Category: Blood Donation

ABSTRACT

For patients suffering from life threaten conditions as well as those under maternal and prenatal care, blood is a vital resource. Pakistan has an additional burden because of a high number of thalassemia patients. This problem is magnified due to a lack of blood donors. According to recent estimates, only 28 out of 10,000 people donate blood. Out of these, only 11 percent of the donations are by people who don’t have a friend or family in immediate need.

According to Dr Fauzia Saeed, Blood Bank in charge at the Punjab Red Crescent Society, ‘People here don’t understand that donating blood is, in fact, beneficial for one’s overall health.’

INTRODUCTION

Background

Blood donation and transfusion in Pakistan are mostly based on demand driven. When blood is needed, family and friends are mobilized. In general, upscale and medium-size hospitals have their own blood banks to cater to their patients’ needs. There are some private blood banks but they offer varying standards of quality. For smaller cities and rural areas, the options are limited. A majority of tehsil and district headquarters hospitals do not have blood banks. Families of patients mostly procure blood from blood banks outside of these areas. In most cases, it is transported without maintaining a cold chain. Some blood banks are also being operated by NGOs, mostly to cater to thalassemia and/or cancer patients

Problem

In Pakistan, misconceptions about blood donation contribute to low donor interest. People lack awareness. Mothers forbid their children from donating blood even if they are young, healthy, and meet the requirements. They think donating blood will weaken them.

Purpose

The purpose of this report is to aware that people about advantages of blood donations, who don’t understand that donating blood is in fact beneficial for you people overall health.

Also, aware the people that those who donate blood why they donate? and those who do not donate blood why they don’t donate blood? why Pakistan is deficient in blood donors.

METHODOLOGY

I adopted both qualitative and quantitative data to analyze the problem. I have extracted data from Blood Banks, questionnaires and Interviews from different areas of Pakistan.

Questionnaires

To identify Lack of Blood Donors in Pakistan. Both qualitative and quantitative method were used, a survey was conducted which was consist of 20 questions regarding to the problem. Undergraduate students from different Universities e.g. BZU Multan, Gift University Gujranwala, UET Lahore, NUST university Islamabad and Namal Institute Mianwali participated. From online Google form the questionnaire was made. Microsoft Excel was used for results and analysis.

Interviews

It is the method of investigating the people regarding the problem through interviews, common discussion etc. I got the results related to the problem of Lack of Blood Donors in Pakistan.

From my result people who donate blood almost 51.2% wants to helps other in the form of that they want to save their lives and 14.6% because they have rare Blood group. Allah have given a reward to them that they have rare Blood group. So, in this regard they want to help others. Also, in Islam Blood donation is charity. 12.2% people donate blood because they know there is very difficult time on a person which is in need of blood. 14.6% people donate Blood because they are encouraged from their family and Friends.

Result shows that the People who donated blood gave almost 1 or 2 times. Data shows 50% people donate blood only one time. 25% donate two times. 15.6% donate three times. Only 9.4% people are those who donate blood 4 or more times. This result also shows the deficiency of Blood Donors in Pakistan. Although there should be minimum three months difference but after three months people thought that there might be some more difference because I can unwell. So, in this misconception there is lack of blood donors.

My survey result shows the major cause in this portion that why most of the people don’t donate Blood. We know that giving blood for the first time can be nerve-racking, especially if you’re afraid of needles. In fact, one of the main reasons 14.5% people say they’ve never given blood or platelets, is because they’re afraid of needles. 2 in 10 young people aged 18 to 24 said they were too busy, even though nearly three-quarters said everyone who met blood donation criteria should give blood. Research ([1] article: Health BBC News). Survey’s data also shows that 10.9% people don’t donate Blood because they are too busy. One more reason which is as same as above that 12.7% thought It’s a hassle to arrange a time and place to donate Blood because in present era every person thought that their time is more important than the life of other person. 12.7% don’t donate Blood because they are not allowed to give blood for some medical reasons. Pregnancy and recent childbirth rule one out as a blood donor. The safety of donating blood during and shortly after pregnancy has not been fully established. There may be medical risks to the mother and baby during this time. Research ([2] article: Science the register). Data shows 25.5% don’t donate blood because they thought that they feel unwell after donating Blood. This might be misconception but in many cases this problem lies. the donor may experience side reactions during or after the donation: weakness, dizziness, cold sweat, fainting and other symptoms. Research ([3] article: North Estonia Medical Centre). Data shows that 5.5% don’t donate because of some religious issues. And 1.8% people don’t donate they are already very weak and they thought that they become weaker after donating the blood. 16.4% people are such that they don’t want to share the reason that why they don’t donate Blood.

It is also a type of deficiency of Blood donors because data shows that 81.6% people say that under 16-year old children cannot donate blood. Although above 16-year-old can donate blood to under 16-year-old children. So, there might be some chance of deficiency of blood donors.

In this result data shows the above reason about lack of Blood Donors due to medical reasons. This reason is valid because there are many diseased persons who can’t donate blood. Research ([4] article: Can I Give Blood, Even Though I Have Diabetes? Eveyday.com (If a person has diabetes and want to donate blood, it’s generally safe for you to do so. People with type 1 and type 2 diabetes are eligible to give blood donations. You should have your condition under control and be in otherwise good health before you donate blood). 87.4% people have responds that person who has diabetes or high blood pressure can’t donate blood. This shows the negativity of people about blood donation. Smoking cigarettes in and of itself doesn’t disqualify you from donating blood. If you smoke and you want to donate blood, plan to refrain from smoking on the day of your appointment — both before your appointment and for three hours afterward. Smoking before your appointment can lead to an increase in blood pressure. Research ([5] article: Smoker can donate Blood? Healthline.com. There is also a reason that the receivers have to be paid money to donors. It is a big issue for poor people because they can’t pay. Survey’s data shows that 20.7% people say that blood receivers have to be paid. 33.3% responders say that they don’t know about this reason. Here is the one major issue discuss above that in the present era people are very busy. Busy people don’t donate blood for this reason. 47.1% responders say that in blood donation process there is a waste of 20 minutes. 31% people say that there is a waste of 40 minutes to 1 hour. F

Conclusion

The Programme has been able to establish strong bonds with the stakeholders from the entire country. These include the technical level of blood bank laboratory staff, the public health administrations of provinces, representatives of the regulatory bodies for medical sciences and blood transfusion, but also the broad spectrum of private organizations, many of which are dealing with the heaviest burden for the BTS in the country, represented by thalassaemia patients. The SBTP has been able to bring the stakeholders on a joint platform (e.g. concerning VNRBD, MIS, the basic design of RBC and HBB, and recently also concerning legislation and BTA’s). The interaction with the different stakeholders has deepened the SMTP’s understanding of the existing “diversity” in terms of structures, technology, human resource capacity and overall organization. Research [6] article: Blood Transfusion ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

Introduction

Blood transfusion services always play a consolidate role in healthy system, according to World Health Organization (2012) definition, Voluntary Non-remunerated blood donation (VNRBD) is meaning that donor gives blood, plasma or cellular components with his/her own wills and receive no payment for it, either in the form of cash, or in kind which could be considered a substitute for money. VNRBD first published by The League of the Red Cross (IFRC), to encourage national societies take actions on blood issue (Global Advisory Panel,2017).

Since 1952, blood donation programme operated in Hong Kong exclusively on a non-remunerated basis ,this programme has been managed by the Hospital Authority from 1991 and the Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service (BTS) is the only public agency to supply blood in Hong Kong nowadays (Hong Kong Red Cross,2017).According to Hong Kong Red Cross (2017), there has been a continued increase in blood product demand, demand from 2006-2016 increased from 180,754 to 242,379 .Only 3 % of the total population of Hong Kong donate blood (HKRCBTS,2003). Due to structural change in population, increased in population and aging issues, in addition of factors such as, teenage group reluctant to donate blood, Chinese traditional reason. It shown that the blood stock is being challenged (Hong Kong Red Cross,2017). As this review will discuss the existing policy’s advantages, disadvantages and the challenges in Hong Kong.

Challenges of running VNRBD in Hong Kong

As usual for developed countries, aging population is a challenge on blood donation, according to Census and Statistics Department (C&SD,2016), the total number of elderlies is 1,163,153 Comparing to data in 2006, its population increased 310,357. The blood donor in HK are mainly distributed in middle age group or above, it takes 44.45% form the whole number of donor (HKRC,2018). Showing that the supply is mainly supported by senior citizen. Since there is an age limit for blood donors which over 66-year-old are not suitable for give blood (Red Cross,2019). Underling that the number of blood donor will drop continuously, while the needs of blood will increase accumulatively due to the main demand are came from elderly.

