement was expatriate by declines in the intake of other food and this help to control weight minimizing the food consumption (Fraser et al., 2002).

The specific nutritional composition of nuts can have great impact on energy metabolism in such a manner that it involve in the availability of energy in greater amount .Animal and human studies have presented that high intake of unsaturated fat consumption in comparison the intake of saturated fat have great health benefits such as higher diet-induced thermogenesis, higher fat oxidation and less body fat accumulation.(Jones et al., 1992; Takeuchi et al., 1995).

A Spanish cohort study examined nut intake and its link with either risk of weight increase of ≥5 kg or the possibility of becoming overweight or obese in a Mediterranean population. A study was done between adult men and women who completed a follow-up questionnaire with authenticated semi quantitative food-frequency questionnaires after determining age, sex, smoking and nutritional status, physical activity rate , and other obesity risk aspects.

Results shown that nut consumption was not linked with incident overweight/obesity in the cohort study, but it was significantly related with a decrease the risk of weight gain of ≥5 kg., participants who ate nuts ≥2 times/week had a significantly lower risk of weight gain compared with those who not ever or virtually never ate nuts (Bes‐Rastrollo et al., 2007).

A Survey of Food Intakes is by Persons accompanied by the US Department of Agriculture from 1994-1996 that has been done to relate BMI and total energy intake between nut eaters and non-nut eaters. At the result shown that young and adult nut eaters have lower BMI value than to non-nut eaters (US department of agriculture, 2000).

Epidemiological data of nuts are available in the literature mainly related to many diseases In addition to studies, which had outcomes of obesity and overweight. The Nurses’ Health Study, which examined 51,118 healthy and middle-aged women for 8 years, determined that increase in nut intake was not related with weight gain. The concluded results of the cited cohort investigation recommended that increase the nuts consumption into daily life diet does not relate to increase in weight nevertheless it helps in controlling weight (Bes-Rastrollo et al., 2009).

Studies show that when nuts are consumed in replacement with other food then there is no weight gain is reported. On the other hand more prominent fact that some studies found that when nuts are added to the diet, there is no linked with increase in body weight, when total energy consumption is markedly more(Morgan and Clayshulte, 2000; Morgan et al., 2002). For example, Addition of 48g of nuts(walnuts) in the diet for about 2 months, results shown that there is no weight gain reported although energy consumption increase by 1661kj/day (Almario et al., 2001).

One study did to check the fact about increase in body weight with increased nut intake body. In this experiment is done on 20 adults with normal BMI about 23 ± 0.3 kg/m2) adults. These adults were taught to consume a tremendously large amount of almonds daily (100 grams / 4-week) and were requested to lessen energy intake from other food commodities by an equal amount to continue a balanced diet throughout the period. Providing whole almonds or almonds in a variety of food commodities to participants. At the end of 4-weeks results shown, that Weight increased slightly in males about 0.9 kg and in females about 0.3 kg However, the almond-enriched diet furthermore produced some other advantageous reductions serum cholesterol level on the other hand the consumption of almond-supplemented diet have great impact on Insulin sensitivity and glucose response( Lovejoy et al., 2002).

Study is done to collect data in three prospective which included Health Professionals (1986 to 2010), Nurses’ Health Study, 1986 to 2010), younger women (Nurses’ Health Study II, 1991 to 2011), these were free of all chronic disease . In this study in investigation, the association between changes in nut consumption over 4-year intervals and concurrent weight change over 20–24 years of follow-up. At the end of 4 years Average weight gain were taken which shown the results that Increases in nut consumption which is about 0.5 servings/day or 14 /day, was significantly associated with less weight gain per 4-year interval. Conclusion of that study was increasing intakes of combination of nuts like almonds, walnuts, and other tree nuts by (0.5 servings/day) was allied with a lesser peril of obesity( Manson et al., 1995).

Several intrusion studies have compared the effects of incorporating nuts in a weight management. An assessment was done on 65 adults to determine the weight reduction program by including the almond vs complex carbohydrates. Thirty-two applicants (age, 53 ± 2 y; BMI, 39 ± 1 kg/m2) were selected for formula-based diet supplemented with almonds (84 g/d). Thirty-three adults (mean age, 57 ± 2 y; BMI, 37 ± 1 kg/m2) were selected for a group that allowed self-selecting the complex carbohydrates which gives 53% of total energy along with safflower oil. Both diets were considered low energy per day is about ∼4184 kJ and were complemented for protein with 29% of energy, cholesterol amount 4%, and saturated fat near to 3%. Walking program (20-30 min/3-5 times per week) were advised along with dietary interventions. At the end of 24-week time period results shown that the almond selected group had more satisfactory reductions in weight and BMI along with reduction also seen in waist circumference and fat mass measures on the other hand in carbohydrates group HDL cholesterol level but not in the almond group (Wien et al., 2003).

Evidence alliance to different nuts with weight loss

• Cashews: Cashews are the richest source of Magnesium that play essential role in fat and carbohydrates metabolism. Cashews provide 73% of recommended daily dose of magnesium, which may help in the weight loss. They are also have monounsaturated fatty acids like palmitoleic acids and oleic. These vital fatty acids aid in lowering the harmful LDL-cholesterol in body although increasing good HDL cholesterol (Nutrition and You, 2015).
• Pistachios: The slight green color and exclusive flavor of pistachios loaded with great dietary fiber. Daily intake about 0ne-ounce provide 3 grams of dietary fiber, which complete 12% of daily DA requirement. (Self-Nutrition Data, 2015). Study shown that getting sufficient dietary fiber helps your body sense filled, reduce feeling about food desires. In a recent logical study, a pistachio-rich diet have great effect on reducing belly fat and shown smaller waist size. (Girdwain, 2014).
• Walnuts: Like all nuts, these are also high in healthy unsaturated fats. Nevertheless, walnuts are unique because they contain high levels of polyunsaturated fats there are different types of PUFAs the form found mainly in plants known as alpha-linoleic acid, also written as ALA. It helps in to stimulate body to lose weight faster and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases (Erlich, 2014). Dose of walnuts about 2.5 grams of ALA/per serving making rich source of essential fatty acids. A study shown that walnut-rich diet was associated with great weight loss and help in increase HDL cholesterol level (Le et al., 2016).
• Brazil nuts: Large Brazil nuts have an exclusive consistency and taste. These nuts contain beneficial palmitoleic acid and oleic acid, which promote healthy cholesterol levels (Nutrition and You, 2015). Moreover, these are best-known bases of the mineral selenium act as an antioxidant that boost immune function of body (National Institutes of Health, 2016).

