Category: Atlantic Slave Trade

Did you know that over 12 million Africans were transported across the Atlantic Ocean and enslaved? This was the largest forged movement of people ever. All of this was part of the trans-Atlantic slave trade that took place during the Age of Exploration. As Europeans started plantation farms in the Americas, they needed people to work on them. Europeans looked for cheap labor and slavery. After many of the indigenous people had died from new disease, Europeans decided to enslave Africans. This was the trans-Atlantic slave trade changed life in Africa, created inhumane conditions and killed many people.

Firstly, life in Africa changed drastically. The trans-Atlantic slave trade led to severe depopulation in Africa (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica). As many of the slaves were men, this also led to a distorted ratio of male to female population. The slave trade also caused many hardships in agriculture because of the fear in being enslaved. People had to move around, not being able to stay in places long enough to cultivate plants and food. The hunt for slaves was as well a factor for violence and lawlessness in African communities. African kings, as well as merchants, joined in on the hunting of slaves to be sold to Europeans. Overall, with the vast depopulation, constant movement that thwarted the attempts at agriculture, as well the violence and fear of becoming a slave show immense impacts on life in Africa during this time. Inhumane conditions were as well impacts of the slave trade.

Secondly, the inhumane treatment of slaves had a large impact on the trade. The conditions that slaves went through were brutal, cruel, and extremely unpleasant. Many boats were crowded and packed very tightly, leaving little to no room to move around. Because of these crowded conditions, there were low oxygen levels and high temperatures that created conditions that even a candle couldn’t burn. There was also a lack of sanitation, which led to the spread of infectious disease. These voyages were across the Middle Passage in the Atlantic Ocean, and the journey was anywhere between 21-90 days (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica). Because of the lack of sanitation, oxygen, and time in these horrid conditions, it is estimated that 15 to 25 percent of all slaves died on the journey. There were also unfavorable conditions off sea. Slaves were brought to slave trading outposts, where they would stay in jail cells. Sometimes the purchaser would cut off the ears of slaves to symbolize a ‘proof of purchase’. All these points show the cruel and inhumane ways enslaved Africans were treated, and how cruel people can be. Even though this should have never happened, it led to the ban of slavery in 1886. The death of many enslaved Africans had also immense impact.

Finally, the death of many enslaved Africans was the grimmest impact of the trans-Atlantic slave trade. With an estimated 12 million people being transported across the Atlantic Ocean, 15 to 25 percent of those people died. That is a total of 1.8 million to 3 million deaths. Most of these deaths resulted from poor conditions on the voyages across the Atlantic Ocean. Some of the deaths on voyage also came from disease or starvation. As there was no sanitation on boats as well as little space, infectious disease spread out of control. In attempts to curb disease spread, sometimes slaves were thrown overboard. This practice was also used as a warning to other slaves not to mess around. Starvation also caused many deaths. If there was unfavorable weather, the allotment of food was significantly reduced often leading to starvation and death (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica).

With many people dead from the trans-Atlantic slave trade, this is the saddest and grimmest part of the Age of Exploration. All three of these points show the great effects of the trans-Atlantic slave trade.

New World slavery played an immense part in the increase of economic wealth within the American continent. However, the effects of slavery spread much farther than the American continent. The reigning prosperity possessed by Eastern nations such as China, Korea and Japan influenced the Western Hemisphere to create its own economic wealth. The world trade carousel sparked fierce competition between nations and led to many new expeditions and ways of accumulating wealth. Perhaps the most influential yet consequential among all forms of global competition was the exploitation of slaves, largely from the African continent. Slaves brought to America worked in unfavorable conditions on cotton, sugar, and tobacco fields and mills. They were thought of as less than human and therefore suffered abuse and punishment, so harsh that it sometimes led to death. Not only was New World slavery such as the Atlantic slave trade responsible for boosting the economies of the countries directly involved with the trade, but other countries around the world were also severely impacted through the use of slaves in the New World in other forms. This essay will discuss the specific ways in which nations and people across the globe were impacted and how New World slavery was a global phenomenon.