According to HKRC (2017), the clinical usage of red blood cell collected from VNRBD are majorly used in Medical & Geriatric Department, up to 51.5% of blood cell used in this department. It has been proven that in 2033, 27% the population will be over 65-year-old, also there will be a steep decline in birth rate (Hong Kong Young People’s Donation Behaviour,2008).With the low fertility leads to the number of students decrease, usually BTS gain blood from teenage group through donation station in school (HKYPDB,2008). But according to Red Cross(2017),except low birth rate, change in academic structure is also a factor leads to teenagers reluctant to donate blood, from 2012, government first published “3-3-4 Scheme” which decreased the number of secondary school students, beside, the student also need to attend supplementary classes and on leave for prepares for Hong Kong Examination (HKDSE), in which lost some opportunity to participate in blood donation.(HKRC,2017). With the aging population increased, low birth rate and educational factors, it is a challenge for running VNRBD in Hong Kong which needs to maintain a stable support of blood to Hong Kong Citizen.

People around the world are in need of help and as a community or nation united, are the ones for the job. About two centuries ago, life expectancy was between 30 to 40 years of age and many human beings would not live for long because medicine was not truly practiced. The technology and advancements that the world has now makes the life expectancy to increase in years. The information given will be about the history of blood transfusions, procedures and risks that are involved, different blood types, and future advancements and changes that scientists and physicians have begun to experiment on. Blood is the thing that maintains lives throughout transfusions, but there are certain risks in this procedure to which are put to a test to provide safety within a person’s health.

Blood Transfusions have not been around since the beginnings of time. Medicine and procedures needed to advance in order for blood from a donor to be used for a person or patient in need of blood. In 1666, Richard Lower had completed a blood transfusion, but he was testing a blood transfusion on animals and not between human beings (Fastag et al). Later on in the next year, the transfusion between an animal and a human came to process by a French Physician named Jean Baptiste Denis, but it did not go through as the patient ended up dying from the procedure (McCann). Blood has several things involved that need to be examined thoroughly. Not only did transfusions stop, but also blood needed to be checked on components because it need to be checked and ready for the person receiving the blood into their system.

Blood is divided into four categories: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. All of the components of the blood are different percentages of amount. The highest percentage of the blood is mostly made of erythrocytes ,also known as red blood cells, and they carry oxygen into the body as well as carrying carbon dioxide out of the body. Leukocytes ,otherwise known as white blood cells, are a lower percentage from erythrocytes and they help fight within the human body of bacteria and infections. Even though there is not a high amount of platelets in the blood, they are needed in order for the blood to be able to clot (Blood Transfusions). Plasma on the other hand is a higher percentage than red blood cells and it is a very important component to the blood because it allows for things to move and run smoothly throughout the body and not let anything get stuck (What is Plasma). All of the components that make up the blood are able to be donated separately or all together with a blood organization that will do the procedures necessary.

Blood transfusion from one person to another is a special procedure used by doctors in medical procedures that involve patients with the need of blood. The only authorized person that can allow a blood transfusion is if he or she is a health care provider (Getting a Blood Transfusion). The procedure of course can not be done by anyone that does not have possession of a medical degree where they are permitted legally to prescribe or give a blood transfusion to a patient. Blood transfusions are used for serious injuries, surgery, and when a person can’t make enough blood. Doctors use blood transfusions for surgeries where a patient could eventually lose blood during the medical procedure (Blood Transfusions: MedlinePlus). Thinking of a blood transfusion only being done at a hospital or clinic is one option. Another option would be of a nurse coming to the home of the person and completing the procedure checking on the patient as well as they would at a hospital and clinic (Getting a Blood Transfusion).

Many risks are inherent to human life, especially if it is related to the health and life of a human being. Blood transfusions come with risks mostly because of the diseases, infections, and reactions that can be diagnosed on a patient. The instrument used to get the blood from a donor to a patient involves a catheter ,also known as a fine tube, that has a needle connected so that it can be placed into a vein to draw out the blood. Reactions that could happen during a blood transfusion which could happen immediately during the procedure or later on are very possible. Possible reactions are being allergic, getting a fever, having trouble breathing due to an illness, unmatching blood donations, or when a weak immune system is present (Getting a Blood Transfusion). Examples of infections and diseases that can be present after the procedure are Hepatitis viruses B and C, Human immunodeficiency virus (also known as HIV), Human T-lymphotropic viruses (also known as HTLV) I and II, Syphilis, West Nile virus, and/or Chagas disease (Blood Transfusions). For these risks to be rare and not become a problem when a health care provider is working through a blood transfusion procedure, the blood is tested in a laboratory before hand.

Blood is not one same component in its entirety for each human being on Earth. It was discovered by both Karl Landsteiner and Jan Jansky, the four different types of blood and Karl Landsteiner was given the most credit (McCann). Once blood transfusions became successful, “Blood banking really took off during the Second World War” (Anthes). Humans have A, B, O, or AB blood in the body. When it comes to a transfusion, the person giving the blood needs to match the patient receiving the blood or things could get very complicated (Blood Transfusions: MedlinePlus). Although there are four major known blood types, there is an Rh factor that makes it more unique because it could either be negative blood or positive blood (Getting a Blood Transfusion). Since each blood type involves an Rh factor, the total amount of blood types are eight because of four positive blood types and four negative blood types. If the blood type has the Rh positive factor passed down from the parents, then the blood type possibilities are A+, B+, O+, and AB+. When there is no Rh factor ,also considered Rh negative, found in the blood type, then the possibilities are A-, B-, O-, and AB- (Blood Types in Pregnancy).

Patients that receive blood from a donor could eventually be placed to a change in blood transfusions. It could be a possibility that “Synthetic or bioengineered cellular blood components show promise” (Seifried and Mueller). It should be noted, this future procedure of synthetic blood components will not be ready now and it could take many years for it to be processed and ready (Seifried and Mueller). At the moment the most common ways of getting blood is by blood drives and volunteers. Ways of donating blood could be by, a direct donation from a family member to the patient itself, an autologous donation where the patient donates blood for themselves when needed, or from a volunteer donor to the patient (Blood Transfusions).

In conclusion, a blood transfusion is a procedure that is done by a healthcare provider that knows what they are doing based off from the education taken to get approved. In the 17th century, blood was being experimented for blood transfusions, but it did not work out the way as planned. After, the procedure came back in use during the 20th century because of better knowledge for safety to the patients. The blood could be a complicated matter if it were to be transfused into different blood type people and this is because each blood type has a negative Rh factor or a positive Rh factor that distinguishes and can make a person repel the blood and become ill. Risks involved with the procedure are there, but based from tests taken to analyze the blood before hand, makes the person or patient have a safe and healthy body system. Blood is the thing that maintains lives throughout transfusions, but there are certain risks in this procedure to which are put to a test to provide safety within a person’s health.

The main aim of our project is to save lives of people by providing blood. A Blood donation search App using Android is developed so that users can view the information of nearby Donors. Our project is developed on two perspective i.e. patient and donor. We are going to provide authentication for the user such as registration and login for new user and existing user. A person is allowed to donate only 6 pints of blood. One pint of blood can save up to 33 lives. The number of blood donor is very less when compared with other countries

There are number of electronic blood donation centers for effective communication between them and medical facilities. None of the online blood donation center offers the immediate contact amongst beneficiary and them. This is the real downside of the current system. Here we propose a new and efficient way to overcome such outline. Blood donation app provider lists the donor in the city/area. Once the donor donates the blood it will automatically remove the donor detail for next three months. Our application helps to search for the nearby Donor available, instantly by tracing their current location using GPS by using Haversine Mathematical Algorithm.

It also verifies with the Department of Health and Welfare to ensure the donor medical case history. Our application reduces the time to a greater extent that is searching for the blood donor of the required blood group through the particular location. Thus our application provides the required information (results) in less time and also helps in quicker decision making. The main purpose of our project is to interconnect all the blood donating donors into a single network, validating, storing their data and information of blood and health of each individual

Introduction

The main aim of our project is to save lives of people by providing blood. A Blood donation search App using Android is developed so that users can view the information of nearby Donors. Our project is developed on two perspective i.e. patient and donor. We are going to provide authentication for the user such as registration and login for new user and existing user. A person is allowed to donate only 6 pints of blood. One pint of blood can save up to 33 lives.

The number of blood donor is very less when compared with other countries. There are number of electronic blood donation centers for effective communication between them and medical facilities. None of the online blood donation center offers the immediate contact amongst beneficiary and them. This is the real downside of the current system. Here we propose a new and efficient way to overcome such outline. Blood donation app provider lists the donor in the city/area. Once the donor donates the blood it will automatically remove the donor detail for next three months.

Our application helps to search for the nearby Donor available, instantly by tracing their current location using GPS by using Haversine Mathematical Algorithm. It also verifies with the Department of Health and Welfare to ensure the donor medical case history. Our application reduces the time to a greater extent that is searching for the blood donor of the required blood group through the particular location.