References

1. Ros, E. Nuts and CVD. Br. J. Nutr. 2006, 113, S111–S120.
2. Libby Mills, 30 September 2019. Just a Handful of Nuts May Help Keep Us from Packing on the Pounds as We Age, www.nrp.org.
3. Ros, E.; Martinez-González, M.A.; Estruch, R.; Salas-salvadó, J.; Martinez, J.A.; Corella, D. Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Health: Teachings of the PREDIMED Study. Adv. Nutr. 2014, 5, 1–3.
4. Cardoso, B.R.; Silva Duarte, G.B.; Reis, B.Z.; Cozzolino, S.M.F. Brazil Nuts: Nutritional Composition, Health Benefits and Safety Aspects. Food Res. Int. 2017, 100, 9–18Martínez-Gonzále
5. Sabaté J.Nut consumption and body weight. Am J Clin Nutr,2003
6. Martinez-González MA, Bes-Rastrollo M.Nut consumption, weight gain and obesity. Epidemiological evidence. Nutr Metab Cardiovascular Dis2011; 21.
7. National Health and Medical Research Council. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Canberra, 2003.
8. Jackson, C.L.; Hu, F.B. Long-term Associations of Nut Consumption with Body Weight and Obesity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2014, 100, 408–411
9. Gillen LJ, Tapsell LC, Patch CS, Owen A, Batter ham M. Structured dietary advice incorporating walnuts achieves optimal fat and energy balance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005; 105: 1087-96.
10. Holt SH, Miller JC, Petocz P, Farmakalidis E. A satiety index of common foods. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995; 49:675-90. Albert CM, Gaziano JM, Willett WC & Manson JE (2002): Nut consumption and decreased risk of sudden cardiac death in the Physicians’ Health Study. Arch. Intern. Med. 162, 1382–1387.
11. Wien MA, Sabate J, Ikle DN, ColeSE, Almonds vs. complex carbohydrates in a weight reduction programming J Obes Relat Metab Disord.2003; 27:1365–72
12. Manson JE , Willett WC ,Stampfer MJ , et al Body weight and mortality among women. N Engl J Med 1995;333:677–85
13. LovejoyJC, Most MM, Lefevre M, Greenway FL, Rood JC.Effect of diets enriched in almonds on insulin action and serum lipids in adults with normal glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr.2002; 76:1000–6.
14. Erlich, S.D. (2014). Alpha-linoleic acid. University of Maryland Medical Center.
15. Girdwain, J. (2014). Pistachios target belly fat. Prevention.
16. Le, T., et al. (2016). Effects of diet composition and insulin resistance on plasma lipid levels in a weight loss intervention in women. Journal of the American Heart Association.

In today’s fast-moving world stress is a vague concept that every individual experienced at one time or another. Being under a lot of pressure or facing some big changes will cause the body and the mind to react to those demands and challenges hence resulting in stress which may lead to a feeling of being overwhelmed, it is an emotional state of psychological tension and confusion influenced by a variety of different common life events such as family, friends or some environmental reasons (Mental health organization, 2019). According to one of the most known studies of stress levels made by the mental health foundation in 2018 on a sample size of 4619 respondents in the UK, approximately 74% of them have been stressed and unable to cope. Some people conceptualized stress as a demanding and dangerous event, others argue that it may be positive. This essay will discuss the signs and causes of stress hence its effects whether good or harmful on the body. It is precisely focused on two points the short term stress which is beneficial to the mental health and the long term stress or in another term the stress disadvantages, also it will determine how stress could protect the individual’s well-being and show that some of the body systems may be affected by the chronic stress.

It is generally accepted that being stressed for a long time lead people to become addicted to feeling tired and overworked, so the stress-related tensions aggravate and result in some physical symptoms and signs including high blood pressure, aches, and pains, and weight loss besides cognitive, emotional symptoms such as memory problems, loneliness (Jeanne, Mellinda, Robert & Lawrence, 2019). The additional symptoms would be behavioral for example nervous habits like smoking. However, all the situations that lead to stress are known as stressors which are any stimulus that can result in the individual experiencing pressure (Jeanne, Mellinda, Robert & Lawrence, 2019). Furthermore, according to Mind organization (2017), these stressors can be categorized in terms of internal and external stressors: the external stressor is caused by the environment from noise, pollution to personal, financial reasons, and internal stressor comes from within us and most of the time is build up from the daily pessimistic thoughts we cannot control, other internal causes are unrealistic expectations, uncertainty, and low self-esteem which is created by the negative way the person talking to himself or in another meaning “NEGATIVE SELF-TALK” (Mind organization, 2017). Overall, what causes stress differs from one person to another, the same stressor may be overwhelming for one person and manageable for another to exemplify this when somebody performs great under tension another will fail to deal with it and feel helpless hence more accessible to its negative effects.

It is argued that stress can become a threat to both people’s physical and emotional well-being if it is long-term lived and that it can cause severe mental health problems such as anxiety and depression and make existing problems worst (Pietrangelo &Watson, 2017). Researchers suggest that stress is the main reason that worsens or brings on symptoms and illnesses and that if it stays elevated it can take a toll on the individual’s health and cause hazardous effects on his body for many reasons. Firstly, according to Ann & Stephanie (2018), Stress disrupts nearly every system in the body. it upsets the digestive system because the increase in heart rate due to hormones rush results the stomach acidity to rise and travel towards the throat causing a burning feeling in the chest this condition in scientific terms called ACID REFLUX, also when the liver make extra glucose in order to generate energy during chronic stress the body will not be able to maintain (keep up with)the extra quantity of sugar so it may cause type two diabetes, an additional effect of stress on this system is affecting the food movement leading stressed people to experience diarrhea and nausea vomiting. Also stress affect the nervous system which is responsible for stress response in the brain so the hormones released by the hypothalamus increase the heartbeat and send it to muscles, afterwards when fear is gone the system will come back to normal, yet if the central nervous system did not come back to its normal state, the response will continue resulting dangerous behaviors like alcohol or drug abuse (Ann & Stephanie, 2018). Moreover, on the cardiovascular and respiratory system stress effects are extremely risky and even fatal because when the heart beats fast, hormones like adrenaline cause the blood vessels to transfer more oxygen to muscles forcing the heart to work hard for too long thus raising the blood pressure and increase the risks for having a stroke (Matthew, 2019). Finally, chronic stress cause infections on the male reproductive organs such as the testes and prostate because while stressing men produce testosterone hormones for a long time, if the stress continues the levels of the hormone start to drop and then disrupt sperm production and for women stress directly affects the menstrual cycle and increase the risks of having painful periods (Ann & Stephanie, 2018). Considering all this evidence it seems that stress has harmful and obnoxious effects on the human body leaving him more exposed to fatigue and distress.

