Category: Biology

Summary

The exploration of the universe with all its complex elements is the fundamental driver of the progress and development of humanity. This process is possible through the presence of various scientific disciplines that aim to cover the multi-faceted phenomena of nature. Biochemistry represents the nexus between the two fundamental branches of science: chemistry and biology (Fowler et al., 2013). They focus on the various basis of life itself, from elementary particles to complex organisms. Over the past century, biochemistry has enabled major breakthroughs in understanding life at the molecular level. Studying the internal processes within the cells of all organisms, this discipline provides insight into an array of natural phenomena, including the origin mechanisms of various diseases. This way, scientists discover new ways of treatment to previously incurable conditions.

For this purpose, an in-depth understanding of complex molecules is required. Abstract ideas are naturally difficult to fathom for a human mind, especially on the micro-level. However, biochemists have learned to translate such ideas into comprehensible models that facilitate the development of effective solutions. Another method of making the aspects of biochemistry fathomable and clear for people consists of using various indicators. For example, the pH scale reflects the biochemical properties of a solution in a concise quantitative form. This way, the complex knowledge is condensed into specific numbers within the scale, making the research more efficient with a well-established framework of reference.

Results

Table 1. The results of the online pH meter.

Table 2. Molecular Model Legend.

Reference

Fowler, S., Rousch, R., & Wise, J. (2013). Concepts of Biology by OpenStax. XanEdu Publishing.

Denaturation is the process of breaking down the secondary and tertiary structures of a protein by external factors such as temperature. As a result of denaturation, the complex spatial structure of the polymer is broken down to the primary chain of amino acids. Denaturation can be reversible when after returning to initial conditions (cooling), the amino acid chain reestablishes its initial spatial state. In contrast, irreversible denaturation is a process in which the primary chain is also destroyed. As a result, the protein can no longer assume its original form after denaturation. The egg protein in this paper is an excellent example of an eye-visible pure protein that undergoes irreversible denaturation.

Photo 1 on the left shows a raw chicken egg even before denaturation. After heat treatment with boiling water for one minute, the protein has set and become firmer, as shown in Photo 1 on the right. This change from a murky-transparent colloidal solution to a thick, white substance is an example of denaturation, and it is irreversible. Even if the cooked egg is cooled, it will not return to its original appearance because the amino acid chain of the egg albumin has irreversibly broken down. The denaturation process proper began the moment the raw egg was lowered into the pot: the high temperature of the boiling water almost immediately transformed the protein. Visually, this was observed as the transition of the liquid phase into long white strands. After minutes of cooking, all the protein was only white, without a precise shape.

Introduction

Molecular biology tools include polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which requires a mRNA template or a cDNA template, polymerase enzyme and a primer; mainly an oligonucleotide primers. The design of the best primer is important for the success of many molecular biology techniques such as polymerase chain Reaction, hybridization, sequencing of DNA, and Micro Array techniques. Primers have also been exploited in separation and isolation of DNA using special Southern blotting technique. However, the primer used in this case is a radio labeled probe that binds very well with DNA nucleotides. Primers are thus an essential tool for PCR process. They are short single stranded nucleotide sequences ranging from 16-25 nucleotide bases. Above 20 nucleotide sequences, the primer allows a single mismatch which is the cause of genetic mutations therefore the best primer needs to be precise (Thieman and Palladino, p 85).

Primers Formation and Justification

The nucleotide sequences given of the xylanase gene of the four micro-organisms have the following primer sequences as shown. It should be noted that the primers are read from the 5end to the 3 end. That is, the forward and backward primer which are either at the 5 end or 3end respectively. The 5end primers are obtained by direct reading of nucleotide sequence of each micro-organism in the provided sequences. The 3 end primers are obtained from the complementary strand of the nucleotide sequences provided which acts as a template and the primer is read from the 5 to 3 end. In this case, I have chosen on 18 nucleotide sequences as the best primer sequence as explained earlier.

The primers for the microorganism HUMICOLAXYN2 are as follows.

At the 5 end: 5ATGGTCGACCTGCAGGCG 3 while the 3 end primer is 5AGTCTGGACATAGATGTC3.The primers for the micro-organism TRC3˜XYN1, at the 5 end: 5ATGGTCTCCTTCACCTCC3 while at the 3 end, the primer is

5TTAGCTGACGGTGATGGA3.