Thus our application provides the required information (results) in less time and also helps in quicker decision making. The main purpose of our project is to interconnect all the blood donating donors into a single network, validating, storing their data and information of blood and health of each individual.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The main aim of this project is to save lives of people by providing blood. This project Online Blood Bank system using Android is developed so that users can view the information of nearby hospitals, blood banks. We have provided security for authenticated user as new user have to register according to their type of perspective and existing user have to login. This project requires internet connection. This application we are developing helps to select the nearby hospital online instantly by tracing its location using GPS. This application reduces the time to a greater extent that is searching for the required blood through blood banks and hospitals. Thus this application provides the required information in less time and also helps in quicker decision making.

Blood is an important aspect for all living things. It proves to be a lifesaving component in case of emergency requirement. There are number of web based blood banks which are available for communication between blood bank and hospitals. None of the online blood bank offers the direct contact between donor and recipient. This is the major drawback of the existing system. Existing systems are time consuming; require more man power and it is costly. This paper introduces comparison between existing system and improved system. The new idea will improve the existing system and it will move from conventional desktop system to mobile system. This paper introduces new features of improved system over existing system in many aspects. In this paper firstly we are going to explain merits and demerits of existing system.

In critical or emergency situations where accident occurs or during on-going treatments and surgeries etc there is urgent need for specific blood group. It requires lot of time to make the blood available and it is inconvenient during emergency situation, some rare blood groups are time consuming and difficult to arrange which are O- , AB- etc. In our country there is less awareness of blood donation, near about 20% of Indian population donates blood. In this project, we have proposed an efficient way to overcome problems in existing system.

We are using Global Positioning System (GPS) for tracking of nearest blood banks and donors. It requires GPS supported android device with application installed on it for the user.Donor will be prompted to enter an individual’s details, like name, phone number, and blood type. During the urgency of blood, you can quickly check for contacts matching a particular or related blood group and reach out to them via Phone Call/SMS through the app. Our app provides address of nearest blood banks and donors in your city/area by GPS tracking. A large number of people carry an android mobile phone, so we are developing an Android application which is low in cost, requires less time to find out blood banks and donors.

Availability of blood during emergencies is highly critical for every single living thing. There are number of electronic blood donation centers for effective communication between them and medical facilities. None of the online blood donation center offers the immediate contact amongst beneficiary and them. This is the real downside of the current framework. The existing frameworks are tedious; require more labor and expensive. This paper presents a correlation between existing blood bank framework and enhanced framework to improve the effectiveness. The new considerations may increase the efficacy of current blood banks and help to upgrade from ordinary desktop framework to portable framework. The proposed work further discusses the components of enhanced framework in numerous perspectives such as the data being stored, data for future applications like kind of blood groups being donated and received by the individuals.

Blood donation saves lives everyday at various situations. A blood transfusion may give them the energy to spend time with family and friends. Blood cannot be manufactured it can only comes as a gift from people. One person only allowed 6 pints of blood donation. One pint of blood can save upto 33 lives The number of blood donor is very less when compared with other countries. Here we propose a new and efficient way to overcome such outline. When we just touch the button donor the App will be ask you to enter an individual’s details like name, phone number, age, weight, date of birth, blood group, address etc.

At the emergency time of blood needed we can check for blood donor nearby by using GPS. Once the app user enter the blood group which he/she needed it will automatically show the donor nearby and send an alert message to the donor. In case if the first donor is not available it will automatically search the next donor which is present in queue. If the donor accept the request then an One Time Password (OTP) will be send to the donor to verify. Blood donation app provider list of donor in your city/area. Once the donor donate the blood it will automatically remove the donor detail for next three months.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

In today’s rapid developing scientific world technology has become a very important aspect of life. Today’s generation is more depended on advanced technology than any other aspect. Today, most of the people use advance technologies in their daily life like Internet, Smartphone. So, our idea will make the process of searching blood donor in less time consuming by gathering all information of donor and receiver.

In these application there will modules for donor, Receiver and Health and Welfare Department. Donor has to register himself to use this improved system. For Receiver, no need to call in every blood bank to check the blood availability, they can search in our app itself. The development of a Blood Donation System depends on android-based application

Proposed system

Our system helps the people who are in need of a blood by giving them all details of blood group availability or regarding the donors with the same blood group.

Our application work 24×7 so users can get information of blood donor any time. Blood donor can also get registered and save life of other person.

Our system provide Authentication on the Donor by verifying with the Department of Health and Welfare Society and we also provide an Interface to validate the Donor.

Our system has a OTP verification and Validation of Donor so that no third person can enter into the database as a volunteer. Our system provide a Donor tracking and locating system using Global Positioning System, by using Haversine Mathematical Algorithm which find the nearest Donor. The Donor is sorted out with following constrains such as Blood Group, Rh factor, Last date of Donation and at last based on the Location.

The Donor can be contacted by a Call, Messaging and thus provide easy establishing of communication between donor and recipient.

Module Description

There are six major modules exist in the application:

Home Screen

The home screen consist of the two or more routines such as Splash screen, various health tips for donation and constrains to be followed for blood donation.

Donor Login

The Donor login module will consist of the various entity such as login id, login password, login button and forgot password or register if the user has not registered himself in the app.

Donor Register

This module will consist of the donor registration, i.e the registration of the donor will be done here and all the validation and verification process will take place in this sector of the module.

Donor Search

In donor search the recipient has to select the required blood group, Country, State, District, City and Constituency.

Result Screen

The result screen gives the output for the search module and from that the recipient can select the nearest donor so that the blood recipient could be saved.

Interface For Department Of Health And Welfare

The Department of health and welfare will approve the register with database so that the donor is allowed to be a part of the searched result.

Spherical Law of Cosines

In fact, JavaScript (and most modern computers & languages) use ‘IEEE 754’ 64-bit floating-point numbers, which provide 15 significant figures of precision. By my estimate, with this precision, the simple spherical law of cosines formula (cos c = cos a cos b + sin a sin b cos C) gives well-conditioned results down to distances as small as a few metres on the earth’s surface. (Note that the geodetic form of the law of cosines is rearranged from the canonical one so that the latitude can be used directly, rather than the colatitude).

This makes the simpler law of cosines a reasonable 1-line alternative to the haversine formula for many geodesy purposes (if not for astronomy). The choice may be driven by programming language, processor, coding context, available trig functions (in different languages), etc – and, for very small distances an equirectangular approximation may be more suitable.

CONCLUSION

The main purpose of our project to provide the security on data sets and provide fastest searching process. Defining the user’s personality can be used to improve numerous products and services. Digital services could be designed in accordance’s with reviewed personality. Hospitals, governmental departments on blood donating could use the personality data for conducting easy surveys, research about the donor detail for their need.

Our application reduces the time to a greater extent that is searching for the blood donor of the required blood group through the particular location. Thus our application provides the required information (results) in less time and also helps in quicker decision making. The main purpose of our project is to interconnect all the blood donating donors into a single network, validating, storing their data and information of blood and health of each individual.

References

1. Abdullah K. Al-Faris and others, Attitude to Blood Donation among Male Students at King Saud University, journal of Applied Hematology 2017.
2. AK Al-Faris and others, Attitude to blood donation in Saudi Arabia, Asian journal of transfusion science.
3. Blood safety and availability, Fact Sheet July 2017, World Health Organization. Available online: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs279/en/
4. Adarsh N, Arpitha J, Md. Danish Ali, Mahesh Charan N, Pramodini G Mahendrakar (2017)“Effective Blood Bank Management Based On RFID in Real Time Systems”, International Conference on Embedded Systems – (ICES 2014).
5. Snigdha et al. ‘Android Blood Bank’ International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering vol. 4 no. 11 pp. 86-88 November 2016.
6. Sultan Turhan ‘An Android Application Volunteer Blood Donors’ ICBB-2015 pp. 23-30.
7. Sayali Dhond et al. ‘Android Based Health Application in Cloud Computin For Blood Bank’ International Engineering Research Journal(IERJ) vol. 1 no. 9 pp. 868-870 2015 ISBN2395-1621.
8. P. Priya et al. ‘The Optimization of Blood Donor Information and Management System by Technopedia’ International Journal of Innovative Research in Science Engineering Technology vol. 3 no. 1 pp. 390-395 February 2017 ISBN 2319-8753.
9. R. Vanitha P. Divyarani ‘BCloud App: Blood Donor Application For Android Mobile’ International Journal Of Innovations in Engineering and Technology(IJIET) vol. 2 no. 1 pp. 396-401 February 2017oISBNo2319-1058

Introduction

Red Cross Blood service is one of the divisions of Australian Red Cross which funded by the whole Australian government in order to collect volunteersblood for saving life. In 1929, the first Australian Blood Transfusion Service as founded in Victoria state. Today, Red Cross Blood Service is the exclusive organization that help people to donate their blood, and then it is operating over 100 blood collection centres were built around the country and supported by over half million people. Moreover, Red Cross Blood service also provide blood testing service, consulting service, biological storage service, research and technology development service and global blood system communication service.