On the other hand, scientists argue that the prevailing view of people toward stress as a bad thing is incorrect because small amounts of stress would be beneficial and make the person more focused and energetic, there are three main reasons for this argument: First of all, stress plays a huge role in improving performance and alertness and most importantly boost memory (Peter, 2015) to confirm this information researcher did an experience on rats for a short period of time in order to know more about the effects of stress, they particularly note the stem cells progress in a specific part of the brain called the hippocampus which contributes in the stress response and also associated with learning and memory (Peter, 2015), the results of the experience showed that when exposing rats to moderate stress without any movements for few hours stem cells growth was in progress and form neurons. Two weeks later tests show that those cells produced more during stress and become activated and also scientists noticed an improvement in learning and memory, they think the same thing happens in human beings as consequence stress increase the performance and by stimulating the transformation of stem cells to brain cells, it improves memory. Secondly, stress is the body’s way of protecting the person in another meaning it can save lives in emergency situations for instance to avoid a car accident it pushes the drivers to slam on the brakes and give them extra power to defend themselves. According to Robert (2019), this automatic process is known as the “FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT” reaction which is a chemical reaction that prepares the body for a physical reaction because it thinks it is under attack: this process worked when people feel that they are in danger so the hypothalamus in the brain releases chemicals like adrenaline in the blood hence the body will undergo dramatic changes in order to fight or run away, as a result, this type of stress helped our ancestors to survive and keep them alert. Finally, stress is one of the main reasons to perform better in certain situations, it allows individuals to face challenges and sharpens their concentration, drives them to study for an exam when they would rather play games or watch TV (Mental health organization, 2018) so being under pressure is normal since it helps people to take action and get results. In view of all that has been mentioned so far, the good stress is to feel stressed for a short period of time since it boosts memory and improves alertness.

It is clearly viewed that there is a wide debate about whether stress is either beneficial or harmful, some people believe it has a negative impact on their lives and that it is the principal reason for anxiety and health problems. However, others think that stress could be useful since it lets them become accountable for their actions and encourages them to be better citizens. But indeed the more scientists learn about it the more it seems that there are two ways to experience it, therefore Newer (2013) concluded that stress can be both. On the one hand, if it is long-term lived it will be unhealthy. Whereas on the other hand, helpful if it is short-term lived. Furthermore, it is all about the perception of stress (Rachel, 2013). If someone looks at it as a threat, then it is a threat. This is because when persons perceive it as a danger their mind will release hormones in the bloodstream, these hormones will alter their mental experience and behavior and can even cause serious implications and lead them to use drugs or medications (antidepressants) without doctor permission as a result become more vulnerable to a sudden depression and suicide risks (Mind, 2017). In contrast to that, if stress is perceived as a positive thing (motivation) it will enable the person to gain control over it because psychologically if someone believes in something and convince him or herself about it the mind will believe it (Nikki, 2015). So, if everyone puts in their mind that the stressful situation they are in will give them strength and energy then they are capable to meet challenges and increase their performance thus healthier and less stressed.

Introduction

Obesity, or fatness, would be defined as the amount of excess body fat. This excess body fat has an influence on a person’s wellbeing (Prentice and Jebb, 2001; Bjorntorp, 2002; Gallagher et al., 1996). Fatness can be a risk factor for several illnesses including, but not limited to, heart diseases, strokes and, diabetes (Pi-Sunyer, 2002; Iliya Gutin, 2017). There are many ways of measuring obesity, some more accurate than others, but one of the leading methods around the world is Body Mass Index (BMI) (Prentice and Jebb, 2001). The information needed to calculate BMI are limited; you only need the person’s height and weight. This makes the method easy and cheap to use (Iliya Gutin 2017, Burkhauser and Cawley, 2007; Tomiyama et al., 2016). But can you use BMI to measure health?

Body of Essay

While there are both advantages and disadvantages of using BMI as a measurement for obesity and health, it is to this date the most widespread method of doing so (Burkhauser and Cawley, 2007). Although, the direct connection between health and BMI is blurred (Iliya Gutin, 2017). The advantages are, as earlier mentioned, that it is an inexpensive method where the needed information is easily accessed (Iliya Gutin, 2017; Burkhauser and Cawley 2007; Tomiyama et al. 2016). It is, according to Ancel Keys, “the simplicity of the calculation” and “the applicability to all populations at all times” that makes BMI a good method to use (Keys et al. 1972, p. 341). It is through BMI we know the most used way of describing obesity, which would be, that obesity is a BMI equal to, or bigger than 30 (Burkhauser and Cawley, 2007).

There are always two sides to a story, and the other side to BMI is, that it is a noisy measurement, because when you measure health by only using two isolated factors, weight and height, you do not take other factors into consideration (Burkhauser and Cawley, 2007). It does not distinguish between muscle and fat, nor does it take bones into consideration (McCarthy et al., 2006). Age, gender, ethnicity and lean muscles are other factors that BMI does not represent (Prentice and Jebb, 2001; Gallagher et al., 1996). Some arguments for the factors above are; according to Prentice and Jebb, there will be an increase in percent body fat as you grow older and different ethnical races show different results in the relation between body fat and BMI (Prentice and Jebb, 2001). Females have much greater amount of body fat, at the same BMI as men, therefore, BMI cannot be used equally between the genders (Gallagher et al., 1996). A misleading result from using BMI to estimate health is, that muscular persons can be estimated as overweight or even obese, when in fact, they are healthy (Burkhauser and Cawley, 2007). In general, body composition is ignored and, therefore, its ability to indicate obesity is “poor” (Smalley et al., 1990, p. 408).

According to Bray et al., it is not only the amount of body fat that has an impact on the health, but rather where the fat is located, especially if the fat is surrounding the inner organs (Bray et al., 1998).

According to Burkhauser and Cawley, “BMI is a deeply flawed measure” and researchers should focus on other ways to measure health and obesity (Burkhauser and Cawley, 2007, p. 527). The ways of measuring obesity could include, but are not limited to, measurements of percent body fat, the foot-to-foot technique, skinfold, waist-to-hip ratio and waist circumference. These are more accurate ways to measure the actual body fat (Prentice and Jebb, 2001; Burkhauser and Cawley, 2007; Iliya Gutin, 2017). Even though BMI does not take all the necessary factors into considerations, BMI can still give a rough overview of a population’s health, primarily in the cases of high BMIs (Iliya Gutin, 2017).

Conclusion

The articles above argue that BMI has too many big gaps to properly be able to measure obesity and overall health. They argue that, because it does not take any factors into consideration other than height and weight, it is too inaccurate.

