Category: Biography

One of the most influential figures in the upbringing of the United states of America ? We all have seen or heard of George Washington. Whether it was in History class, on a dollar bill, or even in famous paintings. George Washington represents to America the power of never giving and standing up for what you believe in. Throughout George Washington’s legacy he’s overcame many triumphs, victories, and Defeats while sustaining one of the biggest roles in the making of the United states of America. George Washington knew that what he was striving for wouldn’t be something easy that could be talked through, he was looking for freedom something he was willing to fight for.

George Washington was born on February, 22nd, 1732 on his father’s plantation in Westmoreland county , Virginia. George Washington had eight siblings named Lawrence , Augustine Jr (named after his dad), Jane, Elizabeth, Samuel, John Augustine, Charles, and Mildred. Most of George Washington’s youth was spent on the Ferry Farm that they moved into in 1738 . The Ferry Farm was a plantation on the Rappahannock River near Fredericksburg, Virginia. When George Washington’s Father died his father left most of the property to his son. As the eldest child George Washington helped manage the plantation so that his mother could have help taking care of his younger siblings. This situation taught George Washington the importance of Hard work and efficiency despite the grief of losing his father. After the Death of George Washington’s father going to school in England which was what some of his older siblings did when they were in school didn’t look to bright for George Washington. Although there is no certain school that George Washington attended in his younger days he excelled at Mathematics and rudient surveying but never learned a foreign language. Neither Did George Washington go to College, at the age of 15 George Washington’s formal education was about over for him.

In the French and Indian War George Washington really put his name out after he was recognized for leading the British away from the ongoing fight in the countryside of Ohio . That situation helped George Washington earn the command of the entire military force in Virginia. This helped provide him with some experience with commanding and leading troops through his arduous campaign. In 1758 peace Eventually returned to Virginia and Washington resigned and went back to Mount Vernon. In June 1775, Congress gave Washington full power of the Continental Army that was trying to take over Boston . It was something for his military Background and experience was greater than those of other people to be chose. Even though George Washington had never dealt with something this big he had the courage, determination, mental thinking, to help the Americans stay one step ahead of the British until he could win the American the freedom that he and they believed in.

However Washington would need more than just mental thinking but a strategy that could lead them into Victory. Washington was up against a new british General Sir William Howe who had a far more prepared army than Washington . George Washington’s army stood no chance against General Sir William Howe’s army.

On November 16,1776 with the surrender of fort Washington and some 2,800 men Washington had his army retreat back across New Jersey and crossed the Delaware River into Pennsylvania on December 7th. The British felt the rebellion would soon be over and that the Government would call for the white flag. However Sir General Howe didn’t want to crush the Continental army but went into winter quarters instead. This is when George Washington sought out the plan to execute one of the most strategic plans in military operations. On Christmas night George Washington’s troops crossed the Delaware and unsuspectingly attacked the British troops at Trenton making them surrender. Later Washington crossed the Delaware once again and outmaneuvered the British at Princeton in a unreal loss. After the remainder of the war Washington’s biggest strategic task was to keep the British inside of New York at a camp in Yorktown. Washington and Rochambeau commanded an Army of about 9,000 men to attack the army under General Cornwallis. Washington marched south to lay siege on Cornwallis.

On October 19,1781 he accepted the surrender of Cornwallis Army . As two years went by the siege on Yorktown brought peace and a end to the Revolutionary War. On December 23rd, 1783 Washington presented himself to congress and announced that he would be resign from his commission.

Jefferson was one of the most brilliant men ever to serve as president. His interest in geography and natural science helped him to understand the true significance of the Louisiana Territory, and when Napoleon made his fateful offer, Jefferson acted swiftly and decisively to accept it, thereby doubling the land area of the U.S. He then dispatched his personal secretary, Meriwether Lewis, along with William Clark, on a scientific expedition to explore the new territory.

While undoubtedly a great mind, and perhaps a great man, Jefferson was certainly not a great–or even a particularly effective–president. In purchasing Louisiana from France, he did no more than any other reasonable man might have done in the same situation. Historians have praised him for showing flexibility in his principles of strict constitutional construction and limited presidential authority. What his actions on Louisiana really demonstrate is that these often-enunciated principles were only matters of convenience with Jefferson, used to justify certain ends but then abandoned when they stood in his way. The pronouncements of Jefferson, like those of any other politician, must be taken with a grain of salt.

Jefferson corrected many of the authoritarian excesses of the Adams administration-ending the celebrated ‘reign of terror’ and returning to the people their rights of free speech and free press.

Here is another prime example of Jeffersonian hypocrisy. The President took a civil libertarian position only when it was convenient for him to do so. His interference in the Aaron Burr treason trial makes even Richard Nixon’s much-publicized meddling in the Ellsberg case seem like child’s play by comparison. Jefferson was determined to see his former rival hanged as a traitor, and he was ready to abandon all constitutional restraints in the process. He not only announced his opinion that Burr was guilty before the jury could consider the case, but he attempted to bribe witnesses with promises of presidential pardons if only they would testify against Burr. Concerning this case, Jefferson was the author of this incredible statement: ‘There are extreme cases when the laws become inadequate even to their own preservation, and where the universal resource is a dictator, or martial law.’

Jefferson’s cool leadership helped avoid American involvement in the Napoleonic wars that were raging in Europe. At his insistence, an embargo was placed on all American foreign trade, in hopes of forcing the European powers into respecting American maritime rights. Though this policy created considerable economic hardship, it was certainly preferable to a war for which America was woefully unprepared.