Currently, Red Cross is facing diversity threats from different areas which straight cause the number of donors cannot satisfy the demand of Australia. According to the Australian Red Cross Blood Service (2018) state that only 3% of Australian donors need to support about 34% of Australian demand. In order to reverse the current passive situation, many lofty ideals make research to donors’ motivators and barriers. On the one side, Fear of blood donation and cultural factors may affect people decision making negatively (Polonsky, Francis and Renzaho, 2015). On the other sides, more and more people are inspired to donate their blood by social impact and self-esteem reasons (Guiddi, Alfieri, Marta and Saturni, 2015).

Barrier

Blood donation is limited by several barriers which cause the demand of blood products always more than donations. The barriers’ reasons are variables such as religion, psychology activity, culture and limited information.

Culture issues

As the biggest nation of immigrants, over 28% of Australian was born overseas (Simon-Davies, 2018). Different immigrants take their own cultures from homeland which is the irreplaceable factor cause Australia economy and international fast-growth. However, blood donation not be identified by all the countries, some regions’ traditional viewpoint and religion resist blood transmission and organs donation which carried by new immigrants to Australia.

Religion Barrier

Most religions that include the Catholic Church, Islam and Buddhism encourage their believers to save others’ lives through blood donation. However, some religions think blood donation will pollute their body such as Jehovah’s Witnesses. Jehovah’s Witnesses are the most famous religion that forbids followers to donate blood or part of blood and accept blood production from others (Brydon, 2019).

Information Blocking

“Blood donation will hurt your health”, “You may die for bleeding” and “you may be contaminated by blood donation”. Those rumours easily hear from society. Information block and lack of promotion channels cause a lot of people do not know the process of donation and the development of donation method. According to Decristoforo, Stummer, Nohammer, Angerer, Schennach (2016) argue that education, parents affect and rumour affect the target audiences’ perception and awareness of blood donation when they are young. The young generation is hard to reverse their original viewpoint to blood donation that was accepted for a long time.

Fears

Oxford dictionary defined fear is a kind of bad feeling that people will have when they are in danger, or bad things will happen, or something that stimuli prior bad memory and experience. Fear is the alarm to human which warning people when the collapse is coming. According to Akhtar and Brown (2005), fear is a significant feeling to the human being because it’s one of the most valuable inheritance from ancient’s experience and memory. Most of the fear feeling is rooted in human’s gene such as fire, heights, carnivores and dark.

To blood donation, fears are the critical barrier. Majority of people do not want to donate their blood due to various fears. Fear of needle, fear of bleeding, fear of the unknown process of donation are the frequent reasons why people not willing to donate blood.

Fear of Needle

Needle fear also be called needle phobia that is a common issue among people who need to be treated. According to Cook (2016) research that about 23% interviewee admit that they are feeling uncomfortable and nervous when they need to be treated with the needle. Some people even were found arrhythmia and low blood pressure. To Red Cross Blood Service, the needle phobia are touchy problems that hard to solved by current technology and cure. It’s a kind of self-protection system that aims to defence external threatens (Luo and Lai, 2016). Thus, those people cannot be the positive person to blood donation promotion due to the fear of needle are able to influence their health.

Fear of Unknown

“The oldest and strongest emotion of mankind is fear, and the oldest and strongest kind of fear is fear of the unknown” was started by Lovecraft in 1927 (Joshi and Schultz, 2001). Carleton (2016) argue that the Human brain will produce a special sign to warn human that exterior environment exists unknown dangerous and threatening. The overwhelming most people know blood donation can save other life by a long-term promotion of the Red Cross. Nevertheless, the rate of donors still lower than the demand of the patient because they did not know specific information about blood donation. “Whether I will feel weak?”, “Whether I will ill easily after donation” and “Why Red Cross always need blood?’’. Those questions cause people to hesitate about their behaviour. In 2015, Australian Red Cross Cooperated with News corporate(ABC and BBS, social media platform and the Australian government to promote the campaign “Why the meaning of life is 42”. This activity successfully states the reason why the hospital needs blood regular. After this campaign, the rate of multiple-donors increasing dramatically.

Motivator

According to Misje, Bosnes, Gåsdal and Heier (2005), the reason of becoming a donor could be summarized by 5 reasons: Empathy and Altruism; Social influence from outside; self-esteem promoting; previous experience with the donation; moral obligation.

Empathy and Altruism hypothesis

Empathic concern generates altruistic motivation is the foundation of Empathy and Altruism hypothesis (Batson, 2010). Human is easily to resonate emotionally with the fellow’s feeling. For example, people will feel sad because someone suffering; people will feel responsible cause someone is helpless.

Emotional resonance is able to inspire human’s behaviour which is the basic reason for Altruism (FeldmanHall, Dalgleish, Evans and Mobbs, 2015), To blood donors, their behaviour could be explained by empathy concern and altruism. Because of blood donation cannot get any benefits or profits, it’s a kind of voluntary and unpaid behaviour that aims to save patients’ lives. Thus, Target audiences are informed of information from diversity intermediary channels such as social media, print publication and word of mouth (Mathez and Chapuis, 2006).

Social influence from people around

Human is a sort of social animals that imperceptibly influence othersNaround them such as, family members, colleagues and friends. Mostly, people’s habit and characteristics are originated from others influence unconsciously, for instance, smoking, drinking and donation (MacArthur, Jacob, Pound, Hickman and Campbell, 2017). According to Tajfel and Turner (1979) figure that behaviour influence can be explained by social identity theory that means group have the ability to change memberships’ behaviours by daily life and communication. Therefore, blood donors’ behaviour may be attributed to others affected. Quéniart (2016) research that blood donation had become some family tradition because kids are proud of their parents’ behaviour which influence their recognition to blood donation.

Self-esteem

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs divided human’s needs into 5 stages, Self-esteem are the higher need that pursued by people who has achieved lower level of need. According to Jian and Shin (2016) argue that someone who wants to achieve self-esteem may start to pursue recognition, higher status, more respect and commendation from peers and society. Blood donation is acknowledged as a gracious action due to blood donors willing to sacrifice their physical healthy short-term in order to save strangers’ life. Thus, blood donors are deemed as a hero which successfully achieved the self-esteem need.

Previous experience

Juliusson, Karlsson, and Garling (2005) stated that prior performance influences future decisions obviously. People tend to repeat previous decision making in order to make sure the success rate (Sagi, & Friedland, 2007). To human being, impression and experience are significant factors to draw on advantages and avoid disadvantages. Blood donation is a critical decision that needs strong evidence to support donors to decide. According to West, Toplak and Stanovich (2008) positive feeling will encourage people to the donation which can be generated by promotion, word of mouth and scientific research.

Moreover, Jaafar, Chong and Alavi (2017) claim that first time to blood donation is hard for everyone due to variety rumours and negative news. However, many donors willing to donate their blood again if they have active experience in blood donation.

Moral obligation

There are no general answers to explain moral obligation. Moral obligation has different definitions in different area. For instance, the moral obligations of restaurant industry could be food hygiene and staff insurance. To gambling industry, their moral obligations could be local employment or customer exhortation. Sometimes, people feel that they are responsible for helping others or repay society although there no laws to force them. Blood donation is a sort of way to show donors’ selfless and generosity. According to Valentine, K (2005) claim that blood donation behaviour is generated from human’s moral obligation. Some of the Blood donors just hold the idea of lifesaving to the donate centres because they did not know the identity of patients.

3 Gaps of motivators and barriers research

Although this report illustrates many motivators and barriers factors that influence peoples’ decision, the supportive reasons and research result should be taken a more objective observation by several elements. Firstly, the gap of generation may cause research incorrect with the current situation (Clark, 2009). Some of the research is based on the previous information and data that may have a difference to the recent condition which may cause research could not solve the problem.

Secondly, Geographic restrictions may cause research to deviate from the direction (Mulford, Wilson and Moore, 2009). This research aims to assist Australian Red Cross Blood Service to solve the local question, but some helpful article is based on other regions’ experience and issues which may not effective in Australia.

Next, the reliability of supportive information determined research success (Morse, Barrett, Mayan, Olson and Spiers, 2002). Every year, countless researches were proved invalid or lack evidence which may influence other research that based on their analysis. Lastly, psychological activities are the toughest part to be estimated and analysis by human. Researchers cannot formulate the idea of target people overall because it’s changing constantly. Donors will make an acceptable decision through the influence of motivation factors with obstructive factors.

Conclusion

In summary, the Red Cross Blood Service could improve the donation performance by realizing the motivators and barriers of blood donation. Empathy and Altruism, Social influence, self-esteem, previous experience with the donation and moral obligation could motivate people to do the right decision. Fears and cultural background may cause donors to hesitate to their decision. Among the persuasive factors, cultural background, social influence and human’s fear play a key role in decision making. Analysing the 3 factors to donors may directly promote Blood Service organization to achieve their goals.