Although, the general attitude towards BMI as a measurement for health is negative, BMI is still the most commonly used measurement around the world, due to the easy and inexpensive way to perform the test, and the general idea it gives you, about a population’s overall health.

Implications

Is health only being physically fit and in the normal range of the BMI? How is mental health affected by having a low, normal, or high BMI? There is a huge focus on body image, but how does that effect mental health? If you measure by only using numbers (weight and height) you can dehumanize people, who become just a number in a statistic. Would more personal measure better reflect the overall health of the persons?

“Marijuana is an addictive, gateway drug. It significantly impairs bodily and mental functions, and its use is related to increased violence. These are facts,” states Charles Stimson, a nationally recognized drug policy expert. Many people are against marijuana because, as reported by Stimson, it is an extremely addictive drug and can have many catastrophic outcomes. Marijuana comes from the hemp plant or cannabis which is used as a psychoactive (mind-altering) drug used for particular medical ailments. Marijuana is especially unsafe for people under the age of eighteen because their brains have not fully developed yet. Effects for first-time users or people under the age of 18 may feel nauseous, have trouble concentrating, and have hallucinations. Most Americans have their thoughts about legalizing marijuana or not; however, they want to make sure they have executed large studies to back up their beliefs. I believe that marijuana should be illegal because of the harmful effects that it can cause on health from recreational users to long-time users.

Marijuana can be very addictive and after a period of time, it can become harmful. Dr. Drew Pinsky who is an expert in the field of addiction states, “It would be malpractice to say that cannabis isn’t addictive. Anybody who’s experienced it, actually been addicted to it, knows how profound that addiction is.” Studies also show that over 94 million people in the United States alone have used marijuana (The Truth About Marijuana). Marijuana is causing many people to harm and even death every year in the U.S and all around the world. In January 2014, a 31-year-old woman named Gemma Ross died of cannabis poisoning (How Many People Died from Weed). These facts prove to many that yes, marijuana can be deadly.

There is a large list of effects marijuana can cause after you are addicted. It can only take one smoke to become hooked and then you can not stop. People who use marijuana often frequently report irritability, temper and sleep difficulties, reduced appetite, cravings, restlessness, and/or numerous styles of physical discomfort that caps within the first week after quitting and can last up to 2 weeks (Anderson, Leigh Ann PharmD). Marijuana disorder is when the person uses it until they can not stop even if it interferes with their personal life. The brain grows accustomed to the drug and eventually depends on it and it becomes the central role in his/her life. The mind-altering substance in marijuana is called delta-9. When a person smokes THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) it passes through the bloodstream and ends up in the brain where the absorption process begins (Promises Treatment Center). The main reason people become addicted is that, over time, they need to smoke more to get the same satisfaction. Recreational users also need to be aware that this drug is addictive.

Studies also show that even if you use recreational pot, you can still experience the same short and long-term effects. Recreational users have reported feeling anxiety, depression, and many other side effects after using for a period of time, as well as low IQ. Users can also become dependent on the drug just like alcohol and tobacco. The person becomes addicted when they have withdrawal symptoms. The drug can also interfere with finances, school, and social life. Recreational use can quickly become a larger problem. Synthetic marijuana products can have even more harmful effects (University of Rochester Medical Center). As you can see, recreational use can be just as harmful as more regular use.

Author Jack Healy from the New York Times says, “Colorado’s first-in-the-nation experiment with legalized marijuana has infused the drug into almost every corner of life.” Many people argue for the legalization of marijuana because it will eliminate law enforcement time spent on arrests for small amounts of marijuana. This allows law enforcement to spend their time on more impactful crimes or felonies. Since being legalized, the homelessness rate has gone up by five percent in the past five years. Also, rising numbers of fatal traffic accidents in which the driver is under the influence of marijuana have been reported in Colorado (The New York Times). Many talks about the benefits of marijuana use for medical conditions such as seizures and chronic pain. However, in Colorado, more children have been able to access the drug accidentally which could be fatal.

Marijuana can be harmful in small amounts and in large amounts. I believe that all of the risks that come with using marijuana outweigh the benefits of a landslide. Marijuana is a very addictive drug and can cause many side effects including death. It is extremely difficult to quit the drug. Even for recreational users, the drug can cause a problem. The legalization of marijuana in Colorado has not proven to be a successful idea in the long run. This drug should not be legalized anywhere in the United States or even the world.

In the debate on whether obesity is a disease or simply a body type that increases the risk for other health conditions, its classification as a disease is gaining more support. Medical professionals and organizations increasingly identify obesity as a disease on its own, separate from the conditions it leads to (Liu, et al., 2019, p. 322). Obesity is defined as the state of being grossly fat or overweight, with one being classified as being obese when they have a Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than 30. (Liu, et al., 2019, p. 322). BMI is expressed in the units of kg/m2, with a BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 beings in the normal range, while between 25 and 29.9 is considered overweight (Visscher & Seidell, 2001, p. 358). Other methods of measuring obesity are also used alternatively, including measuring waist circumference above a certain threshold or calculating the waist-hip ratio (Visscher & Seidell, 2001, pp. 357-358).

In America, the prevalence of obesity has had a steep increase in the last few years, going up by about 50% between 1991 and 1998. (Visscher & Seidell, 2001, p. 359). Presently, more than 50% of the U.S population is overweight, having a BMI greater than 25 while 20% is obese with a BMI greater than 30. (Visscher & Seidell, 2001, p. 359). According to Visscher and Seidell (2001), “In Western Europe, the prevalence of obesity ranges from 10% to 24% among men and from 9% to 25% among women aged 35–64 years” (p. 360). In low-income countries, the prevalence of obesity seems to correlate to the gross national product, being estimated at 0.1% in South Asia and 2.5% in sub-Saharan Africa (Visscher & Seidell, 2001, p. 360). Here in the U.S. and in Europe, the prevalence of obesity is higher in certain race/ethnic groups, educational categories and socioeconomic classes. Blacks and Hispanics, people with low education and those in a low socioeconomic class have a higher obesity prevalence (Visscher & Seidell, 2001, p. 360) (Liu, et al., 2019, p. 326).

Obesity causes or exacerbates a large number of health issues, both independently and in association with other diseases and is a significant contributor to ill health. (Kopelman, 2007, p. 13). In particular, it has been argued that obesity has the strongest impact on Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD). (Visscher & Seidell, 2001, p.365). Obesity increases the risk of high blood pressure, high lipid levels, cholesterol, and diabetes, all of which increase the risk of CVD. (Visscher & Seidell, 2001, p. 365). Additionally, obesity is directly linked to CVD independent of factors such as high blood pressure or diabetes (Visscher & Seidell, 2001, p. 365). Women with a BMI above 30 are at risk of myocardial infarction three times more than women with a BMI below 21.