The primers for the Microorganism TRC3˜XYN2 are; at the 5 end 5ATGCCCACAGGCCTCGAG3 while at the 3 end; 5 GTTGCTGACACTCTGTGA3.

The primers for the DICTYXYNB are; at the 5 end; 5ATGTTTCTTAAAAAACTT3 while at the 3 end; 5AGTATTTTGTGTTATATT3.

Having the primer and the template, DNA amplification of our gene of interest can be done. This can be further used for Chromosomal Walking PCR to isolate the rest of the gene. There are various techniques of chromosomal walking PCR, this includes: Inverse PCR, and tail PCR which can either the 5 RACE (Random isolation of cDNA ends) or 3RACE (Saikia, p 127). To obtain the 5sequence (5RACE) the first strand of the sequence is tailed with a string of dATPs or dGTPs using terminal tranferase. A universal sequence is then used verses the specific primer in PCR. For the 3 sequence, a specific primer is designed and used against a universal Primer comprised of an oligo (dT) sequence with an additional 5 bases, generally restricted sites for increased stability.

Features/Characteristics of a Primer

Primer base sequences are supposed to be 16-25 bases in length, the G+C composition of the primer sequence should range between 40-60%. This GC pairing is stronger than AT pairing, thus, it enhances primer stability. The 3 end of a primer should end in a C or G or CG or GC. This increases the priming efficiency as it prevents the breathing of the primers end; that is to prevent dimerization. The annealing temperature of the primer is also critical as it is affected by both the length and the sequence of the primer. The annealing temperature (Ta) is the temperature at which the primer binds optimally and specifically to the template (Meyers, p 547). It should be as high as possible in order to prevent random binding to other sequences and also reduce the chances of cyclization during the PCR. Ta is taken to be less by 15 of the melting temperature (Tm).Tm of a primer is calculated by ascribing a temperature of2^oC for every A or T in the sequence and 4^oC for every G or C. Primer sequences should also be checked for self complementation, formation of hair pin loops and ability of hybridize preferentially with each other rather than the template.

Amino Acid Reverse Translation

The amino acid sequence can be reverse translated to generate a DNA sequence which in turn can be amplified to generate the nucleotide sequences of our genes of interest, in this case the xylanase gene. This mostly represents the non degenerate coding sequences of DNA nucleotide (Fitch, p 74). This amino acid sequences are reverse translated using a codon table and the variable bases should be highlighted. The number of variable bases should be kept to a minimum. Codon usage does vary between different organism and this can be further exploited to reduce the redundancy.

Work cited

Fitch, Patrick J. An Engineering Introduction to Biotechnology. Tutorial texts in optimal Engineering. Philadelphia: Spie press monograph. 2002. Vol 55: issue 55.

Meyers, Robert A. Molecular biology and biotechnology: A comprehensive desk. New Jersey: Wiley-VCH, 1995.

Saikia, Ratul. Microbial Biotechnology. India: New India publishing company. 2008.

Thieman, William J., Palladino, Michael A. Introduction to Biotechnology. 2nd Ed. San Francisco CA: Pearson Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company. 2009.

The purpose of this paper is the review of the major principles and rules of the Central Dogma of molecular biology. The Central Dogma was first introduced in 1958, and it is meant to explain the universal rules of genetic information realization. The Dogma describes the basic principles of genetic information transfer: transcription and translation. The paper aimed to draw the distinction between these two processes and locate their main characteristics and constituents.

Proteins are the basic components of almost all cell structures. The variety of chemical reactions inside the cells is determined by enzymes, and each type of enzyme leads to one or several separate reactions. The structure of a particular protein is strictly determined, and it can be observed in the specificity of its initial structure  in the sequence of amino acids along the polypeptide, protein chain (Morange, 2009). The specificity of any amino acid sequence is always accurately repeated in all molecules of a given cellular protein.

The Central Dogma was first formulated by Francis Crick in 1958 and was aligned with the accumulated data by 1970 (Morange, 2009). The Central Dogma describes the unified rule of genetic information realization that can be observed in nature; it states that the information can be transmitted from nucleic acid to protein, but never contrariwise. The transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA and from RNA to protein is universal for all cellular organisms, and it is laid in the foundation of the macromolecule biosynthesis. The genome replication corresponds with the transfer of information from DNA to DNA. It is also possible to observe the informational transfers from RNA to RNA or RNA to DNA (i.e. in some viruses), as well as the transformation of proteins conformation transmitted from one molecule to another.