Reference

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17. MacArthur, G. J., Jacob, N., Pound, P., Hickman, M., & Campbell, R. (2017). Among friends: A qualitative exploration of the role of peers in young people’s alcohol use using bourdieu’s concepts of habitus, field and capital. Sociology of Health & Illness, 39(1), 30-46. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.12467
18. Morse, J. M., Barrett, M., Mayan, M., Olson, K., & Spiers, J. (2002). Verification strategies for establishing reliability and validity in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 1(2), 13-22. doi:10.1177/160940690200100202
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21. Quéniart, A. 2013. Blood donation within the family: the transmission of values and practices. Transfusion. 53(5), 151S-156S. https://doi-org.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au /10.1111/trf.12474
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24. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). ‘An integrative theory of intergroup conflict’. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel. The social psychology of intergroup relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole. pp. 33–47.
25. West, R.F., Toplak, M.E., & Stanovich, K.E. (2008). Heuristics and biases as measures of critical thinking: Associations with cognitive ability and thinking dispositions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100 (4), 930-941. DOI:10.1037/a0012842.

The Critical Need for Blood Donation and Its Life-Saving Impact

A lot of people ask the question ‘Why should I give blood?’ and the most appropriate response to that question is … why not? In under one hour, one person can give just a single unit of blood, which can help to save the lives of multiple people. Blood donations are essential for patients in all forms of care such as those in emergency care, for example people who have been a serious accident, patients in some types of surgeries or for general testing for matches for transplants. Also, other medical disorders such as blood disorders, chronic illnesses and cancer require quite frequent blood transfusions. It is shocking to discover that over 90% of people who are eligible to donate blood do not do so, meaning that there is always a need for new donors. A single blood donation can be given to up to four separate patients increasing each person’s chances of a better outcome and hope for survival.

Motivations Behind Blood Donation: Altruism and Community Support

A recent study by the National Blood Foundation, found that when more than 5,000 people, who were donating blood frequently at the time or who have given blood frequently in the past, were asked why it is that they donate blood nearly 75 percent of them responded that they give blood in order to help others. It was also said that giving blood makes them feel good about themselves as they feel that they are supporting their local communities and hospitals and potentially paying back society for any times when they themselves or members of their families had required blood transfusions in the past. For all these reasons and more, donating blood is an amazing initiative however for some reason the statistics are stating that 90 percent of eligible people are not donating, and for what reason? This essay will research into what methods the world is currently using in order to incentivise blood donations, what is currently preventing the world’s population from donating blood and which combination of these techniques is the most effecting resulting in the most donation in order to give a plan for making England’s blood donation the highest possible.

The Evolution of Blood Donation in the UK: From Wartime Necessity to Modern Practice

The simplest acts have the capability of having the largest impacts. For more than 70 years British volunteers have been donating their time and blood to save millions of lives in an act that costs them next to nothing. The National Blood Transfusion Service was initially created as a response to a multitude of wartime casualties needing blood transfusions, which is a form of treatment that was originally created during world war one meaning that small scale donations were given at the time mainly being almost from patient to patient, which then became a much larger manifestation of donations during the second world war. Blood banks were created to store the blood needed in order to save the lives of civilians and soldiers who were injured for simply living their lives or by fighting to save our country. These banks were later placed under the control of the Ministry of Health in September 1946 when the National Blood Transfusion Service was then created. In 1946, there were around 270,000 people willing and able to donate giving a blood collection of just under 200,000 units per year. However, in 2015 closer to 900,000 people donated with around 154,000 of these people giving blood for the first time in their lives, collectively giving about 1.6 million units of blood. Every day the NHS requires over 6,000 more new people to donate in order to keep up with the demand from patients in hospitals and homes across the country.

Utilization of Donated Blood: Treating Various Medical Conditions

One usage of the blood that is donated is it being used to treat patients with a variety of medical conditions such as blood disorders, cancer and anaemia or to help replace the blood lost from patients during surgery. Each donation is split into its components, these being red blood cells, platelets and plasma, meaning that each individual patient can be given the component that they require in order to help them to recover. This means that every donation is put to its best use and each donor has therefore given the most that they can through one donation as it is split and used for treating multiple patients. The use of donated blood in hospitals can be summarised into two ways, as blood transfusions for the patients who are getting better, for example people who are having surgery or who have an ongoing medical condition, or as a transfusion for the patients who are getting worse, for example for people whose condition is incurable with the blood meant to simply give these patients a better quality of life for the short time that they have left in this life. In 2014, according to hospital records, of the blood supply given to hospitals across the country over a year long period; 67 percent was used to treat medical conditions, 27 percent was used during surgery and 6 percent was used to treat blood loss after childbirth.

Challenges in Blood Donation: Diversity and Age of Donors

Although there has been a staggering increase in donations since 1946 there has also been a large increase in the age range and diversity of the patients not only within those who donate blood at donation centres but who require the blood transfusions themselves meaning that there is currently a large scale government request for more of the ethnic minorities to donate with all different blood types. Although every blood type is in demand there is a specific call for donors of blood types O negative and A negative as both groups are currently used the most often with O negative being a universal type meaning it can be used in all emergencies where the patients’ blood type is unknown. As well as this, currently over half of all blood donors are over the age of 45 meaning that with aging donors who could soon be too old or unwell to be donating, we therefore are gravely in need of the younger generations to step up and begin to donate as well as more black and South Asian people to comply with the ethnic diversity of patients as blood matching the history and type of a patient is much more likely to give a positive result in aiding to save or improve the life of the receiver. A lot has changed since 1946 but we still have a long way to come before making the blood donation process as simple and as appealing to the English public as possible, The booking of appointments is currently considered to be the simplest way to book yet, which has been made possible by using online booking and when at the appointment the timeless tradition of free tea and biscuits is still available with the new updates of free Wi-Fi and soft drinks for those who are for some reason, opposed to tea. After giving blood donors are sent a text message to inform them when and where their donation has been used to help others giving them reason to feel good about themselves.

Global Blood Donation Policies and Practices

Different countries across the world have different donation policies and therefore different rates of donation from many different forms of giving. Across the globe, 108 million donations are made every year by willing volunteers which are collected from over 168 separate countries all having in place a system of collecting blood meaning that quantities can be recorded and reported to the World Health Organisation. There are different policies for the rules and regulation of giving blood from country to country, usually varying according to the country’s general income. For example, 81 percent of high-income countries have their own national policy for blood donation, making up over 50 percent of donation, while 44 percent of countries with low income have a set policy which all participants must abide by. All countries can choose to use any of the three methods to persuade its residents to donate, these being unpaid volunteers, paid volunteers and individual patients family members.

Obviously, using unpaid donors and different patient’s family members are the most efficient way for each country to maintain their blood donation rates. The World Health Organisation stated that we should be aiming for 100 percent of donors being unpaid by 2020, which has currently not been achieved. In 2016, 62 countries had 100 percent of their donations given by unpaid volunteers and 72 countries were close to this with 93 percent from unpaid volunteers. Currently only 25 countries offer payment for all forms of donation and countries such as China, Germany, Russia and the USA pay for the donation of plasma but not of whole blood. Similarly, in some country’s adults are given time off work in order to be able to donate blood meaning there is no excuse of a lack of time preventing people from contributing to their community by giving blood. This therefore gives reason to the statistics that in higher income countries, such as those aforementioned above, the most common age bracket of people who donate blood is between 25 and 45, whereas in lower income countries the general age bracket is in the younger generations being 18 to 24.

Gender Disparities in Blood Donation: Biological and Regulatory Factors

Research shows that, somewhat confusingly, gender currently plays quite a significant role in the donation of blood. Different genders currently donate in no way equally as globally only 33 percent of blood donations are from female donors meaning that 66 percent of donations are from men even though the global ratio of men to women is only separated by close to one in one hundred people, being 101 men to 100 women. Although the data varies widely from country to country, the data shown by the statistic that only 10 percent of blood is donated by women in 14 out of 111 countries used in this study, the facts still stand that women are much less likely to donate blood than men.

There are many reasons as to why this may be the case, and although spoken aloud some of these reasons may be seen as sexist, it could be said that men are simply braver than women or more likely feel that they have to be seen as being braver and therefore participate more readily in something that many members of the general public can be seen as scary and possibly painful. The truth however is much simpler, is that it is most likely actually just to blame of the biology. Mainly portrayed in British donating regulations, it is stated that although a man must wait 12 weeks between each donation of whole blood, it is recommended that women wait 16 weeks between donations which means that even if every eligible person in the world donated blood, it is simply impossible for women to give 50 percent of donations as a longer waiting time is required. Back in 2012 the NHS was updating it system for the booking of appointments in order to give blood, after research proved that it was most suitable for men to donate every 12 weeks as the levels of certain substances in their blood that would usually effect their ability to donate blood was most likely to have gone back to normal after this many weeks of waiting between appointments.