Jefferson himself must take responsibility for the difficult position in which he found himself as president. He had cut back the army and navy to such a pitiful level that the European powers could afford to ignore all American threats and requests. Even given this unnecessary situation, the embargo was a hopelessly misguided idea. It forced no concessions from the European powers, while creating widespread unemployment and considerable economic hardship for hundreds of thousands of Americans. Moreover, Jefferson’s wholesale arrest of individuals and seizure of cargoes on the merest suspicion of intent to export, once more demonstrates his total disregard for civil liberties. According to Leonard Levy, a Pulitzer-Prize-winning expert on the Constitution: ‘To this day, the Embargo Act remains the most repressive and unconstitutional legislation ever enacted by Congress in time of peace.’

George Washington was inaugurated april 30th, 1789. He accomplished the most within the first 100 days (153 days) than any other president has done. He was unanimously elected for both terms. He spent his first term in office creating a path for the executive branch. His first term also consisted of him creating the first form of the United states government. He was one of the greatest presidents in the history of the United States. This paper will explain why he was a great President and show key events in how he proved to the world that the United states could govern itself. (mount vernon,n/d)

Before George Washington was elected president he was a general of the colonial army. He showed in the war to be a great candidate for president. With his show of feats in the colonial revolution lots of the united states citizens pushed for him to take control of the country. He did not want to be a king, so he chose to be a ruler that accepted the peoples opinions rather than just have full control like an absolute monarchy like Great Britain’s system of government.

“Among the vicissitudes incident to life, no event could have filled me with greater anxieties than that of which the notification was transmitted by your order, and received on the fourteenth day of the present month. On the one hand, I was summoned by my Country, whose voice I can never hear but with veneration and love, from a retreat which I had chosen with the fondest predilection, and, in my flattering hopes, with an immutable decision, as the asylum of my declining years: a retreat which was rendered every day more necessary as well as more dear to me, by the addition of habit to inclination, and of frequent interruptions in my health to the gradual waste committed on it by time.” (LOC,1789)

When Washington chose to become the ruler of the united states he chose the term president because it represented a median between a citizen and a king. He enacted lots of good policies for the starting country to grow on. His cabinet only had 4 members in it, They stayed with him during his first term and helped immensely in his presidency. His members were Thomas Jefferson ,Henry Knox, Alexander Hamilton, and Edmund Randolph. The term cabinet came from James Madison who referred to the meetings Washington had as the president’s cabinet. When congress passed the judiciary act of 1789 Washinton had the opportunity to fill the body of federal judges, Which included the supreme court judges of the time. Washington only appointed 28 judges due to the smaller size of the judiciary system. George Washington was unanimously elected because his leadership of a poor untrained army allowed them to win against the most well equipped army of that time. (mount vernon, n/d)

Washington issued the first census in 1790, it was the first federally sponsored count of the american people. It was one of his most significant undertakings of his first term. Since there wasn’t an accurate number of how many citizens were in the country he issued the census. The first ten amendments to the constitution comprised James madison’s bill of rights, it was ratified on december 15, 1791.

In 1790 Washington and congress passed the residence act which called for a permanent capital to be established in the states. It was to be located on the Potomac river. When George Washington signed the bill he took personal control of the construction of the building. He had first referred to the building as “the seat of empire”. He had specified that it needed to be a ten square mile federal district. It was to be the president’s mansion and the capital of the United states. Washington chose three commissioners to oversee the creation of the capitol. Their deadline was 1800. The federal government would be moving to the city “washington”, which was named by the commissioners. There were a couple problems in this move, the city designers’ pride was one of them. It stopped him from taking orders from the commissioners. The forces in Philadelphia wanted to keep the capital there. The selfish attitudes of the landowners also temporarily stopped the creation of the capitol building.

Washington took a tour of the southern United states between the dates of march 21st-june 4th, 1791. During the tour Washington wanted to show that we are all unified. He got familiar with the south of the United states. He learned about the land and the economics. When he had just become president he thought about touring every region of the country. The duties of being a president delayed his touring to 1791. He looked at town on the east side of the south. His arrival caused big groups of people to show up in the towns he visited. He planned to cover around 1700 miles of land in the range of 3 months. Some of his welcoming ceremonies had mounted escorts, public gatherings, and other special celebrations. Washington’s tour ended june 4th 1791 when he entered virginia. He thought that the people of the south were orderly and civil as a first impression.

In 1793 George Washington foresaw that without leadership the country would fall apart and split which is the main reason Washington came back to the presidential role. He wanted to retire after his first term but the political divisions showed that he needed to come back. Washington took control of his cabinet near the same way he commanded in the revolutionary war. His cabinet was starting to get divided in terms of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. They each thought that they were the most important one in the cabinet. They saw each other as enemies, which led to division in the cabinet. Overall this was not good for Washinton and made his second term of presidency harder.

Washington despite partisanship, he did not like disunity and openly talked about it. An example of his dislike of partisanship was his public denunciation of political societies. He tried to combine republican and democratic people to make them resolve their differences. The democrats wanted to support the french government when they were being rebelled against, and the republicans did not want to intervene.