Beginning in the 15th century, slaves were taken from the coastal regions of Africa as part of the Atlantic slave trade. An estimated 12 million black slaves were removed from their homes and forced into slavery during this time (Nunn, 2007). The collection of these slaves relied heavily on different villages within African communities waging war against each other in return for weaponry such as knives, spears and guns from Europeans. The trade of black slaves for weapons which would be used to wage more wars against each other is now widely regarded as the ‘iron-slave cycle’ (Nunn, 2007). The war waged within tribes results in broken relationships and made the possibilities of larger, more economically and politically progressive communities non-existent, as the fear of being taken hostage was the biggest concern in African villages at the time. Furthermore, advancements made on government rule were destroyed since unity among tribes were no longer viable when the Europeans arrived. While the trading of weaponry for slaves brought temporary economic gain for certain successful tribes on the African continent, the overall effect was deeply negative. Firstly, the lack of manpower within tribes resulted in decreased productivity. Secondly, fear amongst tribes didn’t allow for a larger form of governing, which is significant for economic development, given the established relationship between ethnic fractionalization and long-term economic growth (Nunn, 2007).

The countries in Europe who were running the majority of the slave trade reaped the rewards in terms of economic gain and cheap products for industry back home. Britain, for example, was heavily involved in the Atlantic slave trade for a period of time and used the cheap labor to cultivate cotton through the use of slaves in the cotton fields and mills. The extent of planning that went into the transportation of slaves in ships was meticulously planned out with diagrams and drawings, depicting the most cost-efficient way to move the labor force from one continent to another. The money they earned was extra capital for them to boost their own economies back home in the queen land. During the time, Britain was going through a revolution in terms of industrial capability and efficiency. The Industrial Revolution relied heavily on the raw, slaved produced products which would otherwise have been more expensive to obtain if sourced from somewhere else. Beyond the simple fact of cheap products from cheap labor, the Atlantic slave trade also injected capital into other areas of Europe’s economy. For example, it paved the way for merchants of slaves, sugar and tobacco to establish banks in Bristol, Glasgow and Liverpool (CUP, 2000). The growth in the banking sector benefitted both the outpost merchants, who could provide credit to business owners and also banks, as they could have a farther reach since they were taking advantage of the international trade brought by slave ships. The improved banking brought on by the Atlantic trade resulted in improved financial transactions, which also helped Britain when trading with other international businesses. The Atlantic slave trade allowed countries in Europe the opportunity to rise to a level of economic power previously only possible by countries such as China. The global trade market underwent a major shift during this time of industrialization and the slave trade.

The slave trade also produced a cultural impact on the African and white community that can be felt to this day. White men in what is now known as the United States were instructed not to have marital relations with black slaves since the stigma behind slaves regarded them as less than humans. However, in regions where black slaves were able to integrate with the local community in places such as Brazil and Haiti, a distinct separation between races were not as evident as the population had offspring with one another. Due to the integration of slaves into such lands, new societies were able to prosper, and the cultural differences between two people were able to form new ways of life. During this time, people around the world, especially in Europe, began to realize the grave price they were really paying in order to have sugar and other products at such a cheap price. Through various campaigns, many of them organized by church groups, addressed the inhumanity behind slavery and the sin involved with it since God instructed people to everyone to love everyone as you love yourself (Bader-Zar, 2011). The various campaigns started to shift the public opinion of European citizens concerning the use of slaves. By the end of the early 19th century, slavery was abolished in the majority of the New World. An event that was happening in the Americas was abolished through the campaigns of people in Europe and parts of Africa. The reach of the Atlantic slave trade was one which affected every part of the world.

New World slave trade presented countries around the world with different opportunities and inflicted a range of consequences. In Africa, the social divisions within the region presented the people with massive hardships in terms in fear of being kidnapped and raided. This resulted in an inability to create a coherent government that would be able to guide positive economic growth in the long term. On the other hand, the European countries such as Britain, Portugal and Spain involved in the Atlantic slave trade gained an economic boost within their own economies. The cheap products such as cotton and sugar allowed the citizens in Europe to enjoy basic consumer products such as clothing at very affordable prices. During the whole process of slave transportation, the integration of the slaves within certain communities also led the way in shaping new societies composed of multinational people. It also gave them a voice on the global scale, which made the general public more aware of their actions and understanding of the inhumanity behind slavery. New World slavery supplied the building blocks for unprecedented growth in the global economy and allowed for a new type of consumerism that is still relevant to this day. The slaves transported from Africa suffered unimaginable hardships in order for the citizens around the world to have access to cheap goods. Although slavery was eventually abolished, the centuries worth of exploitation of millions of black slaves has left an effect on the history of the world. The historical severity of the slave trade has left a social divide among the black and white community around the world that is still prevalent to this day.