However with the technology available in 2012 ,the system that was newly used at the time didn’t have the feature to be able to distinguish between male and female donors meaning that the opportunity to book a donation appointment every 12 weeks was given to everyone, of all genders, which was potentially harmful to women who were unaware of the, at the time not particularly well advertised, suggested difference in time between the amount of weeks from one donation to the next for regular givers. In 2018 the system was updated once again this time with the ability to distinguish between women and men meaning that appointments were only offered to men every 12 weeks and therefore safely offered to women every 16 weeks. The reasoning behind the required difference in timeline of a woman to a man’s donation period is because of a difference in blood iron levels, that difference being that a womans iron levels are significantly lower than those in men. Oxygen is carried around the body in red blood cells via a protein called hemoglobin of which an essential component for its creation is iron. Iron is placed into the bloodstream through dietary absorption meaning that during blood donation about 200-250mg of iron is taken from your body which is required to be replaced before donating again.

The body can replace the iron from your blood lost at about 1-2mg a day via dietary absorption, however this can vary massively depending upon the levels of iron in your blood prior to donating and whether or not a person is taking supplements or eating an iron rich diet. As well as this there are a few types of people who are more likely to be at risk for developing an iron deficiency, those being young and more frequent donors, and women during menstruation. Replacing iron in the blood to a sufficient level simply through a healthy diet can take quite a while especially when any of these factors are entailed. As menstruation happens monthly for most women it then seems obvious that it will take women longer to build back up a healthy supply of iron in the blood and therefore require a longer period between donations. It would be dangerous if a patient were to donate whilst having insufficient iron levels in their blood as too low levels of iron can cause anemia which is a disease which can make you more at risk and susceptible to sickness and infection and can generally make you more lethargic and at risk of complications with your heart and lungs.

This is why each donor, of all genders, is screened before giving blood to ensure that the iron levels in their blood are suitable for giving and that each patient can give blood in a healthy and safe way.

A lot of people ask the question why should I give blood? The most appropriate response to that question is … why not? In under one hour, a single person can give one unit of blood that can help save multiple lives. Donating saves lives. Donations are essential for trauma patients and people in a variety of situations, including surgeries, transplants, chronic illnesses, blood disorders and cancer. Seeing as over 90% of people who are eligible to donate do not do so, there is always a need for new donors. There are many different components in blood which can support recovery from injuries or disease, a single blood donation can give up to four patients a better outcome and chance at survival. A recent study by the National Blood Foundation, found that more than 5,000 people who are current blood donors or who have given blood in the past were asked why it is that they donate blood. Nearly three-quarters of responses where that they give blood in order to help others. It was also said that giving blood makes them feel good about themselves as they are supporting their local communities and hospitals and paying back society for the times when they or their families had needed blood transfusions in the past. For all these reasons and more, donating blood is an amazing initiative however for some reason 90% of eligible people are not donating, and for what reason? This essay will research into what methods the world is currently using in order to incentivise blood donations and which combination of these techniques is the most effecting resulting in the most donation in order to give a plan for making England’s blood donation the highest possible.

The simplest acts have the capability of having the largest impacts. For more than 70 years volunteers have been donating their time and blood, saving millions of lives in an act that costs them next to nothing. The National Blood Transfusion Service was developed as a response to a multitude of wartime casualties needing blood transfusions as a form of treatment originally starting during world war one and becoming a large manifestation of donations during the second world war. Blood banks were created to store the blood needed in order to save the lives of civilians and soldiers who were injured simply living their lives or fighting to save our country. These banks were later placed under the control of the Ministry of Health in September 1946 where the National Blood Transfusion Service was then created. In 1946, there were around 270,000 people willing and able to donate giving a blood collection of just under 200,000 units per year. However, in 2015 closer to 900,000 people donated with around 154,000 of these people giving blood for the first time in their lives giving about 1.6 million units of blood.

Every donation of blood has the capacity to save or improve the lives of up to three people and every day the NHS requires over 6,000 people to donate in order to keep up with the demand from patients in hospitals across the country. Although there has been a staggering increase in donations since 1946 there has also been a large increase in the age range and diversity of the patients who require the transfusions meaning that currently there is a requirement for more of some specific requirements. Although every blood type is in demand there is a specific call for donors of blood types O negative and A negative as both groups are currently used the most often with O negative being a universal type meaning it can be used in all emergencies where the patients’ blood type is unknown. As well as this, currently over half of all blood donors are over the age of 45 meaning that with an aging number of donors many will soon be too old or unwell to donate therefore we are in need of the younger generations to step up and begin to donate as well as more black and South Asian people to comply with the ethnic diversity of patients as blood matching the history and type of a patient is much more likely to give a positive result in aiding to save or improve the life of the receiver. A lot has changed since 1946 but we still have a long way to come before making the blood donation process as simple and as appealing to the English public as possible.

Currently booking of appointments is, in my opinion, the simplest way to book possible by using online booking and when at the appointment the timeless tradition of free tea and biscuits is still available with the new updates of free WiFi and soft drinks for those who are for some reason, opposed to tea. After giving blood donors are sent a text message to inform them when and where their donation has been used to help others giving them reason to feel good about themselves.

Abstract—

Blood is an important part of human life, with no replacement. Blood donation is the only source of blood, and locating voluntary, unpaid donors is the most important activity in the world. Blood banks have a responsibility to provide adequate and safe blood to the community. The risk of transfusion-related heritable diseases is highest when blood is provided by paying donors. Blood donation is a type of location-based service where many lives can be lost due to the difficulties of providing a proper blood bag. Traditionally, donor hemovigilance is usually performed by individual collection centers to strengthen donation procedures within their own organization. A web based project is being developed in this work to monitor all processes of blood donation and transfusion and to help the users in such a way that users can locate different volunteer blood donors and blood banks in their locality through GPS and then request for the blood in case of emergency.

Keywords— Blood Donor, GPS, Location-based services, Blood bank, Prediction

1. Introduction

The World Health Organization (WHO) suggests that nations focus on youth to achieve 100 percent compulsory unpaid donation of blood by 2020. Donated blood can preserve survival for people who already lost large amounts of blood from traumatic burns, obstetric and gynecological hemorrhages, or surgical and stem cell transplants, as much as for patients with symptomatic anemia. Blood is the origin of creation, which is one of the greatest gifts. Health banks around the world face health crises. The requirement for blood is rising alarmingly and the available supply of blood is inadequate to meet the demand. The only source of blood is through blood donation Liu et al.[2017].Generally, donors are classified as:

• Voluntary,
• Family replacement remunerated or paid donors, and
• Autonomous donors.

A variety of studies was conducted to determine people’s understanding, mindset, and experience of blood donation. And being excited or discouraged about donating blood is still difficult. Additionally, it should be remembered that blood supply is sufficient, according to demand, and is supplied from low-risk populations Minnich et al.[2015].

In India, 50 percent –60 percent falls between the ages of 18 and 65, but we are still facing a blood shortage due to the daily patient population increasing more than blood donors. Furthermore, recruiting unpaid blood donors on a voluntary basis poses major barriers for transfusion services worldwide. Despite of contextual understanding, medical science students provide a positive perspective on voluntary blood donation, and can be a vital group for educating other friends and family regarding blood transfusion use Wang et al.[2015].

India’s undergraduate medical students have joined forces to create an independently operated association named the Blood Donor Association (BDA), which has worked successfully for 40 years to ensure full flow of qualified blood donors and to coordinate daily blood donation initiatives to increase public awareness. A large portion of mobile apps now offer Location Based Services (LBSs). LBS users can continuously collect information from the LBS servers by capturing locations in real-time. Such apps include navigation, identifying points of interest (POIs), checking public transit timetables etc Yiu et al.[2008].

The development of LBSs has resulted in a major increase in personal geo-data transmission, usually incorporating location data originally detected by the positioning system with high precision. The lack of secure and reliable control and access to all these sensitive personal location information can result in serious privacy issues. Following current efforts to balance accessibility/service quality and privacy protection, there are still two

Barriers preventing users from having adequate usage.[2011].

As a result, users of location-based social networks who require user-to-user connections are unable to preserve privacy. Maintaining user-to-user privacy interactions is a challenge, as trust relationships among users vary not only in terms of social context but also in terms of complexities of time and space domain. Security in the treatment of blood donors is also a significant concern.

The main contribution is

• To develop a website to include all the relevant features to provide a means of communication between blood seekers, blood donors & blood banks.
• To help the users in such a way that users can locate different volunteer blood donors and blood banks in their locality through GPS and then request for the blood in case of emergency.