The whiskey rebellion happened during Washington’s presidency for the reason of a tax put on whiskey. The farmers did not like what was happening and they wanted to stop it. The farmers and distillers when originally asked about the tax thought that it would be fine. But as soon as it enacted the protests started for the reasons of it being unfair to small distillers who could not sell their product for a lot and still had to pay the same taxes. The farmers and distillers were issued to go home but none of them did so Washington issued soldiers to go out and enforce the rule to make them go home.

On september 19th, 1796 Washington gave his farewell address. His address was published all across the united states and everyone knew. After eight years in presidency he decided not to run for a third term, mainly for the reason that political parties started to get heated in the United states and Washington didn’t want to be between that. He had lots of criticism on his policies and didn’t like how the people were not agreeing with him which made the fact clear that nothing will make everyone happy. His farewell address was not seen by anyone before his assembly where he announced he wouldn’t be back for a third term. Both of the presidential parties were not agreeing with some of his points so he thought that resigning would bring the country to a solid middle point of trust. Washington also explained how intervening in foreign affairs could jeopardize the stability of the United States which is the reason they did not help France when the people revolted. Even though that went against the treaty the french made with the americans. In some of his early drafts of his farewell address he stated that he had a bitter feeling towards the political climate of 1796.

“Opportunities don’t happen, you create them” (Chris Grosser).

Oprah Gail Winfrey was born to Vinita Lee and Vernon Winfrey on an isolated farm in Kosciusko, Mississippi, United State on January 29, 1954. Her name was supposed to be Orpah, from the Bible, but because of the difficulty of spelling and pronunciation, she was known as Oprah almost from birth. She was black.

She was very determined woman, she lived her most of time under the poverty. She lived with her grandmother but after sometime at the age of six she came back to her mother, who worked for long hours as a cleaner. Oprah Winfrey was an unmarried teenage mother. When she was at the age of nine, Winfrey was raped by a cousin, and over the next few years she was sexually abused by other men. She had stated that she was molested during her childhood and early teens and became pregnant at the age fourteen. She went to live with her father because she wanted to hide the fact, but the destiny had designed something most harsh beside her thoughts. She gave birth to premature infant, but he died.

Living with her father and stepmother provided strength and high expectations her father expected good grades at school. When she was seventeen, Winfrey won a beauty show sponsored by a local radio station.

Someone looking her that she had an ability to read the newspaper she had very attractive, energetic, warm and smooth voice that was influenced him to give her job and she did it very well. He had offered her a part-time job. She knew that it’s not my destiny. She worked very hard to achieve her goal in his life. She had selected her goal to be a billionaire. She worked there and after sometime she moved to Baltimore to work for WJZ-TV as a news reporter and co-anchor of the six o’clock news. She was black; people were not accepting her because she was black. Winfrey was moved to a morning slot, but she and Sher were eventually paired for a talk show, ‘People Are Talking’. They got fame. Sher said about Winfrey that she was commendable. She was very compassionate as she left the news and went for talk show. The main reason behind her objective was that she had developed and emotional instincts towards child abuse and torture due to her own childhood experiences.

She was so emotional that she cried a lot whenever she heard about such incidents, that’s the reason of her fame in public. In the next move, she sent an audition tape to WLS-TV Chicago. She had given a morning talk show which became very successful and known as ‘The Oprah Winfrey Show’. At the same time, she had recommended for a role in the adaptation ‘The Color Purple’ by Steven Spielberg. In 2011, she had ended her talk show and setup her own cable channel and she became a billionaire. She had become very powerful woman as she credited with everything from liberalizing US culture to modernize America’s publishing industry with her book club. Her talk show was very successful as the guests and the host talked about all societal problems, including divorce, child abuse to drug addiction, and hence it proved to be a platform for self-assistance and development. Winfrey said in her speech: “In my career, what I have always tried my best to do, whether on television or through films, is to say how we experience shame, how we love and how we rage, how we fail, how we retreat, preserve and how we overcome”. Christina Greer, an associate professor of political science at Fordham University and author of ‘Black Ethnics’, said: “She is the first black billionaire and in black community she holds a special place because she showed the courage to convert ‘poverty into success’. As a woman she is shown that it is possible to become a millionaire, and then a billionaire, without having a husband who does it for you”. Winfrey has been with her partner Stedman Graham since 1986, but they never married.

It is obvious that nothing could stop Oprah Winfrey from becoming a successful woman. No matter how many obstacles she faced, she did not let anything stop her from becoming nobody to somebody. She tried as hard as she could to get over painful memories and achieve what she wanted to achieve. She wanted to make history and does not want her name to be forgotten. It’s safe to say she reached her goal. Oprah Winfrey is a name that will never be forgotten.

Paul Jackson Pollock was a famous abstract expressionist artist who helped change the landscape of modern art. He was born January 28th 1912 in Cody Wyoming, the youngest of 5 sons. Through his early life he and his family moved often till settling in Los Angeles. A trouble maker, he was kicked out of multiple high schools. During this same time, he would often work with his father who was a land surveyor. This exposed him to Native American culture and alcohol. This relationship with alcohol would follow him through his whole life eventually leading to his death in 1956.

In 1930 he and his brother Charles left California to seek education in New York. They attended the Art Students League of New York. They studied under Thomas Hart Benton, Pollock’s relationship with Benton started out as a teacher student dynamic but over time they became quite close. Pollock even took vacations with the Bentons.