Transcription and Translation

Transcription is the process of regeneration of the information kept as a single-stranded molecule in DNA and RNA (informational RNA that transfers information about the protein structure from the cell core to the cytoplasm, and the ribosomes). This process is reflected in the molecular and RNA synthesis on a DNA matrix. Molecule and RNA consist of nucleotides that include phosphoric acid residue, sugar, ribose, and one of four nucleobases (A, G, C, and U).

RNA synthesis is based on the principle of complementarity. It means that if one chain of the DNA molecule contains the sequence of four kinds of nucleotides, the second chain of nucleotide sequence will be unambiguously determined so that each A of the first DNA chain will correspond with T in the second, G in the first DNA chain with C in the second, and vice versa.

While the molecules are recognized according to the complementarity principle in the transcription processes, in translation, the molecular recognition is manifested in the process of enzymatic assembly. Transfer RNA molecules consist of a head comprised of an anticodon triplet sequence, and a tail of a particular shape (Blanchard, Kim, Gonzalez, Puglisi, & Chu, 2004). Each shape of the tRNA tail is conformed to a type of codon enzyme that assembles amino acids with tRNA tails. One form of codon corresponds with only one form of particular amino acid. RNA thus carries information not merely in the anticodon nucleotide sequence but also in the form of molecular tail, and the basic information transfer, in this case, happens by reproducing amino acid sequence in protein through enzyme encoding.

References

Blanchard, S. C., Kim, H. D., Gonzalez, R. L., Puglisi, J. D., & Chu, S. (2004). tRNA dynamics on the ribosome during translation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(35), 1289312898. Web.

Morange, M. (2009). The Central Dogma of molecular biology. Resonance: Journal of Science Education, 14(3), 236-247.

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology is a course area, which has contributed hugely to life sciences. To affirm this, some molecules are often recognized as building blocks for cell formation, implying that they are fundamental to the physiology of humans. Biochemistry primarily involves the study of such molecules, and this underlines its input to life studies. Besides, the study of molecular units of inheritance and the transfer of biological information, which clearly defines the central focus of molecular biology, is a critical influence to life science.

A host of topics are covered under the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology course. Such include metabolism and nucleic acids. As the current paper will demonstrate, studying such topics helps in understanding different life science phenomena such as source of life.

The study of metabolism leads one to the understanding that biochemical processes that occur in the body of a human are the source of life. The metabolism topic encompasses the study of biochemical reactions, which involves the combination of oxygen with nutrients resulting to the release of energy needed to ensure normal functionality of the human body. Two basic forms of biochemical reactions take place, and these include catabolism and anabolism.

Catabolism reactions often break food molecules down, thus releasing energy. This energy is then stored within cell molecules called adenosine triphosphate, and, accordingly, used in powering every process at the cellular level of the body. The stored energy is used in anabolism reactions especially to construct molecules making up the body of a human being. Good examples of these include bone tissues and muscles. The adenosine triphosphate molecules play important roles in the body such as supporting muscles movements and associating the non-anabolic cells operations. A form of energy produced as a result of this process is known as heat energy.

However, the energy is not stored within the body. Rather it is disposed of through what is commonly termed as burning of calories. A calorie is a name used to define a unit of energy consumed through food and physical engagements.

The topic on metabolism also allows an interested person to understand such life issues as weight loss and gain, and fitness. The human body is characterized by either a high, or a low metabolism rate. An individual reported having a high metabolism rate often has a relatively high BMR. BMR is an abbreviation of the term Basal Metabolic Rate, which defines the level of energy that the body should burn in order to keep itself alive, especially when a person is resting and no digestion is taking place. To meet the requirements of the Basal Metabolic Rate, only a portion of calories, which is sufficient enough to ensure that tissues and vital organs function normally, is burned.

While this is the case, physical forms of activities undertaken by the body such as food digestion cannot occur unless the requirements of the Basal Metabolic Rate are met and exceeded. Therefore, a high rate of metabolism is an implication that more calories have to be burned in order to meet energy requirements, which are life-sustaining. As opposed to a high metabolism rate, an individual reported having low metabolism has a relatively low Basal Metabolic Rate.

For tissues and body organs to function normally in low metabolism, a smaller amount of calories has to be burned. It has been established that individuals with a high rate of metabolism often experience a constant weight while those with a low rate tend to increase in mass. This is especially so, given that their caloric consumption surpasses their caloric expenditure.