The paper is aligned as follows: Section II reviews background of resource allocation algorithms. Section III discusses the proposed system model with results. Section IV summarizes the current work.

2. Related Work

Some early scientific studies on blood donation identified the average blood donor as a White male with some college or professional training in his thirties, and likely to be in a Piliavin white-collar job [1990]. Nonetheless, more recent work has shown that the donor population is more equivalent in respect of age and gender with the general population, though donors still seem to be adequately educated and compensated Kleinman, & Garratty [2001].Such trends have balanced the characteristics of the Sanquin donor community in the Netherlands[2005]. Many studies have requested donors and non-donors to donate blood for their reasons or refrain from donating.

Homomorphic encryption (HE) allows for special simulations of the cipher-text domain. In the HE-focused PA-LBS program, LBS users demand privacy protection for the locations that have been encrypted. Regrettably, the HE- based method has very restricted application since only certain simple operations can be conducted in the cipher-text domain [1].

K-anonymity protects The user identity by enabling the user to send applications from a region only if there is at least 1 other user in that sector. The LBS server provides services based on the specified area, and not the exact position of the user. It ensures the LBS user is distinguished from at least k

− 1 other clients by sacrificing the test’s accuracy.

K-anonymity is able to provide scalability by setting a

larger k for stronger assurance of privacy, or a smaller k for better efficiency. However, k’s distribution is highly reliant upon nearby users k − 1. If no users are within a relatively close range, time stamping cannot be achieved and therefore no privacy-aware services are available Gkoulalas-Divanis et al.[2010].

K − 1 camouflaged locations are created and recorded in k- camouflaging based PA-LBS to demand service with the real spot. The LBS server must answer each of the k service queries and cannot distinguish the actual user location from the camouflaged ones k − 1.Furthermore, LBS users will provide the exact output of the server. Such a program promotes a more practical aspect of the k-anonymity associated with flexible privacy guarantee. Even so, a random collection of camouflage points without a robust privacy policy contributes to vulnerability in attacks on location analysis. In addition, k-camouflaging results in a lack of user-side communication costs in accessing and requesting services, since multiple requests are sent and multiple responses are provided in the provision of service Chow et al.[2007].

Across the world, blood procurement processes are carried out in a structured manner. Blood banks must follow various approaches to encourage people to become a registered volunteer donor and ensure effective recruitment for blood. Market research experts describe the various generations identified within the population of blood donors. A large portion of this population has the social character of being digital natives whose smart-phones are omnipresent. To this end, the principles of service-oriented architecture are specifically applied in network architecture as well as process designs.

Despite all the advancements in medicine and technology, a particular therapeutic method of removing blood, blood components or blood products has not yet been identified. Therefore, a need for a network consists of a backbone that allows the exchange of data between various types of information systems, a web portal and mobile phone apps to ensure user interaction.

3. Proposed Methodology

The web-based project created which will play a key role in saving human life and which is also its main purpose has developed a website which provides all the features necessary to have a means of communication between blood seekers, blood donors and blood banks. This will allow users to locate various volunteer blood donors and blood banks in their locality via GPS, and then ask for blood in case of emergency. Users will be able to view information about various blood banks along with the blood in their registry, information about users of registries that need blood in case of emergency, and blood donors that

want to donate blood if necessary. The personal information about blood donors will be stored in the backend database. A detailed guide on the software will be given to the blood bank administration for future management of the system. A user manual with some basic descriptions about the software and its features should be provided to the system administrator.

The blood bank management system showed a lot of inefficiency and inefficiency in the current system that had resulted in the effects of the management. The software, which was manual based on paper card for collecting data from blood donors, keeping records of blood donors and disseminating results to blood donors, had drawbacks that required IT-based solutions. Delays and occasional inability to access historical documents characterized the program.

4. Proposed Procedure

• The proposed Blood Bank management program supports people who need blood by providing them all the information about the supply of the blood type or about donors of the same blood group.
• Our website runs 24×7 so users can get blood donor information whenever they want. Blood donors can also sign and save other people’s lives.
• When blood is needed in the surgery, people have far less time to get the blood at their hands, so if he gets the details like who can give him blood in his city’s life- saving time.
• Algorithm used: Apriori Algorithm

Figure1. Proposed Location-based Blood bank system

A. Donor Module

The donor module is on how this software handles blood donation processes. The blood donor can consider the closest blood banks accessible according to their current location, depending on the GPRS feature used in this system.

Therefore the blood donor will have to sign on the application for authentication purposes, and donate the blood to a different blood bank. These blood donors can also be contacted later based on the availability status they have updated to the program for further contact if blood is needed in their blood group.

B. Hospital Module

This module is the process by which recipients may request the correct amount of blood from the blood bank. The recipient will use the specific hospital Id that is registered in the hospital database. Only applications made by a registered I d hospital would be considered eligible. Once obtaining the correct amount of blood, the applicant will verify the blood supply of all blood groups in all registered blood banks available in the Program. So the request is not sent to a blood bank which lacks the requisite blood.

C. Blood Bank Module

This module is the process of how to treat requests from recipients for the blood needed. Next the Blood Bank checks whether the request is a valid one. It scans the records of the hospital after confirmation to ensure that the right blood volume is not available at that hospital, and after fulfilling the order. The blood bank module also contains the blood from other sources and from registered donors who have retained their status as readily available for further interaction when desperately needed.

5. Experimental Analysis

The Proposed experiment includes additional features which makes the system model to be more efficient by comparing it to other blood bank management systems. The Comparison of the proposed work is graphically represented for illustration below.

Figure2. Donor Registration

6. Conclusion

Figure3. Blood Donor and Hospital request from Admin

Figure4. Blood Available List

Figure5. Location Available List

Automation of the current manual blood bank management system will solve these problems. The proposed system is designed to help the Blood Bank administrator meet Blood’s demand by submitting and/or fulfilling Blood’s request as and when necessary. The proposed method offers the systematic solution to bridging the difference between the Recipient, Donor, and Blood Banks. This application should give all three parties common ground. The software application offers a way for the hospitals and blood banks to connect and synchronize. This also provides them the ability to connect with local emergency donors. The database is an integral part of the program. The hospital and blood bank records must be periodically reviewed for accuracy for smooth running of the system. The proposed program uses Google Maps to provide an effective way for the user to find nearby donors/blood banks.

7. References:

1. Craig Gentry, “A fully homomorphic encryption scheme,’ PhD thesis, Stanford University, 2009.
2. C. Y. Chow and M. F. Mokbel, “Enabling Private Continuous Queries For Revealed User Locations,’ Proc. 10th international conference on Advances in spatial and temporal databases, pp.258-273, 2007.
3. A. Gkoulalas-Divanis, P. Kalnis, and V. S. Verykios, “Providing kanonymity in location-based services,’ ACM SIGKDD, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 3-10, 2010.
4. Z. Liu, L. Zhang, Q. Liu, Y. Yin, L. Cheng and R. Zimmermann, “Fusion of Magnetic and Visual Sensors for Indoor Localization: Infrastructure- Free and More Effective,’ IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 874-888, April 2017.
5. A. j. Minnich, N. Chavoshi, A. Mueen, S. Luan, and M. Faloutsos. Trueview: Harnessing the power of multiple review sites. In ACM WWW, 2015.
6. X. Wang et al., “Semantic-Based Location Recommendation With Multimodal Venue Semantics,’ IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 409-419, March 2015.
7. M. Yiu, C. Jensen, X. Huang, and H. Lu, “SpaceTwist: Managing the trade-offs among location privacy, query performance, and query accuracy in mobile services,’ IEEE ICDE, pp. 366-375, 2008.
8. H. Zang and J. Bolot, “Anonymization of location data does not work: a large-scale measurement study,’ ACM MobiCom, pp. 145-156, 2011.

Today I want to talk about blood and blood donations, and how a woman’s rights are violated, because of some restrictions of blood donation in Armenia. Sounds crazy? Let’s start.

So what is it about? Firstly, what is human blood? Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells, ( Wikipedia, Blood, 2009) and bla bla bla bla. Anyway, I do not want to tire you with the biology stuff, cause nobody cares.

In contrast, human blood is among the few things that technology has not found a substitute. No one can manufacture it outside the body. Yet, every year, it is required to save millions of lives of people who are victims of accidents and certain diseases. We should be aware that everybody in this world has the right to live, to be provided with longevity, and there are cases when blood donation is the best way for it.

Do you know that health care organizations are always looking for donors on an everyday basis to collect blood so that it has the chance to help other individuals? Since 1947, when several blood banks had been established across the United States, the public had been actively donating blood as a way of fulfilling one’s responsibility. Since then, more and more lives had been saved. It seems like the more people understand, the more they are willing to give. That is why I am here, talking to you, trying to encourage to donate. And if you are going to ask me, have I ever gave blood, the answer will be NO. Why? Cause I am still 17. One of the requirements of being blood ‘’ donate’’ is being above 18.