In the mid 1930’s, Pollock began working on the Federal Arts Project. This project was a part of president Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal during the Great Depression. The aim of this program was to get as many Americans back to work as possible. This is where Pollock met David Alfaro Siqueiros. Siqueiros believed that revolutionary art needed new materials like automobile lacquer, paint thinner, with techniques like flinging paint.

In 1938, Pollock was removed from his work due to absences. He would later return to the project until he completed the amount of time the government allowed each person to work on the project. Pollock used this time to fight his alcoholism. He underwent Jungian psychotherapy. His doctors used this specific type of therapy to help him express himself through his art. This is why Jungian concepts can be seen in Pollock’s art work. This therapy was meant to encourage and harness imagery of their dreams and to experiment with mark-making techniques that feed the artist from conscious control over their creativity. Pollock created 83 drawings through this therapy. In 1941, Pollock participated in a group exhibition, this is where he met his future wife, Lee Krasner.

Sometime in 1940’s, Pollock found the method of Indian sand painting. He began to change his painting style by putting canvases on the floor using different objects to put paint on canvas such as, sticks and basting syringes. He stated that it makes him feel more a part of the painting, being able to walk around the canvas looking from all sides.

In 1943, Pollock began working for Peggy Guggenheim; she commissioned him to create a mural. She gave him this task to let him unleash the force that he puts on smaller paintings. After weeks of a blank canvas and the deadline months past he seemingly exploded with energy and completed the entire painting in one night on New Year’s Day 1944. In 1944, Peggy Guggenheim sold ‘The She-Wolf’ to the Museum of Modern Art where it still is to this day. This was his first painting of Pollock’s that was sold to a museum collection. “Any attempt on my part to say something about it, to attempt explanation of the inexplicable, could only destroy it”.

In 1945, Peggy Guggenheim loaned Pollock a down payment on a house on Long Island. He married Lee Krasner and they moved in together. The house was both of their art studios, Pollok had his outside in the barn and Krasner had hers inside the house. Krasner was sure of her husband’s talent, she became very influential and helped manage him. They lived there the rest of their lives.

The next few years are when Pollock started to gain traction. Pollock became deeply involved in his famous ‘drip’ painting style. He created very densely layered works, often painting over the same canvas over and over again. He placed large canvases on the floor, put on his painting shoes and got to work. Placing layer upon layer using sticks dowels, and knives. He eventually started to place objects into the painting its self-such as glass coins and nails.

In 1949, Life magazine did a large spread on Pollock asking the question, “Is he the greatest living painter in the United States”. This boosted his fame and popularity instantaneously, but it seemed to have an inverse effect on his mental health and self-image all the attention made him feel like a phony. He returned to drinking and entered what is called his ‘black’ period. He began a series of painting which were just black on an unprimed canvas. A lot of these work he said might be disturbing. With some sort of creature in the work.

In 1955, Pollock had become distant and consumed by his addictions. He painted two last pieces ‘Scent’ and ‘Search’. In 1956, Krasner took the opportunity to travel to Europe to reassess her marriage. While she was on this trip she was informed of his death, an automobile accident while Pollock was driving drunk.

Jackson Pollock’s paintings continued to inspire and reach fame after his death. His chaotic, dense drip style is constantly discussed and analyzed.

In this paper I would like to celebrate the life and legacy of Robert H. Weitbrecht, born deaf, but became an important figure in the deaf community as a genius inventor. Before the convenience of skype, texting, or instant message, those that were hearing impaired, or deaf, relied on an invention by Weitbrecht, the telephone typewriter, also known as the TTY. This invention came to be all because of the brilliant mind of Robert Weitbrecht.

Born deaf in 1920 in Orange, California, Weitbrecht had an understandably difficult time talking when he was growing up, and was made fun of for his deafness. He was unhappy with his public school growing up, and he struggled through high school and college. He didn’t use an interpreter when he continued on to the University of Chicago for his bachelor’s degree. He used his friends notes from his classes until he graduated with his master’s degree for astronomy. Later on in 1971, he received his honorary Doctorate of Science degree from Gallaudet College. Despite all this, he grew up to be a successful physicist, licensed HAM radio operator, and astronomer. Fun fact, a lot of people don’t know he was a part of the Manhattan Project. He invented the Geiger Counter which measures radioactivity, which is pretty handy. It was actually his time as a HAM radio operator that led to his famous invention, the TTY.

Weitbrecht was interested in science and machinery growing up, which is probably why he had so many inventions throughout his life. He was especially interested in Morse code, because it allowed him to communicate with not only hearing people, but the world through radio. Studying astronomy was one passion he had along with communicating with HAM radios after receiving his amateur-radio license in 1936. With his work as a HAM radio operator, he used amplified Morse code to communicate. In 1951 he petitioned the Federal Communication Commission to open low-frequency amateur radio bands which resulted in the ability to use teletypers to communicate. He started this interest in 1948, and with his interest lead to him helping create the first worldwide radio communicator. With this invention, people could now type into their teletypewriter and relay a message around the world. Now this device is known as a telecommunications device for the deaf.

The first public display of the TTY was in 1964 in Salt Lake City, Utah. After fighting communication laws and enabling TTYs to be free for deaf individuals, there were over 150,000 TTYs in the homes of Americans by the 1980s. This was a huge feat in the world, especially for the deaf community. This helped the deaf community to communicate conveniently like a hearing person could from a long distance over phone. Yes, there are a few differences such as those who were deaf needed to type into their teletypewriters, and those who were hearing could speak through them and be understood more easily, however this was a huge step in the right direction in order to include the community in communicating with each other more conveniently from a long distance.