The study of nucleic acids helps in understanding the transfer of genetic information across generations, which is an essential life science phenomenon. Appearing as big biological molecules, nucleic acids serve as a blueprint for all living organisms. As such, these acids tend to facilitate all other larger structures required for life to replicate itself and function appropriately. Researchers have revealed that nucleotides exist as the primary chemical units in nucleic acids. In the light of this, the nucleotides are DNAs building blocks. Nucleotides are constituted of three vital elements including nitrogen-containing base, a phosphate sugar and a phosphate group.

Knowledge on nucleic acid assists an individual to acquire an understanding that life is a composition of carbon compounds. As researchers have documented, carbon links up various other elements leading to formation of large and complex molecules. This is an implication that carbon plays a central role in the life, and to a large context, could be thought of as its source. With respect to DNA double helix, amino acids are built as a result of nucleotide sequence coding. Amino acids are vital elements in life, considering that they act as building blocks for nucleic proteins, which makes up a living thing.

Without proteins, it follows that the construction of cells, maintenance and reproduction in humans cannot take place. Structural components associated with life, including cell membranes and tissues, are also made from nucleic proteins. Moreover, enzymes, which play the role of regulating chemical reactions in living things, are other elements made of nucleic proteins. Good accounts of such are nucleases and ligases. In DNA sequencing, the associated bacteria can become infected with phage. However, the presence of these two enzymes provides protection to the bacteria against the infection.

Where phage finds its way into the cell of the bacteria, a phage nucleic acid is formed. However, ligases enzymes act by digesting the infected nucleic acid, thus preventing its spreading. Additionally, when nucleic acid components disintegrate, they are restored to their joint state by these enzymes. As a result, a complete copy of nucleic acid pattern is achieved. In this case, the ligases enzymes facilitate the replication of DNA. Beyond this, the enzymes play a vital role in repairing DNA and recombination of genetics.

Therefore, as the above discussion has revealed, a biochemistry and molecular biology course is very essential for understanding life science phenomena such as the source of life. As it has been demonstrated, a set of topics is often covered in the course including nucleic acids and metabolism.

Through these topics, one is allowed to understand the body processes, which in their absence, life cannot be sustained. In this regard, biochemistry and molecular biology provides an in-depth understanding of the chemical and molecular processes that ensure the being of life. Where adequate understanding of biochemistry and molecular biology is far-reaching, the possibility of recognizing the driving forces, which influence or facilitate the being of essential cellular processes, could be extremely low. Therefore, it is worthwhile to inform that biochemistry and molecular biology are fundamental to life sciences.

Introduction

People have tried to define happiness and identify factors that influence it for centuries. There are many ideas on this matter but there is no simple answer to the question. Of course, it is difficult to understand what happiness is and it is even more difficult to become a happy person. However, it is still possible to identify some factors that are likely to affect the degree of happiness.

Biological Factors

Interestingly, some scientists have tried to prove that happiness has a biological basis. For instance, it has been suggested that certain genes can be a significant factor that affects peoples happiness (The pursuit of happiness could be dictated by your genes 2014, para. 3). However, it is quite debatable as it is hard to believe that only genes are responsible for being happy. Happiness is a complex feeling and, therefore, it is likely to be caused by several factors though it is also necessary to remember that some people are more cheerful than others due to their temper. Thus, a sunny day can make many people feel good and happy while many less cheerful people may need additional things to feel happy.

Culture

It is also important to state that culture is one of the central factors affecting happiness. For instance, for Americans liberty is one of the most valued things. Richey (2014) stresses that liberty and the pursuit of happiness are mentioned in the US declaration of independence. He also tells what makes him as well as many Americans are happy. He notes that economic and personal liberty makes people feel good. Americans love (and even need) to make decisions concerning their lives. Being able to spend days in a way they want and to buy things they want makes Americans happy.

Experiences

At the same time, many people do not care about purchases or things around them. The pursuit of happiness for them is gaining experiences (Harrison 2014). Such individuals love traveling and meeting people, learning about, and trying new things. Some people need to be in the spotlight and they find communication the most important thing in their life. These people focus on their image and the way others see them. There is also a type of people who need to help others and they devote their lives to this.

Of course, there can be biological, psychological, and cultural factors. These all factors are usually combined and peoples happiness depends on a variety of components. However, societies and cultures play the most important role in making people happy as the happiness of individuals (in the majority of cases) involves interaction with others. These others can be members of family, colleagues, friends, fans, followers, or even total strangers.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is possible to note that many factors influence happiness. There can also be many definitions of happiness. However, all people have to define happiness for them personally so that they could be happy as being happy is the most important thing for a human being.