Well, now, I want to raise a little text about how women’s rights are violated. In Armenia, females should weigh 54-65 kg, for being allowed to donate blood, in contrast with males can donate blood even if they exceed norms, also if they have 3rd type of obesity. To my question to a health center, they responded that it is a standardized norm. They are standardized in Armenia.

So, what makes the donors come back several times a year? First of all, you save lives. Every time you donate blood, you help to save up to three lives. Can you imagine? Human blood plays such a fundamental and crucial role. I run over the net, and what I found shocked me. Statistics say that right now, in the USA, someone needs blood donation every 3rd seconds, and an average of 40 000 units are needed every single day. The person you could help can be just a person with a terrible disease, father of 2 children, an infant surviving the first moments of life, a caring older woman, who was once an active volunteer, or possibly someone who just had a major surgery.

I am thinking about blood donation. I was looking forward to my 18th birthday, so that I can go and do the right thing, to contribute to saving lives. Donating blood is something everyone should be happy to do, given the number of experiences depending on it. This humanitarian action does not only give the gift of life to many, so why not make someone happier if it is still accessible.

This research topic is about what are blood donation motivation, barriers and the eligible target market

Background

Australian Red Cross Blood Donation administration was established in Victoria in 1929. At present, association budgetary is supported by the legislatures of Australia which incorporate the majority of the states and regions. Red Cross Blood administration center around the administration of blood donation with organ and bone marrow for transplantation

Demographic patterns influence size and age structure of the population. One of the outcomes will be an expanding requirement for blood items to treat age-related illnesses. Donation administrations depend on intentionality and beneficent inspiration. It may be addressed whether there will be adequate blood supply with deliberate donation. The present investigation concentrated on elicitation of inclinations for incentives and intended to add to the exchange on the best way to expand donation rates.

The Australian Red Cross Blood Service (ARCBS) gathers around 1.4 million blood donation every year. A large portion of this is utilized to help individuals with ailments that require blood or blood items routinely. For instance, 34 percent of given red cells are utilized to help treat individuals with malignant growth and blood ailments, for example, hemophilia.

Restorative analysts likewise need donated blood so as to grow new medications for some ailments, for example, blood clusters, heart attack, stroke and cancer.

Around eight out of every 10 Australians will encounter a blood-related health complication sooner or later in their lives. Blood clumps can cause heart attack or stroke, and blood cancer growths, (for example, lymphomas or leukemia) make up around 15 percent of tumors in Australia. New medicines for these hazardous conditions rely upon restorative research.

Research scientists need donated blood to explore the reasons for blood-related infections including:

Anti-clotting enzymes – ordinarily, specific proteins help to separate and expel blood clots from the circulation system. Understanding this procedure may grow new medications forever undermining blood clots

Platelet adhesion – exploring the synthetic substances that reason platelets to stick to vein ,can help decide why dangerous conditions like stroke happen

Blood undeveloped cells – these make blood parts, for example, red platelets, white platelets and platelets. Breaking down undeveloped cells are thought to cause blood-related sicknesses, for example, leukemia. Researching foundational microorganism capacities can prompt better medications

Myeloma – this is a malignant growth of the plasma cells in bone marrow. Given blood is utilized to test the viability of new medications

Characteristics of current target audiences

Ages to Australian donors

The data (Figure. 4) obtained below from WHO (2011) we can see that, in Australia the percentage of donation from donors between the age of (18-24) is 12.83% whereas people between the age of (25-44) donated 31.04% of blood in Australia people in the category of (45-65) donated 45.11% of blood. This clearly shows that youth is not participating in blood donation or maybe is not aware of the benefit’s that one donation can cause to the sick person, age between (25-44) is considered as adults and the percentage of blood donation is here is good compared to the young audience.

Gender of Australian donors

WHO gender distribution of blood donors (Figure. 5), 50.1% donor was male and 49.9% was female which shows the gender not a factor that affect donors’ decision making.

From the above data it can be clearly seen that the young generation has a great chance to become long-term donors. Confidence and self-actualisation are the main two stages of Maslow’s progressive system of requirements. Youthful ages are eager about regard and uncommon sentiment from companions (McDonald, Patterson, White, Butow and Bell, 2014-2015). Teenagers will in general demonstrate their distinction with different individuals from the group. Extraordinary and surprise behaviour conduct could be proof of their brave and mindful. On the opposite side, Young ages dependably hold a wary attitude to new issues despite the fact that they need to substantiate themselves. Long thought will deliver assortment of motivations to keep their orignal opinion.

Channels of communication

for this target segment the Red Cross should consider all the channels of promotions to attract target audiences. Social media, Poster in Billboard and bus station, Broadcast (television and radio), Sports and fashion magazine, video web and word of mouth. All the promotions should publish same information in the same period.

Problem definition

Basically, the Australian Red Cross Blood Service need enough influence on press media and customary media. Most campaigns rely upon web based life to motivate individuals, however, the effect of conventional promotion still influence a great many people’s lives, particularly the lifetime of data is short in the platform of social media .

Furthermore, data about social life channels ought to be transferred and changed consistently. Red Cross Blood Service needs to convey larger part of resources into a similar campaign or action rather than seprating them into various projects .

Ultimately, the human cerebrum will express blameworthy and compassion feeling when they realize someone is enduring (Trevithick, 2014). Be that as it may, this inclination is a sort of impermanent impulse which will vanish as times passes by. On different sides, the human mind will help human to delay their choice if their conduct will hurt them (Bubandt and Willerslev, 2015)

Hypotheses

1. Changing focus from social media to traditional media will increase more awareness because still traditional media is used widely
2. Approaching middle age people to donate blood will not affect in the amount of blood donation as young

The objective of the research

1. To make the young audience aware of the benefits of donating blood
2. Encouraging More participation in donation,
3. To determine the most effective communication channel to reach out target audience

Barriers

When asked to the people Some of the Barriers for blood donation, that came up were-

Time and Convenience: the simplicity of getting to a donor focus or portable unit, finding the time to give and the time it takes to make an entire blood donation were ordinarily revealed obstructions to giving once more.

In this way, it’s generally simply time, and not necessary time in the seat, simply getting to the spot. The whole experience.

(Male, current rare donor, matured 24)

Arrangement adaptability and opening times: donors who worked unpredictable hours or move work thought that it was less advantageous to give blood as they couldn’t book arrangements ahead of time and couldn’t make it to a donor centr amid opening times.

All things considered, being a casual worker … it’s either the prior night or 6.00 am on the morning whether I’m working or not. So regularly, there’s been times when you think, well, I have a free day and I can’t get an arrangement at my preferred centre … .There’s a presumption everybody can see seven days ahead, which I can’t really. That is one obstruction.

(Female, s rare donor, age 55)

Motivation of donors

“Value and moral duty”; “Positive feeling and esteem”; “Self-benefits and external reasons”. Those 3 factors were come up by Karacan, Cengiz Seval, Aktan, Ayli and Palabiyikoglu (2013). Meanwhile, Misje, Bosnes, Gåsdal and Heier (2005) argue that 5 reasons may motivate people to become a donors which are empathy and altruism; people’s social influence; self‐esteem improvement; positive impression relates with the donation; and moral obligation to donate.

Based on the literature review What encourages a person to give blood? Answers to this inquiry make it workable for blood accumulation agencies to figure out which people are probably going to be new donors and empower to make forecasts of planned donors. The components that influence a person’s choice to give blood is an accumulation of a person’s particular recognizable attributes, for example, socio-demographic elements and inconspicuous qualities, for example, the level of charitableness. So as to encourage the procedure of change to non-compensated donation, it is basic to look at and understand donor conduct. As indicated by some examination discoveries, donor gender, place of birth, occupation and knowledge about donation as well as such social attitudes as such social demeanors as wellbeing related, auxiliary and social-monetary incentives.

References

1. Karacan, E., Cengiz Seval, G., Aktan, Z., Ayli, M., & Palabiyikoglu, R. (2013). Blood donors and factors impacting the blood donation decision: Motives for donating blood in a Turkish sample. Transfusion and Apheresis Science, 49(3), 468-473. doi:10.1016/j.transci.2013.04.044
2. McDonald, F. E. J., Patterson, P., White, K. J., Butow, P., & Bell, M. L. (2015;2014;). Predictors of unmet needs and psychological distress in adolescent and young adult siblings of people diagnosed with cancer. Psycho‐oncology, 24(3), 333-340. doi:10.1002/pon.3653
3. World Health Organization. 2011. Gender distribution of blood donors. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/worldblooddonorday/media/blood_donors_gender_distribution_2011.pdf
4. https://www.donateblood.com.au/research-study-update-why-do-donors-lapse
5. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/blood-donation
6. Australia Red Cross Blood Service Annual Report. 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.donateblood.com.au/sites/default/files/Annual-Report-2017-2018.pdf