The Atlantic slave trade shook the core of Africa, as it not only economically affected it, but socially and politically the continent became stunted from growing. The slave trade depleted most of Africa’s population, this decline in population then led to missing productivity, meaning the economy was not able to develop. All of this negatively affected the remaining people, it caused dissatisfaction, wars, instability and the militarization of the society.

The Atlantic slave trade it started because the New Worlds were seeking to generate immense wealth for businesses in their countries, and for that they wanted a work force, so they enslaved Africans. During the Atlantic slave trade an estimate of 12 million slaves were exported from Africa, this number does not account for those who were killed during the raids or on their way to the coast. The Middle Passage route was used to transport Africans who were then shipped and traded with goods at the New World, and these commodities along with the slaves were then brought to Europe. They worked as slaves in white men’s homes, plantations farms, construction industries, mining fields and shipping yards.

The Atlantic slave trade caused Africa’s economy to sink. It did so by hindering the economic development of the continent, by making them help Western states develop through additional human labor, leaving Africa lacking a work force. Which resulted in the continent being incapable of producing commodities themselves which they could trade, instead of trading its people. On the other hand, the economies of Europe and America were growing due to trade and plantations. While the traders on the coast who traded slaves for profit, the rest of those living inside the country, such as farmers, suffered from the loss of people and the resulting economical loss. One example was the minor productivity in agriculture. African leaders such as Agaja and Afonso were aware of European technology that could be of help to Africa, and they tried to obtain access to it. However, King Manuel of Portugal ensured that Africa was starved of the technology because he knew its importance and that Africa could grow with it, and he denied them access in order to prevent African from catching up with the rest of the world. The economic stagnation between the 16th and 19th century has affected the African continent for many years as it continuously falls behind the economic progress of Western states.

The population rapidly decreased. This is a result of most of the able-bodied people being taken, this significant loss contributed to the social and political weakening of African societies, leaving them vulnerable to colonial domination and exploitation in the 19th century. In having most of the population depleted, the brainpower that could have developed the continent was exchanged for goods that were meant to further deteriorate the state of the continent, such as guns and gunpowder, which was used to capture even more slaves and unproductive consumer goods meant for the greedy chiefly class. The ruling classes – kings and chiefs of Africa had originally played a critical role in maintaining the stability of their domestic economies. However, with the introduction of slave trade and its continuous growth, social stability declined as some leaders abandoned themselves to purely militaristic and exploitative activities. They saw this as the only manner to ensure the safety of their families. This divided the society and caused violence to spread.

The Atlantic slave trade negatively affected the political landscape of Africa. Politically, there was fragmentation as due to leaders willingly partaking in the slave trade. This caused mistrust and division amongst the people of Africa. People had individual interests. Politically, wars would occur as rival African leaders would organize slave-raids because they are competing for control of slave-capture and to dominate trade routes, and ports. However, at a higher level, the was dense political fragmentation due to many small centralized states and secret societies which governed people. Therefore, making it difficult to develop methods of government that could effectively resist the impact of the slave trade and unite people. Internally, there was also a politico-religious struggle, which then resulted in wars. Africa’s political landscape had also changed because the people who were given the duty to administer the law were now a “warrior class whose sole purpose was slave-raiding” (Inikori and Engerman, pp.23-26). Due to the political fragmentation and wars, slave raiding and the ransoming of others became a daily occurrence. Secret societies used enslavement within Africa itself, by working against the freeing of captives, and displaced children – as a result of their parents either being sold or ending up dead, these groups could easily end up in the slave trade. These acts accounted for the massive enslavement of a majority of Africans being shipped to Europe. All in the interest of personal gain for the commercial elites.