Reference List

Harrison, P 2014, The psychology of marketing, money and happiness. Web.

Richey, T 2014, The pursuit of happiness  what did Jefferson mean? (Declaration of independence). Web.

The pursuit of happiness could be dictated by your genes 2014. Web.

Introduction

The aspects of biology conservation, and preservation of the biodiversity on the planet are becoming increasingly important for the humanity. Originally, there are numerous ways of coping with this problem, and this paper is aimed at analyzing the results of a survey, which was offered to random people. The questionnaire included questions mainly on the aspects of preserving the bio diversity of Louisiana and national parks of the USA. People were asked on the matters of protection of the wildlife, and how they are ready to promote this process. In general, the survey is aimed at analyzing the opinions of various people on the matters of biodiversity protection and the values of biology conservation. It will be able to provide the solid basis for the further sociological research on the issue of readiness of the people to sacrifice some commodities for preserving the flora and fauna of the particular regions. Originally, it should be emphasized that the traditional aspects of biodiversity preservation are closely associated with the human activity within every particular region, consequently, this study is of extreme importance for the ecological studies and for defining the key aspects of biodiversity preservations, which may be implemented immediately, with the assistance of people, who are interested in ecology. Thus, the relevance and importance of the collected information will be helpful for the ecological communities and traditional aspects of biological conservation, associated with the necessity to implement the particular measures for keeping the biodiversity on the existing level.

Originally, surveys are required for the ecological studies in order to define the possible public maintenance of the ecological protection measures and the awareness of the community on the matters of biodiversity protection. The real value of such surveys is expressed by the fact that bio conservation of the surrounding nature requires the common efforts, as whereas some people are ignorant, and the others does not wish to sacrifice their interests for the conservation of the natural treasures, the efforts by the restricted groups of people and alliances will not be helpful. As for the matters of theoretical background of the surveys, and bio protection the statement by Peterson and Peterson (1243) should be emphasized:

Extinction rates are measured in a variety of ways. Conservation biologists measure and apply statistical measures of rates of habitat loss, and a multitude of other variables such as loss of biodiversity as a function of the rate of habitat loss and site occupancy to obtain such estimates. The Theory of Island Biogeography is possibly the most significant contribution toward the scientific understanding of both the process and how to measure the rate of species extinction. The current background extinction rate is estimated to be one species every few years.

In the light of this statement, it should be emphasized that surveys are also required for emphasizing the importance of bio protection, and theoretical background provides the solid basis for explaining this importance.

Materials and Methods

The questionnaire is designed for defining several aspects of bio diversity protection and the awareness of the inhabitants on the matters of biodiversity, and the ways of protection the existing environmental diversity and preservation of the rare species from the complete disappearing from the biological maps of the region. Additionally, the readiness of the people in protecting the existing bio diversity was estimated, as some people do not wish to know haw it may be protected, and are absolutely ignorant on the means of protection and the dramatic statistics of flora and fauna disappearing. The questions were developed basing on the experience of previous researches and studies, aimed at researching the aspects of biodiversity in other regions of the world. Thus, as it had been previously discovered that numerous people are not worried with the ecological aspects of biodiversity, it was decided that inhabitants of Louisiana should be informed on the means and tools of bio diversity protection. Moreover, the real values of the survey are explained by the factor of conservation planning, as considering all the ecological strategies of bio conservation, the proper planning of the entire process is required for the proper implementation of the selected means. Thus, as it is stated by Pullin and Knight (1990):

Systematic conservation planning is an effective way to seek and identify efficient and effective types of reserve design to capture or sustain the highest priority biodiversity values and to work with communities in support of local ecosystems. Margules and Pressey identify six interlinked stages in the systematic planning approach, which are aimed at creating the precise outline of bio diversity protection measures.

The detailed description of these stages is the following:

• Gather the required information on biodiversity within the region
• Define and state the aims of conservation
• Define the regions where conservation should be performed
• Define additional areas
• Plan and implement the preservation strategy
• Maintain the further efforts on preservation the biodiversity.

Thus, it should be emphasized that these six stages were considered during the creation of the survey and designing the required questionnaire.

