Category: Athletes

What Is The Sports Law

What is the law on the game? This issue has been raised ordinarily by individuals paying little respect to their work history. The response to this inquiry may appear to be basic and deceiving. Be that as it may, the individual on the opposite end is touchy while replying. The purpose behind this faltering might be identified with the predicament of what this colossal legitimate control is searching for precisely. The creator will endeavor to answer this inquiry.

The Forbes list emerges just for the best competitors who are paying the rising cost of the ubiquity of the games business in late decades. The historical backdrop of the game returns to the presence of men as a conscious and focused objective. In the meantime, it indicates how society’s convictions have changed and what changes have been made to guidelines and controls. The most prominent legal scholars have constantly thought about that the law was important for a general public since it filled in as the standard for the set of principles. Keeps up the network running. Without law, there will be a disorder where just the fittest will remain. Also, in spite of the fact that law and game are regularly considered as ‘independent universes’, sports law is the foundation of the games business, which oversees incalculable related legitimate issues extending from doping to betting, the arbitrary setting and the decision of the lawful structure of games associations. Unregulated games might be a lot of principles like a football game without an official. Disarray These laws contain an all-around the uncommonly modern hierarchical model and cover broadly with different regions of other particular laws.

Expert and novice competitors are secured by games law. Only a couple of decades back, this lawful region was made as a different substance. Basically because of expanded oversight of games laws by the media, and add an expansion in the number of players with operators.

Contract law is a key component in the Game Demonstration. Every single proficient competitor has got that decide the amount they will be paid for their administrations and the length of their execution for the chose group. Notwithstanding the game, sports law contracts, as a rule, pay a great deal of cash and are along these lines vigorously consulted by games operators.

A game against the privilege of game Law

• The meaning of the privilege of sports is perplexing
• The most progressing exchanges
• The suitable name for this point

Do we truly have a ‘sports law’ or is it

Essentially a condition of common legitimate standards

• Connected to sports clashes?
• Does the law apply distinctively to brandish?

The law on the game is presented after some time

Customarily, numerous individuals trust that sports law is only a mix of various regions of law. From this point of view, sports law did not have a lot of laws that could be recognized and depended on the lawful framework as a rule. In view of this view, writers of a reference book on the privilege to don have proclaimed that the expression ‘appropriate to wear’ is to some degree misdirecting, indeed, sports law is simply the raw material to the game business. ‘

The Story of Oj by Jay-Z in a 2017 Track: Critical Analysis

The Story of OJ by Jay-Z is a 2017 track from Jay-Z’s controversial album “4:44”. Jay-Z argues that our perception of a post-racial world where race is not a problem is false. Jay-Z Has a few main arguments, which demonstrates the reality of the modern black experience. He Argues that a Post Racial world doesn’t exist because every achievement, accomplishment, and success can not upend the label of being black. The ones who have tried ultimate find themselves discussing race. Jay-Z overarches the entire video with historical context to emphasize the depth of black history depression, thereby demonstrating that race is not just a biological difference it’s a social contract that is categorized African Americans for hundreds of years. one way they did so was through the enforcement of stereotypes.

The first lines of the song are Excerpts from Nina Simone’s “4 Woman”. A song that discusses four stereotypes of Black Woman. References like Aunt Sarah must reference reinforces the Imagery from the music video for “The Story Of Oj”. In my opinion, its an imitation of 1930’s stereotypes to the images that Simone sings about. Jay-z decided to go with Minstrel animation. unlike blackface shows Animation was able to exaggerate the black body in ways traditional minstrel shows could not. It depicted black bodies with enormous lips and eyes, mouths big enough to engulf whole watermelons, and with bodies jointed so loosely. Often many early animations like 1935’s “Little Black Sambo” depicted plantations, jungles, and ghettos in order to demonstrate the innate savagery that black people are born with

Jay-Z capitalizes on this history depicting himself has “JAYBO” a play of The Stereotype character “Sambo”. He also parallels himself by recreating the most notable seen from any depiction of sambo by including his iconic Watermelon scene. Spite this deep history, some black celebrities have attempted to go above their culture claiming that success is through hard work and determination, and that race is not a factor. In many ways, this rationale makes sense, because being labeled or pigeonholed into a race often that qualifies the enchantments of success, the idea the race aided you achievements by lessening your hard work and dedication to your craft. In a sense, connecting your self to a race can hurt you. Often celebrities want to be considered Americans, not of their race.

Jay-z showcases his argument with OJ Simpson who before his trial was notably devoid of his race. He was the first black athlete to do advertisements with RC Cola and Hertz, large brands that seldom cast black people. He lived in Brentwood, an upper-income white neighborhood in Los Angeles. He never used his podium to speak about race, even during the years of heightened racial tension with instances like the Rodney King Beating in 1992. In every sense of his lifestyle, society viewed him as white. OJ ties his values and achievements to the individual, not the group or race. A behavior that is largely responsible for the continuation of a lack of large black success. Celebrities like OJ Simpson are not willing to lift others that come from the same background as them.