The same is also true for men with a BMI higher than 33 (Visscher & Seidell, 2001, p. 365). Obesity also increases the risk of strokes, congestive heart failure and sudden death (Visscher & Seidell, 2001, p. 365). 70% of obese women with hypertension have left ventricular hypertrophy and obesity is a contributing factor to cardiac failure in more than 10% of such cases (Kopelman, 2007, p. 14). It has been observed that obesity on its own has a more pronounced impact on morbidity than it has on mortality (Visscher & Seidell, p. 355). However, it still does have an impact on mortality; with the risk of death increasing for BMI above 27 (Visscher & Seidell, p. 361). Obesity also contributes to increased mortality through CVD, cancer and other conditions (Visscher & Seidell, p. 356).

A study following 115,195 people with obesity observed 4,726 deaths in eight years as a result of various obesity-related conditions (Visscher & Seidell, p. 362), while another similar study following 39,756 people for 10 years observed 1,972 deaths from the group (Visscher & Seidell, p. 363). In a study of cancer patients 30 years and older, obese men had a 1.33 higher rate of mortality than their normal-weight peers while for women the rate was 1.55 higher (Visscher & Seidell, p. 364). Lifestyle changes have been major contributors to the obesity epidemic. Lifestyle adjustments can therefore also help solve the problem of obesity (Kopelman, 2007, p. 16). Low-calorie diets of 800–1500 kcal per day that are balanced according to the national dietary guidelines of America have been shown to reduce weight by about 8% after if observed for about six months (Kopelman, 2007, p. 16). Reduction of energy-dense foods increase in fruits and vegetables and physical exercise have also been shown to lead to weight loss (Kopelman, 2007, p. 16).

Weight loss is important in reducing the effects of obesity. Research shows that, if everyone maintained optimal weight, there would significantly fewer cases of heart disease, strokes and coronary event (Kopelman, 2007, p. 16). It is very important to manage the current epidemic of obesity through lifestyle changes to improve the health of the whole population.

The development of Augmented Reality (AR) technology in this era of modernization has made a huge impact in the education field specifically in the anatomy learning system of human organs. AR in education enables those professionals to have a short learning process as it helps users to explore objects in real terms of anatomy. The main goal of AR in the education field is to give better exposure and experience to users regarding anatomy by using virtual elements without losing the elements of anatomy in the real world.

The learning system uses augmented technology in mobile devices which aims to guide educators and students in learning the human anatomy model. Human-centered computing is implemented by using recognition-based which is also known as markers. An overlay is illustrated when markers are detected by a mobile device’s camera which is used to identify visual markers. For instance, when a student points the camera detection at the marker device which has been set in the system, a visual 3D model will be prompted out on the screen of the mobile device.

Besides, human-centered computing in the anatomy learning model uses simultaneous mapping and localization. For example, a piece of the paper consists of a heart model structure. When the sensors localized and mapped the structure of a heart, a 3D heart model will be displayed on the screen. Users would be able to touch the screen of the device to move or rotate the 2D model from a different view of angles. This direct interaction with the virtual object will guide students to have a better visualization of the human body anatomy.

Furthermore, one way to recognize the marker on the screen is by using location-based. It detects real-life learning objects and finds the contents in the database system. For example in the human anatomy model, a student points the mobile’s camera lens to a static human brain anatomy 3D model in a laboratory, and human-centered computing is used to identify the objects. Next, it queries the information of location-based in the database of the mobile application system to find matching results based on the location-based and real-life objects then the system will generate its contents on the screen. Users would be able to read through the contents of specific human anatomy. In short, augmented reality used in the education field brings many advantages for medical professionals as it would ease their learning curve to study human anatomy.

A warmup is essential as it prepares a dancer’s body for physical activity. As well as preparing muscles and joints for dance, there are also other benefits which help to ensure the safe practice of dance. An effective warmup will prepare the body and mind for the coordination and strength needed for complex, technical movements. Also, by doing a warmup the risk of injury is greatly minimised, and muscle relaxation and contraction is encouraged in the body. A successful warmup should include 3 parts, one section of pulse raisers such as star jumps and high knees to increase the body temperature by 1-2 degrees, optimal working temperature and increase blood flow around the body, therefore delivering more oxygen to the muscles. Part 2 should include exercises to mobilise the joints, such as shoulder rolls and head rolls, which will prepare the joints for physical activity and increase synovial fluid in the joints, which will increase range of motion. Part 3 should be a series of stretches of major muscle groups to prepare muscles and reduce risk of injury. Each stretch should be held for around 10-15 seconds, and you should never bounce the stretch, you should feel a gentle stretch in the muscles rather than a tear. A warmup can also include dance specific exercises to prepare your body for certain dance styles. For example, isolation exercises for contemporary. A full warmup should be around 15 minutes of continuous, rhythmic movement which gradually builds in intensity to increase blood flow and ensuring enough oxygen is being delivered to the muscles. A warmup is simply to prepare the body and mind for physical activity and reduce risk of injury, so it is important to remain in your level of ability and not push yourself too hard, as this could cause injury.

When doing physical activity, a cool down afterwards is just as essential as the warmup. A cool down will gradually decrease the heart rate and body temperature, essentially reversing the warmup process. This is important as if the activity stops abruptly, there is a risk of your blood pooling within the muscles rather than returning to the heart and brain, resulting in a lack of oxygen and causing dizziness. A successful cool down also reduces muscle soreness and speeds up the recovery process by getting rid of excess fluids and waste products, such as lactic acid, that can build up, causing stiffness and soreness. A cool down should be done straight after physical activity and begin by gradually reducing the intensity of activity, returning the muscles and joints to their resting state. The joints should then be remobilised with exercises such as shoulder and head rolls, which will encourage excess fluids and waste products to be flushed away, reducing the risk of muscles stiffness and soreness. A static stretching sequence should also be completed as part of the cool down. Due to the increased tissue temperature after physical activity, flexibility will be easier to increase and maintain. Rehydration by drinking plenty of water is also encouraged after physical activity to replace any water lost through sweat.

In terms of injury prevention, a warmup and cool down are the first measures to take as they help reduce the risk of muscle and joint injuries. However, there are also other ways to prevent injuries in dance. One main injury prevention method is a risk assessment, which should be taken of the studio/space you are working in. A risk assessment includes observing the room for anything that could present a risk to the dancers and teachers in the room. For example, identifying bags and coats as a trip hazard and spilled drinks as a slip hazard. A strict uniform policy is also a way of preventing injury, as socks should never be worn for risk of slipping, restrictive clothing could be uncomfortable for the dancer and jewelry could cause injury if it gets caught on themselves or another dancer. Also, it is important that a dancer knows their own capacity and doesn’t push themselves to something they physically and technically don’t know how to do, as pushing past your limits can cause injury.