Results

The results of the survey may be originally divided into three parts:

• The activity of the citizens in the environmental protection movements
• Readiness of the people to participate in measures, aimed at preserving the existing biodiversity
• Awareness of the people on the matters of environmental protection and ecology in general

Two Additional aspects are:

• Bio conservation policy structure, which may be outlined basing on the results of the survey and
• Current situation of the bio diversity in Louisiana state

Considering the existing aspects of the environmental protection and the values of preserving the existing biodiversity may be evaluated in accordance with the joined results of the survey. Thus, considering the fact that few of the respondents are the participants of the World Wildlife Fund or The Nature Conservancy organizations, the entire tendency for the bio diversity protection will be close to failure, as if people are not anxious about the aspects of preserving the environment, they will be either ignorant or against the preservation means. Moreover, people will not wish to pay additional taxes for the development of the environmental protection issues. Considering the fact that, the necessity to participate in the environmental protection activities is of high importance for the ecological community of the region, the special system should be elaborated, basing on the results of the survey. Appendix A may be regarded as the universal chart for outlining the Bio Conservation processes. Thus, some people are ready to pay, whereas the others are absolutely ignorant, and do not wish to donate for the sake of biodiversity protection. Originally, this concept is clearly defined by Pullin and Knight (1991). Thus, the attitude of people towards the environmental protection measures is closely associated with the aspects of ethics:

Conservation biologists are interdisciplinary researchers that practice ethics in the biological and social sciences. It is stated that conservationists must advocate for biodiversity and can do so in an ethical manner by not promoting simultaneous advocacy against other competing values. Intrinsic value advocates that a gene, or species, be valued because they have a utility for the ecosystems they sustain. (Pullin and Knight, 1991)

In the light of this statement, it should be emphasized that conservative approaches towards environmental protection are the most effective from the ethical point of view, and the fact, that people generally do not wish to participate in environmental protection measures, defines the lack of ethical approaches in the bio conservation practices.

Additionally, it should be emphasized that the traditional aspects of bio conservation are closely associated with the matters of the activity of the population. Thus, the Green parties are often rather popular; nevertheless, they do not have the influencing majority in governments. The policy structure, which is generally implemented by these organizations is outlined in Appendix C. This structure outlines the informational and process hierarchy of information flow, and reallocation of the policies.

Considering the importance of the scientific approaches and the values of biodiversity protection flows, it should be emphasized that biodiversity protection is the system, which incorporates several closely linked and mutually dependent aspects. Appendix D clearly defines the relations between scientific approaches and aspects of the biodiversity protection, and clarifies all the necessary links and flows of the bio conservation processes. Considering the results of the survey, people do not know even the basic aspects of bio conservation, let alone the process flow. Thus, the further research should consider this gap.

Another aspect, which should be discussed, is the most crucial from the perspective of biodiversity conservation. Appendix B represents the pie-chart of the biodiversity in Louisiana State. This char may be used as the starting point for defining the aims and goals of the bio conservation practices. In the light of this statement it should be emphasized that some people even do not have an opportunity to enjoy the wildlife, and visit a National Park. Thus, in accordance with the chart E, which represents the results of the survey, up to 10% of the people have never been to a wildlife refuge. The main part (32%) had been there within the latest year. Thus, this is the potential audience, which should be targeted by the advertisement programs.

Discussion

In the light of the fact that the necessity to promote the educational means and attract the attention of the community towards the problems of the bio diversity conservation is rather high, it should be emphasized that the awareness of the community on the aspects of the environmental protection requires deeper study. The offered questionnaire offers the basic representation on the matters of awareness and participation of the citizens in the processes of bio conservation, nevertheless, in order to encourage people to participate in planting cypresses, participating in nature protection, lobbying the stricter fishing and hunting restrictions and regulations, the origins of negligence and ignorance should be studied deeper. Nevertheless, in accordance with the survey, there is no necessity to make the laws stricter, as the majority of the respondents consider them appropriate (Appendix F). Thus, the questions related with the participation of the respondents in nature protection communities, should be extended for understanding the motivation and willingness of the people to participate. As for those who are not members, it will be useful to define, what should make them enter such organizations. Thus, the system of priorities should be implemented, for people could really evaluate the necessity to participate in environmental protection activities. In accordance with Sauer, Fallon and Johnson (375), the importance of system of priorities is closely associated with the motivation of people, moreover, the directions and preferences will be strictly outlined:

Those arguing in favor of setting priorities for cold spot points out that there are other measures to consider beyond biodiversity. They point out that emphasizing hotspots downplays the importance of the social and ecological connections to vast areas of the Earths ecosystems where biomass, not biodiversity, reigns supreme. It is estimated that 36% of the Earths surface, encompassing 38.9% of the worlds vertebrates, lacks the endemic species to qualify as biodiversity hotspot.