The foreign invasion of Africa began with the Atlantic slave trade, which then caused a chain-reaction that negatively impacted Africa by disrupting its growth. This casual chain evoked by the slave trade meant the loss of people and in turn the loss of a work force for Africa; it proves that the slave trades effects are still visible in particular to the continuous poverty and underdevelopment of the continent. In losing people, minerals, raw materials and being incapable to internally and internationally trade prevented the continent from developing markets and technologically advancing. The Atlantic slave trade took away what Africa could have been if it had the opportunity to grow in its own manner.

The trans-Atlantic slave trade, which was also known as the Triangular Trade, formed one of the most significant historical events. Once the slave trade started from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century, the trade route through the Middle Passage were used by Europeans to transport African slaves. Not only did the trans-Atlantic slave trade consist of a large migration of enslaved people from Africa to America, but it also resulted in the breakdown of the Indigenous American population. The Portuguese and Spanish were the first people to export slaves to America. As the slave trade progressed, the Arabic, Dutch, and French became dominantly influenced by the process of slavery. In 1820, for every European, there were four African captives who travelled across the Atlantic Ocean. However, distinctions between sex ratios differed among European and Africa migration rivers and four out of a total of five females who migrated across the Atlantic originated from Africa. This implies that a huge number of enslaved people derived from various parts of Africa such as Central and West Africa. During the fifteenth century, the Atlantic Ocean transformed into a profit-oriented business that intertwined the history of Africa, Europe, and America. This essay will examine the background of slavery, the influence of forced migration, migration patterns and the effects of migration, the treatment of slaves and the impact of slavery on African lives.

Background of Slavery

According to Orlando Patterson’s definition, slavery is “the permanent, violent, and personal domination of naturally alienated and generally dishonored persons”. This means that slaves were ultimately excluded from the traditional customs, land, and society of their birthplace as they endured the negative effect of ‘social death’. The European trade initially started with Portugal’s inspection on West Africa in terms of finding a suitable oceanic pathway toward the East. The Portuguese wanted resources in the East, such as silk, spices, tobacco, coffee, and cotton. African slaves were used to cultivate the land, in which slave owners would benefit from. This meant that the Portuguese were eager to use this merchandise without the relentless excursion via land from Europe to Asia. Slavery was an old process, and even before the development of the slave trade, slavery existed and still exists today in certain societies. Both Europe and the Roman Empire underwent acts of slavery. By 1400, slavery in Europe gradually diminished, which inspired the European quest for an inventory of constrained work in the African mainland. As a result, African slaves were captured through abduction by other Africans. This caused social issues such as battles, which were fought among Africans. These slaves were sold to foreigners with commodities such as gold and ivory in return for imported products such as firearms. The ‘gun slave trade’ cycle energized the propagation of the slave exchange for many years. Thus, the motivation to buy slaves regarding Europeans rested in the need to gather labor supply for the extensions of the plantation economies created in South and Central America after Columbus, to fulfil the rapidly expanding challenge in Europe for provincial products like tobacco and sugar.

Forced Migration

From the perspective of the contemporary immigration law, it is important to note that African slaves who were shipped to North America under the arrangement of the trans-Atlantic slave trade are currently referred to as ‘forced migration immigrants’. Historians have estimated ten million Africans who were forcefully moved from West and Central Africa to settlements in America. Between 400 000 and 500 000 African slaves were transported towards North America. Africans were purchased by slave owners who forcefully relocated them to various continents in America. Today, this transplantation is called ‘chattel slavery’. Forced migration mainly emphasizes the fact that slaves were unwillingly transported without consent. The trans-Atlantic slave trade ultimately empowered the automatically, coercive transportation of individuals from one place on the globe to another. The Middle Passage is not simply viewed as a journey travelled across the ocean, but rather as an organization between dispossession in one topographic area and treachery in another. Not only does forced migration highlight the horrible outcome of the Middle Passage, but it also associates freed African shipmates to a more extensive history of a forced worldwide development.