Weitbrecht died in May of 1983, after he was hit by a car whilst walking his dog. The deaf community mourned his passing, having been grateful for his successes and invention of the TTY. His invention helped to create a more convenient lifestyle in the world of communication for the community, and his brilliant mind will always be remembered.

Works Cited

1. Discoveries: Significant Contributions of Deaf Women and Men by Anita P. Davis, Katharine S. Preston. Published 1996, reprinted 2005, authored by Anita Davis and Katharine.
2. Slemenda by Butte Publications. Great Deaf Americans: The second Edition. Matthew S. Moore and Robert F. Panara. Chapter 24 is about Robert Weitbrecht.
3. “Robert H. Weitbrecht”. Deaf Scientist Corner, http://​twu.edu/dsc/weibrechtI.htm​.
4. “Robert H Weitbrecht”. ​Historytrendsanddeafeducation, Robert H Weitbrecht​. http://historytrendsanddeafeducation.pbworks.com/w/page/18570694/Robert%20H%20Weitbrecht

George Washington a man who is known for being one of the most prominent historical figures in American history. At the age of 21 years old, George Washington was a major in the Virginia militia during the seven years’ war. In 1753, George Washington was sent to Pennsylvania to demand the French to withdraw from the forts. The French refused to withdraw. In the spring of 1754, George Washington returns to Pennsylvania’s with about 160 men resulting in Washington defeating the French at Fort Necessity, this being the first battle of the French and Indian War (Seven Years War, 2017). George Washington may have lost several fights during the seven years’ war, but those battles prepared Washington to be a leader, strategist, and a fellow American during the Revolutionary War.

George Washington was the leader of the Continental Army throughout the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). Washington was known as a strategist with the mastered art of retreat and surprise (Ripper, 2008). With this type of strategy, Washington had the disadvantage of his enemies, and many resulted in his victories. In 1777, Washington ordered his troops to throw more wood into the evening bonfires to make the camp appear livelier and settled. Washington then told his troops to slip away undercover for it looked like the British troops were most likely going to trap his army early (Ripper, 2008). According to a soldier, the soldier recalled George Washington riding onto the open field and took an observation of the advancing enemy. He remained there for some time while still on his horse, while the shots from the British artillery were firing at the earth around him (Ripper, 2008). Washington planned a secretive move with his soldiers and cannons to Dorchester Heights, in this location lead balls could be lobbed towards the Britain’s. The British fled resulting in Washington winning Boston (Ripper, 2008, pg.87).

Washington was not just a man of strategy and war he was also a man who knew how to use resources that were available to him. Washington would allow his soldiers wives along with his wife to stay in the war camps. By allowing women to stay, it provided the soldiers with the comfort of a loved one while sewing circles were created to help out with the other female soldiers who were food foragers, cannon cleaners, and laundresses (Ripper, 2008).

Washington played a vital part in making independence possible. George Washington became the icon of strength and republican virtue to where his countrymen could rally. Washington became their bedrock, their symbol, their lightning rod, even if some of his earliest strategies did not work (Ripper, 2008, pg.86). Washington put his troops and his countrymen before himself, he knew his countrymen were fighting for freedom, and he wanted to see that freedom turn into a victory.

For my final paper, I decided to write about Lone Wolf. When doing research on him I found it hard to find information at first. That is until I learned that his real name is Guipago. Throughout my research I never did find a birthdate. However, he died in 1879 due to jungle fever. Lone Wolf was a leader, father, and brave soldier that fought for what was his.

Lone Wolf, also called Guipago, turned into a Kiowa leader. He was the pioneer of the activist minority of his clan during the fierce change from roaming to constrained reservation life during the 1870s. In the mid-year of 1856 Lone Wolf’s band left their homes in care of William Bent, at Bent’s Fort, while they went on a wild ox chase. When they returned, they found that Bent had given their homes to the Cheyennes. In the battle that occurred, where Lone Wolf’s steed was shot, the Kiowas were driven off, and the Cheyennes kept the houses. By 1860, contrasts obviously had been settled as the Kiowas made an alliance with the northern fields clans. As an individual from the Tsetanma, a first-class society of warriors, Lone Wolf before long rose as a pioneer among the clan’s aggressor groups. In 1863, he was with the Indian representatives going with United States Indian specialist, S. G. Colley, to Washington in a pointless exertion to set up an ideal harmony arrangement. Alongside the other boss, he marked the Little Arkansas Treaty with government chiefs on October 18, 1865. In February and March 1866, Lone Wolf drove his overcomes on a progression of attacks into Texas, where he took 150 steeds.

In the book, ‘Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock: Treaty Rights and Indian Law at the End of the Nineteenth Century’, the political and legal relationship between tribal nations and the federal government are thoroughly described. He went to the Medication Cabin Board in Medication Hotel, Kansas, yet didn’t sign the bargain of October 21, 1867, on the grounds that it didn’t enable the Kiowas to proceed with their assaults. After the demise of Dohasan in 1868, Lone Wolf succeeded him and imparted authority to Kicking Winged creature, pioneer of the harmony group. Lone Wolf was not able to bring together the Kiowa clan.