Consequently, the traditions and aspects of the biodiversity protection should be essentially structured, and classified in accordance with the preferences and aims of the bio conservation process. Nevertheless, the values of the traditional approaches towards conservation should not be neglected, as advertisement, agitation, and promo actions, aimed at increasing the motivation level of the Louisiana community.

Additionally, the fact that people do not know the basics of the environmental protection, and are not aware of the issues of the legislation within the sphere of bio diversity protection and restrictions of fishing and hunting. Some people consider them too strict, nevertheless, if the rare species are still disappearing, it means that the legislation is too lenient. The fact is that, the necessity to consider the aspects of legislative system is the task of the highest priority, as laws may be regarded as the most powerful lever for influencing the entire aspect of bio diversity protection within the region. Additionally, some related aspects of legislative regulation should be regarded. In accordance with Sauer, Fallon and Johnson (380) the following aspect should be emphasized:

Regulating net household proliferation does ultimately end in questions about rights, but not inalienable rights. For example, in both Western Europe and the United States, the rule of law protects private property, but, when necessary to provide a public use, allows environmental statutes and regulations that remove rights associated with ownership.

From the perspective of this statement, the property laws may be changed in order to make the environmental protection more effective. Nevertheless, in accordance with the results of the survey, this aspect of bio diversity protection should not be regarded as a crucial one, as the necessity to change the legislation strongly depends on the awareness of the people, and their activity in the processes of environmental protection.

The format of the questions, used in the survey was closed, nevertheless, some of them presuppose quite open answers, and the necessity to use the close format is closely associated with the necessity to make people aware on the matters of environmental protections, and the means of improving the entire system. The discussion of the question format strongly depends on the real necessities and requirements of the study. Thus, it should be emphasized that the format of the offered survey is defined by the strong necessity to give the variants of answers, as people do not know the species, which should be protected, they are not aware of the possible means, which may be arranged, and they do not wish to discuss the aspects, which are closely related with the environmental protection.

The economic aspects, which are generally placed after the legislation in accordance with the influence rate, should also be discussed more seriously. Thus, in accordance with Sauer, Fallon and Johnson (379), the necessity to consider the values of economic regulation of the environmental protection depends on the activity of the community, and the width of the advertising campaign.

Conclusion

Finally, it should be emphasized that the traditional approaches towards the conservation of biodiversity have not been touched upon in the survey. Nevertheless, it should be emphasized that the respondents did not have an opportunity to be insincere, as the questionnaire was composed in order to minimize the insincerity level and make the results of the survey more valuable for the environmental protection strategy. In spite of the fact that some aspects were not considered in the survey, the main aim of the questionnaire was achieved. Thus, it should be emphasized that the values of the traditional approaches towards surveys are closely linked with the simplicity and comfort for respondents. Thus, they were liberated from the necessity to consider the complex aspects of the environmental protection, and had an opportunity to select the most suitable answer from several variants, thus, emphasizing their interest or readiness for participating in bio diversity conservation processes.

Appendices

Appendix A. Biodiversity Conservation as a Component of the Environmental Protection

Appendix B. The biodiversity in Louisiana State

Appendix C. Biodiversity conservation policy structure

Appendix D. Scientific Approach towards Biodiversity Protection

Appendix E. When was the last time you visited a protected natural area, such as a State or National Park or Forest, or a Wildlife Refuge

Appendix F. Are hunting and fishing regulation limits in Louisiana

Works Cited

Peterson, Nils; Peterson, Markus. A Household Perspective for Biodiversity Conservation. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 71 (4), pp. 1243-1248. 2007

Pullin, Andrew and Knight, Teri. Assessing Conservation Managements Evidence Base: A Survey of Management-Plan Compilers in the United Kingdom and Australia Conservation Biology, Blackwell Publishing for Society for Conservation Biology 19 (6), pp. 1989-1996. 2005

Sauer, John; Fallon, Jane; Johnson, Rex. Use of North American Breeding Bird Survey Data to Estimate Population Change for Bird Conservation Regions. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 67 (2), pp. 372-389. 2003