Both the unlawful slave trade and concealment endeavors by the US Navy increased during the 1850s. Officials of an improved African unit then captured many slaves near the bank of Africa, while the remaining survivors were exported to Liberia. Between 1858 and 1860, approximately during four circumstances, the Navy granted freedom to oppressed prisoners who were brought back to the United States for a limited period. In 1858, three hundred Africans boarded the Echo in Charleston Harbor and were confined at Fort Sumter. After a period of two years, Navy abolitionist cruisers accompanied a large gathering of 1400 from the Wildfire, William, and Bogota to the ‘African Depot’ in Key West (situated on the grounds of Fort Taylor). However, majority of freed Africans travelled from West central Africa all the way to the mouth of the Congo stream, while other enslaved Africans from Bogota originally came from Benin. Among these ships, enslaved people included men, woman, and children, who forcibly packed like sardines in a small amount of space. Although many tried to stand up for the rights of the enslaved, it was clear that the opinion of the African slave was not considered. Enslaved Africans thus had no rights as they could not decide on a destination of their preference and were forced to co-operate with their European masters.

Migration Movements Along Trade Routes

The forced migration movement into the trans-Atlantic slave trade was initially the start of an extreme lengthy procedure. Berlin has compellingly depicted the historical backdrop of African people in the USA to the outline of being relocated four times. The first migration occurred during the sixteenth and seventeenth century, once the Middle Passage transported African citizens from Africa all the way to North America. During the early parts of the nineteenth century, the second Middle Passage included the movement of one million African American slaves from coastal areas of Atlanta to orchards near the inland. The third movement was not generally constrained, as it observed the liberation of six million individuals from the southern country toward the northern urban areas, beginning with the Great Migration in 1915 up until the 1970s. Finally, between the twentieth and start of the twenty first century, new global entries of transients from Africa showed up in the USA from the districts that facilitated the past out of Africa’s forced diaspora. These global entries included places such as the Caribbean, Latin America, Africa, and Europe.

Effects of Migration

The trans-Atlantic slave trade affected African slaves in various ways. Firstly, the issue of mortality became a concerning issues among the slave population, especially during the transatlantic crossing. For each voyage, approximately fifteen percent of slaves died. Their deaths were usually caused by diseases such as smallpox and scurvy. Other factors included suicide, physical abuse, and starvation. However, surviving slaves who successfully crossed the Atlantic Ocean were still in danger of enduring raised levels of mortality. Mortality was higher for slaves who voyaged further in America, as well as those who settled to work in certain regions. A huge number of slaves lived in low lying tropical areas where they experienced a greater risk of mortality compared to higher, mild areas.

Secondly, the birth rate drastically affected the population of African slaves. The birth rate was increasingly lower for slaves than that of freed Africans. Although fertility rates were not recorded, the number of slaves evidently decreased, especially due to unhygienic, crowded spaces on ships. Most investigations on fertility have been centered around the fertility of females. Contradicting to this, there were also an overabundance of men who had kids not only with African women, but also with Native American and European women. Regarding the fertility of men, an argument has thus been made to include an investigation of men along with female fertility.

Lastly, the importance of African labor was costly to slaves as well as their social orders of origin. Populations of Europe, America and Asia increased in the eighteenth and nineteenth century due to improved immunities, social changes, and health conditions. In the nineteenth century, these increasing populations veered off migrants who searched for the necessary resources to get by. Contradicting to these developed countries, Africa remained immobile or in decline, while slave labor drastically continued, even in Africa, which affected the growth of the African population.

Treatment of Slaves

Once the ships boarded and reached West Indies, North America and South America, the ill treatment of slaves continued. Not only were slaves captured from Africa, but they were also sold as mere objects to other members of the slave trade. Slaves encountered a violent system in which their masters deliberately harmed, tormented, and murdered innocent African captives to force them into submission. If a slave who attempted to escape to freedom was captured, the limbs of that slave would be amputated. This brutal act of amputation was performed in front of other slaves to illustrate what would be done to slaves who failed to obey orders. The amputation of limbs was performed on slaves who were situated in both America, as well as the Middle Passage.