A risk assessment is an assessment of the studio/space you are working in to check for risks and things that could cause injury and should be taken out before the space can be used. The assessment should check for trip hazards, such as coats and bags around the room, equipment and loose wires. Slip hazards should also be identified, and spillages should be instantly dried and cleaned to prevent slipping. A risk assessment should also be taken out on the dancers, identifying risks such as jewelry, socks and physical health. Jewelry and socks would be an injury and slip risk, so a uniform policy should have rules against these. Checking a dancer’s physical health is also important as if a dancer isn’t prepared and in full health, it can cause injuries to themselves and other dancers.

The first thing you should do when you get an injury is stop the physical activity immediately and if in a place of danger, move to a safe space (if possible) to prevent further injury and observe the injured area for any swelling, bruising or bleeding. At this point, there is then a process you can follow to protect and aid the injury. This process is RICERR, encouraging you to rest, ice, compress, elevate, refer and rehabilitate. The first course of action, rest, is required to immobilse the injury to prevent further damage. No weight bearing activities should be done for at least 24 hours after the injury occurs. Next, ice should be applied which will cool the tissue and constrict blood flow, therefore restricting bleeding. In the case of muscle/joint injury, it can also reduce swelling. When icing the area, it shouldn’t be applied directly to the skin as this creates risk of ice burns. After icing the injury, the next stage of the process is compression. The affected area should be compressed, typically using a bandage, making sure that the compress isn’t too tight as to constrict circulation completely. Elevation is the next stage, when the injury should be elevated above heart level. This will reduce swelling and blood flow to the injury site. The gravity from raising the injury above heart level will assist the drainage of tissue fluids in the injury site. If these steps haven’t eased the injury, it is then time to refer. This means referring to a qualified medical professional for a specific diagnosis and more precise treatment. At this point, a full recovery is more likely. When pain is tolerable enough to do so, it is necessary to do a rehabilitation programme including mobilising, strengthening and dance specific exercise. After the referral stage, the doctor/physiotherapist can give specific guidance and exercises to complete during this rehabilitation period to speed up recovery, with regular checkups to ensure the recovery of the injury.

Introduction

This essay centre will distinguish the various energy systems. This essay will likewise incorporate, portray and recognize how every system is utilized inside the body. Moreover, inside and out examination from every system connected with sporting examples to express how the numerous influence the body.

There are three important distinct energy systems, and The ATP– PC system involves both adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine. This is the first to be utilized amid exercise. It is expeditious and swift to act with no oxygen. It is used for quick high powerful and explosive movement. The ATP-PC device is utilized when the body demands an immediate burst of energy from its energy source phosphate. The framework changes over synthetic electricity to mechanical vitality utilized in activities, for example, going for walks at most pace and depth in a 100m sprint

Firstly, ATP is put away in myosin cross-spans. It is separated to discharge energy for muscle contractions causing ATP breakdown. This is known as adenosine diphosphate or ADP. This is the splitting of phosphocreatine. Phosphocreatine is separated by an enzyme known as Creatine kinase into Creatine and Pi when a most reliable degree of ADP is detected. The energy dispensed in the breakdown of Phosphocreatine allows the utilized ADP and Pi to re-join shaping a re-established ATP. This enables the just formed molecule to be reused and separated again.

The ATP-PC system is first to be used in any scenario, for instance, football, B-ball and Weightlifting. The only lasts for 8-10 seconds. This happens as phosphocreatine can’t continue ATP resynthesize however are renewed following two minutes. Football represents a recreation that is vigorously difficulty to the ATP-PC machine as it utilizes fifty percent of it, in diverged from the other two. This would be benefited from for astonishing blasts of speed. An example of this would be counter-assaulting or when your group wins the ball the advances are as of now quickening forward this would involve the ATP-PC device kicking in for the initial 8-10 seconds.

In football the players are generally constantly using the ATP-PC at sixty percent. To improve this system, you would need to utilize preparing techniques that enables you to play out a fast pace and high intensity movement for 10-12 seconds. One sensible planning procedure for this would be Interval training, were running on a treadmill at 90-100% of an athletes maximum heart rate for brief periods between 10-12 seconds to overload the ATP-PC system.

Lactic Acid System

Lactic Acid system is the second system to initiate after the ATP-PC structure and all Creatine phosphate levels is spent. Likewise changing into the leading supplier of ATP. The system utilises carbohydrates as its source of fuel by then secluding it down to grant the amassing of ATP. This structure lasts between 30 seconds or up to 2 minutes. The lactic acids work is emancipating imperativeness to resynthesize ATP with alliance of oxygen, and along these lines is tended to as anaerobic glycolysis. Glycolysis addresses the breakdown of starch which marks the relationship of pyruvic acid and hydrogen particle

Sports that expect you to utilize the lactic system are swimming, basketball and 400m. This system is utilized 20% amid a football match-up. Tests of utilizing this system in a game situation incorporate brief breaks in the wake of gaining the ball. Play to attempt and collect the ball off the opposing group. Offensive plays and a full-back going forwards in an attack and then having to retreat in soccer. In addition, the lactic acid system has a downside as it secretes a substance called lactic acid which causes exhaustion. This is an aggregation of lactic acid in the muscles cells delivering quicker than it can be expelled and without oxygen. The muscles cells become increasingly acidic which causes disintegration in execution of activities they are performing.

When the competitor achieves the point of failure, four scenarios can happen, which should be done before the muscle can work once more. Replacement of glycogen, Removal of lactic acid, Replacement of ATP and Replenishment of myoglobin with oxygen.

An appropriate preparing technique to build up the anaerobic system would be circuit training. The training would be aimed for expanding resistance to lactate in the muscle. The expulsion of lactate in the muscle cells and improving the rate at which glycolysis produces ATP. Additionally, it would need being high intensity training that depends upon the competitor to continue performing explicit activities as the dynamic muscles turn out to be progressively acidic. An example would be an exercise center circuit. Beginning from push ups by performing the vastest amount you can for 45 seconds. At that point permitting 15 second lays before proceeding forth to the following station bodyweight squats and bouncing jacks and so forth.

Aerobic System

The aerobic system represents the latter system, and it works with oxygen, to resynthesize ATP to make the energy required to fuel the body. The system is utilized in high intensity exercises. This system allows us to complete more than a few workout routines or duties during that time and additionally, aids recovery. In addition, the aerobic system has a multiple sources of fuel which are carbohydrates, fat and 02 which allows it to last from two minutes and onwards. It then results in H20 and carbon dioxide as its waste products.