When the threats continued in 1868, Lone Wolf and Satanta consented to meet with Lt. George A. Custer for the motivations behind arranging peace. On December 17, 1868, the two bosses, in the wake of meeting with Custer under a banner of ceasefire, were brought to Post Cobb, military home office inside the Kiowa-Comanche reservation. Once there, General Philip H. Sheridan requested them held prisoner, and Custer took steps to hang them if the Kiowas didn’t consent to come back to their booking. This plan made it possible for, when the two bosses were discharged, a large portion of the Kiowas had consented to come back to the booking. For their parts, Lone Wolf and Satanta consented to keep the harmony. Notwithstanding, despite the fact that Lone Wolf advised peace during the mid-1870s, he was not constantly ready to control the activities of other Kiowa pioneers. He was available at the capture of Satank, Huge Tree, and Satanta by General William T. Sherman at Post Ledge, Indian Domain, for executing the Warren Wagon Train Strike in 1871.

On April 30, 1872, Lone Wolf and his child, Tau-ankia, partook in the assault on an administration wagon train at Howard’s Wells, on the San Antonio-El Paso Street, in which 17 Mexican teamsters were executed. They at that point fought off a watch of the ninth Mounted force from Fortress Concho. During the conflict a warrior named Mamadayte protected, Lone Wolfs injured son, Tau-ankia.

In the fall of 1872, Lone Wolf was picked by his clan as a representative to go with uncommon official Henry Alford to Washington for a harmonious gathering. There Lone Wolf utilized his impact to verify the parole of Satanta and Huge Tree from jail the following year. Any desires for peace were run, be that as it may, when Tau-ankia and his cousin Guitan were killed by troops of the fourth Rangers close to Kickapoo Springs in Edwards Area on December 10, 1873, while coming back from an assault into Mexico.

In May 1874, Lone Wolf, saddened by his child’s death, drove a war gathering to Kickapoo Springs to recoup the assemblages of Tau-ankia and Guitan and return them for reburial in Kiowa nation. This gathering, which effectively invaded Armed Force watches, was most likely the unidentified Indian band that attacked the ninth Mounted force camp at Johnston Station on the North Concho Stream and took 23 ranger ponies. These new mounts empowered Lone Wolf to avoid seeking after troops, and he reburied the remaining parts of his child and nephew on a rough slope in Mitchell Province. The slope and the brook spilling out of it got known as Lone Wolf Mountain and Lone Wolf Spring.

With his disdain for the white man powered, Lone Wolf was among the members in the assault on Adobe Dividers on June 27, 1874, the second skirmish of Adobe Dividers. About July 12 his band trapped and blockaded 27 Texas officers. During the purported ‘Lost Valley Battle’ two officers were executed, two more were injured, and the officers lost the majority of their steeds. The remainder of the gathering got away destruction just through a convenient salvage by troopers of the tenth Mounted force under Capt. T. A. Baldwin. Over the span of this fight, Mamadayte killed officer David Bailey. The youthful warrior gave Bailey’s body to Lone Wolf who, in the wake of removing the officer’s head, announced his child retaliated for. As a reward for Mamadayte’s activities, Lone Wolf received him and gave him the name Guopahko, Lone Wolf the More youthful.

Most of the Kiowas pursued Kicking Winged creature’s tranquility group. Among them Lone Wolf and his supporters were rarely well known. The war party returned quickly to the booking, however in late August they assaulted the organization at Anadarko and fled to the Texas Beg, where they stayed outdoors close to the headwaters of the Washita Waterway. On September 9, Lone Wolf’s band started the ineffective assault and attack on Lyman’s wagon train. The Kiowas a short time later withdrew into Palo Duro Ravine close to the Comanche towns. Lone Wolf’s town was among those crushed by Ranald S. Mackenzie’s soldiers on September 28.

According to ‘One Young Kiowa Would Not Listen, Which Won Him Respect and a New Name’, gloomy and starving Lone Wolf gave up his band to the military specialists at Fortification Ledge in February, 1875. He was among the pioneers singled out for detainment at Fortress Marion, Florida. After soon catching jungle fever, Lone Wolf died close to Post Ledge in the late spring of 1879, not long after his discharge from jail. He was buried on Mount Scott, the most elevated point in the Wichita Mountains, in the northern piece of what is currently Comanche District, Oklahoma. His grave is close to the site of his old campground.

In conclusion, Lone Wolf, also known as Guipago, lived a very eventful life. Lone Wolf was a powerful leader laws regarding Native Americans around the world. He led men into battles and turned them into soldiers. He died in 1879 due to the jungle fever and will be remembered for fighting for what he thought was right.

Introduction

The Renaissance was a period that marked the separation of the modern world from the Middle Ages. It was a time of renewal in Western culture, specifically in the fields of art, science, and thinking. The pioneers set the standards for early modern art and science during this period. Among these leaders is the renowned Leonardo da Vinci, an accomplished sculptor, engineer, mechanic, inventor, and architect. Famous for his accomplishments in art, engineering, and science, Leonardo da Vinci had a major impact on the Renaissance.