Pregnant slaves aboard ships also received wounds due to the trans-Atlantic slave trade. These women were stripped away from their motherly role as Europeans deemed unborn children as favorable property to sell. Consequently, pregnant slaves were used to increase the prosperity of slave traders, thus signifying how slaves were treated as property and not individuals. Slaves, especially woman, were victims of rape and sexual violence. Slave masters raped slaves during the sojourn West and after they were purchased. Most of the time, when slaves were killed, their bodies were tossed into the sea to create fear amongst the remaining slaves on the ship. Sometimes, Europeans would encourage slaves to eat the insides of disobedient slaves. Such a demonstration caused mental and physical torment for those compelled to observe the brutal treatment.

Due to the traumatizing experience of slaves aboard ships, depression became a common issue. While African slaves experienced a great deal of psychological influence, a huge number of slaves died from depression. In 1790, an English specialist estimated that 66% of deaths were due to the ‘mortal melancholy’ of automatic suicide. While many scholars view extreme abuse and unhygienic circumstances as the cause of death amongst slaves, depression during the trans-Atlantic slave trade was a leading factor of this outcome. Therefore, the numerous attempts of suicide prove the extent to which the atrocities experienced by African slaves among ships were so severe that it affected their insight on death.

Impact of Slavery on African Lives

During the mid-seventeenth century, enslaved captives who travelled to Europe and the Atlantic islands drastically decreased, while the trans-Atlantic slave trade ultimately increased. The extension of the Western slave trade resulted in the advancement of an African exchange. This meant that the development of slave exports led to the formation of extended organizations of slave supply, and these allowed affluent Africans to purchase slaves in large numbers. In the eighteenth century, the development of the Western trade became successful through African trade, although female slaves were imprisoned within the African community. Therefore, this slave trade had a detrimental impact on Africans. However, in the late eighteenth century, the slave trade started to extend to various parts of East Africa, and tradesmen bought slaves from Mozambique. A huge number of Middle Eastern requests for slaves, thus prompted the extension of slave exchange in Sudan, the Horn, and the Indian Ocean coast of Africa. The slave trade also invigorated the advancement of subjugation in Eastern Africa, which dramatically increased during the nineteenth century. The transportation of slaves to the African coast for trade involved increasing numbers of captives and movements of relocation. The distance for slaves to the coast would either be minimum, which was normally a hundred kilometers from the Bight of Benin in the eighteenth century, or it would be maximum of somewhere between six hundred kilometers for the Bambara slaves of West Africa who shaped the core of the Louisiana slave numbers. This illustrates how slaves were always on the move and emphasizes the long distances slaves travelled.

Slaves who originated from Africa were not visible to outside spectators until the nineteenth century. Along the Western shore of Africa, most slaves were woman in the eighteenth century. The ladies were held inside families, and their efficiency was primarily directed toward growing the family economy. Mungo Park, a Scottish explorer, visited Senegal and the Niger valleys in the eighteenth century, where he discovered the huge population of slaves held in bondage. He also came across a monetary framework which spread broadly through the mainland in the nineteenth century. Both male and female slaves were captured in large numbers and were separated into a slave class, where they were situated apart from their slave masters. Their efficiency was centered around exported items from Africa. Commodities such as palm oil, peanuts and expresso were sold. However, more attention was situated around yams, grains, and cotton for the market. Therefore, slaves were held against their will and were not treated the same as slave owners.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the trans-Atlantic slave trade consisted of the migration of African slaves across the Atlantic Ocean and all the way to America. Although European ships were used to transport Africans, slavery was first introduced by the Portuguese and Spanish. Slavery existed before the slave trade was introduced and African slaves were forced to migrate, even if it meant that they had to be separated from their families. Slaves were traded to slave owners in America, where they were forced to work on sugar, tobacco, coffee, and cotton plantations. During the slave trade, the Middle Passage included four different trade routes which emphasizes the ‘forced’ migration of African slaves and how they were moved against their will to different continents across the world. Due to movements of migration, social problems such as mortality, fertility and forced labor arose. While the brutal treatment of African slaves was extremely inhumane and grotesque, it ultimately resulted in many cases of depression and suicide amongst African slaves. During the crossing, slaves were forcefully removed from their home to travel long distances across the Atlantic Ocean, where they were classified according to their racial status. Therefore, the trans-Atlantic slave trade had a negative impact on the lives of Africans as their land, dignity and cultural heritage was forcefully removed from them, whilst they were required to work in the plantation industry under strict and severe conditions.

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