The aerobic system may not be the overwhelming energy system utilized amid a sporting scenario football. Furthermore, it is a stand out amongst the most vital for football. This system is fundamental for nonstop play over the span of a whole game. While the ATP-PC and Anaerobic system are discharging ATP and lactic acid, the aerobic energy system is recharging these energy stores that improve the recuperation times for those energy system. Competitors who participate in cycling and long distance swimming, these games will have a bigger measure of slow twitch fibres and their lungs will have a bigger limit because of the impacts of long term training which they have part taken in.

Additionally, the aerobic system involves three procedures. The main stage is Oxygen consumes glycolysis which is when O2 is available Pyruvic acid is changed over into compound called acetyl-coenzyme-A. At this stage fatty acids are likewise changed over to acetyl coenzyme A through a progression of complex synthetic responses. Acetyl-coenzyme-A consolidates with oxaloacetic acid to shape citrus. Further, Citrus acid at that point enters the Krebs cycle.

This procedure begins with citrus acid being oxidized, and hydrogen is expelled from the compound. Additionally, carbon and oxygen are left, they consolidate to create carbon dioxide. This is disposed of by means of the lungs. Thirdly, energy adequate to resynthesize two ATP is released, and hydrogen enters the third stage The Electron Exchange Chain.

Following this stage the hydrogen discharged in the kerb cycle is conveyed by hydrogen helps NAD and FAD and experiences a progression of concoction response. Amid these responses the hydrogen atoms are part into hydrogen ions, are oxidized and join with 02 to form water. The water is either utilized or breathed in out, and the hydrogen electrons contribute to vitality to resynthesize ATP.

Improving the aerobic system would involve fartlek training that allows supported endeavours with increments in intensity and simpler recuperation periods. This system is football scenarios is used thirty percent in a game. To training this, an athlete would need choosing three machines in the sporting facility for cardio which could remain the treadmill, rowing machine and cycles. Utilizing a format, therefore executing 45 seconds at 80% sub maximal exertion at that point having 15 seconds to recover.

Advancing on to the second exercise, labouring for 60 seconds and after that requiring 20 seconds to rest. Thirdly, 20 seconds of working and 10 seconds of resting. This grants shorter interims between times, so you can bolster a higher Level of max effort so will have extended focal points on other systems.

Doms likewise knows as delayed onset muscle soreness. Are aches and pain that is felt more often than not the day subsequent to partaking in an activity that your body isn’t acquainted with or strenuous exercise. It primarily occurs after sleeping, and the pains and aches and it proceed from 24-hours. A case of doms in reality would represent the point at which a weight lifter does not prepare or warm up specific body parts. For example, not training the rectus abdominals for two months and following that perform vigorous exercise for abs. This would stun the muscle as they haven’t been trained for a timeframe. Therefore as to maintain a strategic distance from or diminishes the impacts of doms. It is encouraged to warm up and cool down before initiating any high force exercises and enable time to unwind and consuming lots of water.

Cooling down after exercise just as well as warming up is crucial as it places you in the most prominent position to perform at the most superior level possible. It is imperative to consolidate a warm up and a cool down into a workout. Cool downs are performed after exercises as your muscles are at their hottest temperature this enables a competitor to presumably work on their flexibility. This would be done through static stretching, as you hold the position toward the end range for 20-30 seconds or one minute max to enable the muscle to protract while it is heated up. Running cool downs can help in diminishing the impacts of doms the following day. This is the reason for muscle soreness and permits speedier recuperation, so you can perform at maximum capacity the following day.

Conclusion

The energy systems utilized are picked relying upon intensity and time frame of the sport. Two fundamental factors influence which system is utilised. Beginning with the ATP-PC which is prompt in initiation and keeps going for 0-10 seconds. This would recommend that the game the competitor is performing high intensity exercises. Likewise, no oxygen is present when the ATP-PC framework is utilized. The most favourable case of this system in authentic life would be a 100m sprint. Secondarily, the glycolytic system is the short-lived energy system. It’s utilized when the activity keeps going between 10 seconds and goes up to 2 minutes. The activity is for the most part of a moderate intensity. A 400m race or tennis rally is a genuine model where this system is demanded. Lastly the Aerobic system. This is the long-haul energy system. It is called upon when the activity breaches 2 minutes and onwards. There is many oxygen available during this procedure. The most appropriate example for this system would be a triathlon as the system is frequently being utilized.

References

1. Locke, A. (2019). Energy System for Exercise.
2. Wesson, K. (2000). Sport and PE. 2nd ed. London: Hodder & Stoughton, pp.75-85.
3. ptdirect. (2010). Energy Systems in Action. [online] Available at: https://www.ptdirect.com/training-design/anatomy-and-physiology/the-energy-systems-2013-an-overview [Accessed 22 Feb. 2019].
4. Protrainingprograms.com. (2017). Training your energy systems: The Oxidative (Aerobic) System | Pro Training Programs. [online] Available at: https://www.protrainingprograms.com/blog/training-your-energy-systems-the-oxidative-aerobic-system [Accessed 26 Feb. 2019].

What are EMOTIONS?

Emotions are basically a complex experience of consciousness and they are strong impulses that demand immediate action. There is various definition of emotions.

Aristotle defined emotions as: “Emotions are the things on account of which the ones altered differ with respect to their judgments, and are accompanied by pleasure and pain: such are anger, pity, fear, and all similar emotions and their contraries.”

Hippocrates said: “Brain is the center of emotions.”

Components of emotion:

There are basically 2 major components of emotions:

• Mental
• Physical

Mental component includes 3 parts:

• Cognition — awareness
• Affect feeling itself
• Conation urge to take action

Physical component includes:

• Changes in visceral and skeletal muscles
• Coordinated activity of autonomic and somatic nervous system

PHYSIOLOGY OF DIFFERENT EMOTIONS

There are many emotions that we exhibit every day. All of these are different in nature and used to express particular feelings.

Physiology of Anger

Blood flows to our hands so that we can grab things like weapons. Our heart rate increases and we breath quickly. Adrenaline also flows in the body to prepare it for the fight situation. During anger we may feel negative and our muscles may become tense and hands clinched. The face color also turns red and sometimes it may become pale.

Physiology of Happiness

The emotion of happiness has different expressions if we are happy, we can express our happiness in different manners through smiling, laughing, playing, watching movies etc. We are happy and we are doing certain action just for our pleasure. During happiness our body relaxes. There is an increase activity in our brain center and inhibits negative feeling and increase energy.