Leonardo da Vinci: The Early Years and Artistic Journey

Leonardo da Vinci grew up living a childhood with only his father to raise him. His parents were unmarried at the time of his birth on April 15, 1452, in Vinci. His father, Ser Piero, was a notary of Florence and his mother, Caterina, was a peasant who married an artisan shortly after his birth. By age 15, his father apprenticed him to the artist Andrea del Verrocchio. Verrocchio was a skillful sculptor, painter, and goldsmith, and his interest in expressing the mobility of the human figure influenced Leonardo’s art. After completing his apprenticeship, Leonardo remained in Verrocchio’s workshop as an assistant and painted one of his earliest known paintings. He collaborated with Verrocchio on ‘The Baptism of Christ’, which during the Italian Renaissance was common for a master and assistant to work on a major project together. Leonardo’s use of soft effects in his paintings makes the edges less cutting and completely possesses all the fundamental qualities of Leonardo’s mature style, implying a criticism of the early Renaissance. Leonardo’s unique style made him stand out during the Renaissance period. His original approach to art was very developed for his young age and he wanted to change the way art was made.

1482 Leonardo moved to Milan to serve the duke with his skills in many occupations. He was particularly skilled in military engineering and insisted that he had worked out improved methods for firing catapults and redirecting rivers. Leonardo’s first Milanese painting is ‘The Virgin of the Rocks’. It was an altarpiece that made use of an ancient tradition in which the Holy Family is shown in a cave. One of his most famous paintings was ‘The Last Supper’ from his Milanese years. Instead of using fresco, he tried using an oil-based medium to make areas of color appear less distinct. Unfortunately, the paint did not adhere well to the wall, making his attempt unsuccessful. Within 50 years, the scene was reduced to a jumbled series of spots on the wall.

In 1500, Leonardo returned to Florence and was received as a distinguished man. Florentine painters were excited by his modern methods, and he also had a powerful effect on the younger group of artists. During his six years in Florence, Leonardo completed more projects than in any other period of his life. His most famous project during this period was the ‘Mona Lisa’, which eventually became the most famous painting in the world to this day. The painting is a portrait of a Florentine lady named Lisa Gerhardini, wife of Francesco Zanobi del Giocondo. She is depicted with such a pleasant smile that it seems rather divine than human, and is considered marvelous, an exact copy of nature. The figure is shown smiling slightly, which makes it more human-like. Leonardo wanted to remove that melancholy that painting usually gives to portraits. He had the ability to create all of these remarkable paintings because of a rare eye condition called intermittent exotropia. One of his eyes turned outward when relaxed, but he was able to straighten his alignment when focusing.

Leonardo’s Engineering Marvels: The Futuristic Visionary

As previously stated, Leonardo was an excellent engineer and innovator. He designed many projects, especially in the field of military machinery. Leonardo observed that the study of mechanics reflected the workings of nature. He understood the principles of mechanics very well and contributed to the advancement of them. His notebooks used demonstration models to explain the basic mechanical principles and functions employed in building machinery. His ‘aerial screw’ designed in 1487 seemed almost a prototype model for the modern-day helicopter. Very closely resembling the design of a screw, it used a spinning motion to push air downward in order to lift itself upward. Leonardo also studied the flight of birds and designed the ‘ornithopter’, a human-powered flying machine mirroring the anatomy of a bird. A person would flap their arms and legs using pulleys connected to wings to achieve a glide above the ground at most. His most incredible design was probably the ‘armored car’, an early model of the modern-day tank. It was shaped like an upside-down cone and had wheels arranged to make it move in any direction. There were also cannons on every side for maximum coverage, and the metal plating made it protective against enemy fire. This innovation is so impressive that it was not made into reality until roughly 400 years later to be used in war.

Leonardo as a Scientist: Unraveling the Secrets of the Human Body

Leonardo was also a very skilled scientist. The Renaissance brought light to science by celebrating the human form. The practice of exploring the human body was never really accepted beforehand. Leonardo was fascinated with anatomical studies, and in the 1490s, his study of anatomy had grown into an independent area of research. He uncovered the structure of the human body and sought to comprehend its physical working. Over the next two decades, he worked on the Milan dissection table. In his own lifetime, Leonardo dissected 30 corpses. His early studies dealt with the skeleton and muscles; he then studied the body’s parts. This led him to study the brain, heart, and lungs, motors for life’s senses. Leonardo’s findings from these studies were recorded in the famous anatomical drawings, which are among the most significant achievements of Renaissance science. His drawings offered insight into the organs and muscles. These drawings gave a visible representation of the body, which helped relay information better than words can describe. Leonardo imposed the principle of geometry on the configuration of the human body with circles and squares. This led to the drawing of ‘Vitruvian Man’, which connected humans as being proportional in the universe.

Leonardo’s greatest impact came in Florence just after his return in 1500 when young artists were able to grasp and convey his message rather than copy the superficial aspects of his style. Leonardo da Vinci influenced, directly or indirectly, all paintings from the Renaissance to the present day and will continue to have a major impact on the future.

Mary Stevenson Cassatt was born on May 22nd, 1844, in Allegheny City, United States of America, which is now known as the North Shore, Pittsburgh. She passed away on June 14th, 1926, in Château de Beaufresne, France. Her father was a stockbroker who was very successful, and her mother was from a well-off banking family. Mary Cassatt grew up living as an upper-middle class and her bringing up reflected greatly on her family’s high social standing. The Cassatts moved to Europe, France and Germany, with their children from 1851 to 1855. This was when Mary Cassatt learned how to speak French and German. These few years living in Europe gave her the early age exposure to the culture of the Europeans.

At the age of 16, in 1860, Mary Cassatt enrolled in the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. Unfortunately, during that time period, women were discouraged from pursuing any career. This led her attendance in school to be resented by other fellow male students. The courses they offered were also not up to Mary Cassatt’s standards. In 1865, she asked her parents if she could continue to pursue her artistic career in Europe. Initially, they were not so keen on her moving away by herself but eventually came to terms with it. In 1886, Mary Cassatt left for Paris where she could first handedly study the work of Old Masters. In her time in Paris, she studied closely with Jean-Léon Gérôme and Thomas Couture.