Physiology of Surprise

Surprise is basically a state when you perceived something that you weren’t expecting.so surprise itself arises many emotions. There are two kinds of surprises pleasant or unpleasant and our emotion depends upon the type of surprise. Moreover, the major physiological change that happen at that particular time is our eyes will be wide open, eyebrows lift and jaw dropped. However, there will be non-emotional and intellectual surprises as well.

Physiology of Sadness

Sadness cause a significant drop in our energy, makes us feel negative and depressed. Sadness is described as a low arousal state. During this period the body overall feel low spirited having no or little hope. In a study by Klaus Scherer, it was found that in Western countries sadness had 79% of accuracy for facial recognition and 71% for vocal, while in Non-Western countries the results were of 74% and 58%, respectively.

Physiology of Love

Psychologist Erich Fromm maintained in his book The Art of Loving that love is not merely a feeling but is also actions, and that in fact, the ‘feeling’ of love is superficial in comparison to one’s commitment to love via a series of loving actions over time. When we experience love we are in a parasympathetic state of arousal that is usually calming and relaxing. We feel happy and everything around us also gives us a positive vibe.

Physiology of Fear

Fear is a state when we are frightened or we see something scary or horror. It is an emotional state of fear in which our heartbeat and pulse rate increases and we may breathe fast Stress hormone like cortisol and adrenaline are released. Blood pressure also increases. Peripheral blood vessels constrict and muscles tighten. All these changes prepare body for fight or flight situation.

“What kind of an emotion of fear would be left if the feeling neither of quickened heart-beats nor of shallow breathing, neither of trembling lips nor of weakened limbs, neither of goose-flesh nor of visceral stirrings, were present, it is quite impossible for me to think … I say that for us emotion dissociated from all bodily feeling is inconceivable.” William James, 1893 (Psychology: p. 379.)

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN BODY

There are different physiological changes that occur in body during an emotional state. These changes can be seen as internal change in body and it may be external.eg increase heart beat and respiration rate, secretion of some hormones, stiffing of muscles etc.

External changes in the body

External physiological changes in the body are those that marks a prominent change in the body during the state of emotional arousal. There are a lot of physiological changes that occur outside the body. Some of them are explained as below:

1. Voice changes: Voice change is one the important change that we may notice during an emotion. Voice depends on the type of emotion we are facing and it changes accordingly.
2. Facial expression changes: Different emotions make our facial expressions change. We may seem smiling if we are happy and tense if we are worried. The expression on our face clearly changes and the emotion can be judged by looking at our face.
3. Changes in body language: Body language helps a lot in expressing emotions.one may see changes in body language like rubbing eyes, staring into space, avoiding eye contact, moving head and pressing lips together are some of the states which one depicts in different emotions.
4. Movement of arms and leg: Movement of arms and legs make a visible change in a person. If a person is worried, he/she will continuously move her legs and arms.
5. Wrinkles on forehead: Wrinkles on forehead are a clear sign that a person is angry at something. Or it may be a sign of doubtfulness. Wrinkles show anger, suspicion, doubt and a confused state.
6. Clenching of fists: Clenching of fist shows that a person is in rage. It is an extreme form of anger. A major irritation make normal individual loses his/her temper and the individual may become angry and it results in clenching of fists. This is one of the external changes in the body associated with emotion.

Internal changes in body

Internal body changes play an important role in the body. There are a lot of changes that occur internally which change the physiology of the body. For example, increase in heart rate and breathing rate. Release of some hormones and changes in blood sugar level etc. Some of these

Changes have been described below:

1. Increase in heart rate: Cortisol and adrenaline are released as they are the stress hormones and they make heartbeat faster and narrow the blood vessels so that the blood can be directed towards the center of heart. They also increase the sugar level and blood pressure.
2. Change in neural activity: The autonomic system controls the physiological arousal through its parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions. It depends on the situation and the emotion that is perceived and then certain hormones are secreted. Empathetic system prepares the body for emergency situations while parasympathetic restores the body normal conditioning.
3. Change in respiration: Respiration is one of the process altered by emotions. It increases when the body is under stress or maybe over excited with joy and maybe frightened. There are a lot of emotions which result in increase in respiration rate. However, people suffering from asthma or respiratory disorders my feel some problems.
4. Change in pupil: Eyes are very expressive and they reflect changes during different emotional state. Open- eyed expressions are related o curiosity, frightening and shocking situations whereas, the narrow-eyed expressions relate to suspicion, doubt, disapproval etc.
5. Secretion of hormones: There are several hormones that are secreted during different physiological arousal. For example, in happiness there is a release of total four hormones called endorphin, oxytocin, dopamine and serotonin. These hormones are collectively called happy hormones. They induce pleasure and happiness in a body and make people stay positive. Several other hormones are released depending on the mood and emotion. During stress period, adrenaline and cortisol are released.
6. Changes in electrodermal activity (EDA): Electrical conductance of the skin changes which varies according with the moisture level. This change in the skin conductance can be measured by Galvanic Skin Response abbreviated as GSR. This change in skin sweat level can be used as an indication for physiological arousal.

PHYSIOLOGICAL SIMILARITIES

There are certain emotions whose physiological responses match like the emotion of fear and excitement. there are many other emotions where the response is quite similar.

Everyday example:

• A child may be excited for the first day of school and nervous too. In both cases, in excited state and nervous state, our heart beat quickly.
• When we watch a scary movie, we will be afraid our respiration rate may increase and our heartbeat may also increase and similarly when we get some surprise our heart beat may also increase.

PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES

There are many emotions whose response are different like the body temperature may vary in different situations. We may turn red in rage and our body temperature increases and we may remain peaceful in certain situations and our body temperature is just normal.

Everyday example: In our everyday example, we may see different facial expressions during different emotional state. If we are scared our eyes will close even on a single movement of anything but if we are sad our eyes will be lowered and we may feel despondent. There is a lot of difference in the states of these two emotions.

ROLE OF EMOTIONS

Emotions can also be called as physiological arousal if there is no arousal there is no emotion. Emotions play different role in our body. There are many different types of emotions which we usually see and their functionality depend on the situation. Some emotion like happiness, excitement sparks a positivity in us and we feel fresh and happy even all the things around us seems good and they will become a source of pleasure. For example, if someone is not in a good mood and then all of a sudden one of the friends came then your face will glow and angry mood will perish and everything will be fine in place.

Some of the functions of the emotions are:

• Emotions brings positivity
• Emotions motivate us to responds.
• They help us survive
• They help in interactions
• Emotions help us to understand others
• Emotions help us in making quick decision
• Through emotions, we can thrive.
• The stressful conditions can be reflected through emotions.
• Emotion prepare us for behavior.
• Emotions help us understand the danger.

REFERENCES

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