In 1870, not too long after the Franco-Prussian War broke out, Mary Cassatt reluctantly returned home to her family in America. Her artistic freedom and free spirit thinking that she enjoyed whilst living abroad was gone. She not only had troubles finding art supplies, her father refused to pay for anything art related. To earn some money, she tried selling some of her paintings in New York. However, that did not work out to her favor. Without giving up she tried selling her art again, this time through a dealer in Chicago. Sadly, in 1871, the paintings were destroyed in a fire. Fortunately, Cassatt’s life turned around for the better when she was contacted by the archbishop of Pittsburgh. He wanted to commission the artist to paint copies of two works by an Italian master Correggio. Without a doubt, she accepted the assignment and left for Europe immediately as the originals were displayed in Parma, Italy. From the commission she earned, she was able to continue her career in Europe. In 1872, she got her first major art showing at the Paris Salon, with 4 more annual shows after that. This helped her establish her career as an artist as she continued to study paint in Spain, Belgium, Rome, and Paris.

In 1874, she permanently resided in Paris where she established her own studio. She shared the interest in experimenting by using bright colors that were inspired by the outdoors. She became friends with Edgar Degas and his style together with the mixture of Gustave Courbet style, inspired her own. Edgar Degas was known to be a huge admirer of her art works and at his request, in 1879, she exhibited with the impressionists all through 1880, 1881, and 1886. Both Degas and Cassatt showed amazing mastery of drawing and both artists preferred candid asymmetrical compositions. Cassatt was also innovative in exploiting the use of the medium of pastels (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, par. 3).

Cassatt mainly painted figures of her family and friends, and their children in their everyday settings, just as other impressionists do. As per dictionary.com, the definition of impressionist is that it is a style of painting developed in the last third of the 19th century, characterized chiefly by short brush strokes of bright colors in immediate juxtaposition to represent the effect of light on objects. For example, she painted a picture of her brother, Alexander, reading a newspaper while his son Robert Kelso perched on the armchair. That painting could easily be mistaken for a Degas work of art due so how similar their style was. Both painters excelled in conveying “the fragmented light of Parisian apartments”, a contemporary critic wrote (Marlowe, par. 13). As the two artists were so similar in their works, numerous critics and historians to incorrectly label her as Degas’ pupil or disciple, implying her lack of originality.

In 1878, when Cassatt exhibited ‘In the Loge in Boston’, one critic praises it by writing that Cassatt’s work “surpassed the strength of most men” (Mary Cassatt Biography, Life & Quotes, par. 6).

In 1894, in the Oise region, north of Paris, Cassatt purchased Chàteau de Beaufresne. The property included a pond and a mill house which was used as a printmaker’s studio. Similar to Degas, however, unlike other impressionists, Cassatt hardly ever painted outdoors. Her painting of women and children boating on the pond feeding the ducks at Beaufresne are an exception.

Mary Cassatt’s paintings are so beautiful. They are painted with such depths and eye-catching colors. What I love about her work is that each and every one of her paintings tells a different story. It is so easy to imagine a scenario because of the great detailing and effort she put into each and every one of her art works. I can definitely tell by her art that she was very highly educated in fine arts with her passion for it showing greatly. I am really thankful and proud of women, like Cassatt, who did not care about what society thought about women pursuing a career at the time and continued doing what they loved. In doing so, it eventually helped to influence society to see that women should be treated equally to men.

Works Cited

1. “Mary Cassatt: Children Playing on the Beach’ (1884). Artsy, http://artsy.net/artwork/mary-cassatt-children-playing-on-the-beach
2. “Mary Cassatt”. Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 13 Apr. 2019, http://biography.com/artist/mary-cassatt
3. Mathews, Nancy Mowll. Mary Cassatt: A Life. Yale University Press, 1994. JSTOR, http://jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1bhkp6n
4. “Mary Cassatt Biography, Life & Quotes”. The Art Story, http://theartstory.org/artist/cassatt-mary/life-and-legacy/
5. Iskin, Ruth E. “Mary Cassatt: Une Impressionniste Américaine à Paris”. Nineteenth-century art worldwide : a journal of nineteenth-century visual culture. 18.1 (2019): n. pag. Web.
6. “Mary Cassatt”. Biography, http://mayfieldschools.org/biography5065.aspx
7. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Mary Cassatt”. Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 10 June 2019, http://britannica.com/biography/Mary-Cassatt
8. “Impressionism”. Dictionary.com, Dictionary.com, http://dictionary.com/browse/impressionism
9. Marlowe, Lara. “France’s Forgotten Impressionist: The Art of Mary Cassatt”. The Irish Times, 2 June 2018, http://irishtimes.com/culture/art-and-design/visual-art/france-s-forgotten-impressionist-the-art-of-mary-cassatt-1.3512408
10. Mary Cassatt: Une Impressionniste Américaine à Paris, http://19thc-artworldwide.org/spring19/iskin-reviews-mary-cassatt-une-impressionniste-americaine-a-paris
11. “BibleGateway”. BibleGateway.com: A Searchable Online Bible in over 150 Versions and 50 Languages., 1 Nov. 2019 http://biblegateway.com