In October of 2016, Ta-Nehisi Coates composed a piece called ‘What O.J. Simpson Means to Me’ for The Atlantic. In the article, Coates summarizes how Simpson’s swelling fame made O.J. the “special dark whiz” in the nation during the 1970s:

‘An old friend of Simpson’s says in Made in America that Simpson was ‘seduced by white society.’ Perhaps. But the seduction was mutual, and he used his football fame to gain access to white patrons eager to expose him to the finer things in life. ‘I took him places where I think very few black men had ever been,’ Frank Olson, the former CEO of Hertz, says in the film. Simpson mingled with wealthy entrepreneurs at golf clubs where he was one of the few black members, or the first and only black member. He gave them the thrill of convening with a real sports hero at his mansion, Rockingham, nestled in the wealthy white suburb of Brentwood. Simpson’s social circle helped him amass a small fortune. By the 1990s, his net worth was estimated to be $10 million. He was the CEO of O. J. Simpson Enterprises, which owned stakes in hotels and restaurants, and he sat on four different corporate boards,’ composed Coates.

Leaving the 1960s, a period of profound racial pressure, Simpson appeared to be the uncommon Black Football Player that associated with white America as well as really flourished doing as such. O.J. would in the long run utilize his recently discovered acclaim in Los Angeles’s high societies of white networks to remove himself from his skin tone.

‘Other prominent athletes of [Simpson’s] day had refused to serve during the war in Vietnam (Muhammad Ali) and raised their fists in protest of racism at the Olympics (Tommie Smith, John Carlos). Simpson had done no such thing, instead preferring the comforts that came with the adoration of white America,’ composed Maxwell Strachan of the Huffington Post in 2016. ‘Simpson was beautiful. He was beloved. He was the first black athlete to successfully transition into a corporate spokesman. But what Simpson seemed to most want was the one thing he would never quite obtain: racial transcendence, both on and off the field. To be seen not as black, but simply as O.J.’

The facts confirm that Simpson was not keen on blending in racial discussion. At the point when Ali chose to not acknowledge his draft into the Vietnam war, he was supported by other unmistakable Black men and women at what is known as the ‘Ali Summit.’ Bill Russell, Jim Brown and Lew Alcindor, who has since changed his name to Kareem Abdul-Jabar, sat beside Ali as he clarified why he was standing firm against the draft and the war in Vietnam. Simpson was likewise a conspicuous dark competitor at the time however was remarkably not in participation. As per Nate Peterson of CBSSports, ‘Simpson was approached by activist Dr. Harry Edwards, who urged him to stand with his fellow black athletes. But Edwards says Simpson didn’t see himself as a black athlete, telling Edwards: ‘I’m not black, I’m O.J.”

Even with O.J’s initial status, Jay-Z notes that success and unsuccess are not so binary, the successful black man is different from a successful man. Because of our society’s judgment, black people are held to a higher standard and larger responsibility so if these celebrities get in trouble or accused of wrongdoing that Society swiftly rejects them. Its a higher standard of judgment that highlights Jay-Z’s main argument that black history is simply inescapable from black identity. black celebrities are almost forced to be a representation of the race. Jay-Z’s video leaves us with a bleak outlook on a falsely claimed post-racial world, with his intentions forcing us to not forget or hide, but to confront our race and identity.

Jay-Z has been a music symbol for over Twenty Years, and it appears so in this music video. Utilizing a questionable character like O.J. Simpson to clarify the significance of money related duty and paying reverence to the way of life, while utilizing visuals to speak to those goals is glorious in ‘The Story of O.J.’ It’s a profound plunge, however in some cases you need to plunge to discover treasure.

The Story of OJ Simpson and His Infamous Trial of the Century: Analytical Essay

No trial in history has been as heavily covered, as widely followed or as intensely analyzed as The People vs. Orenthal James Simpson.” – Marcia Clark, lead prosecutor in the OJ Simpson murder trial.

Introduction

Twenty-three years ago, on October 3rd, 1994 OJ Simpson was found not-guilty of the gruesome double murder of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and waiter, Ron Goldman. Every court session of the trial was broadcasted on television which both captivated and divided the world. The story stirred a maelstrom of controversies – race, celebrity, domestic violence and the impact of media coverage.

Simpson’s background

Orenthal James ‘OJ’ Simpson, known as ‘the Juice’, was born 9th July 1947 in San Francisco, California. He attended Southern California University where he played American Football for the USC Trojans and won the Heisman trophy in 1968. Then in 1969, he played professionally as running back for 11 seasons in the NFL with the Buffalo Bills until 1977. He then played for the San Francisco 49ers up to his retirement from football in 1979. He was added to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1983 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1985.

At the age of 19, OJ married his high school girlfriend, 18 year old Marguerite Whitley, in June 1967. The couple had three children: Arnelle, Jason and Aaren. Simpson divorced his wife in early 1979. Not long after, tragedy struck Simpson and his family when his daughter, Aaren, drowned in the family swimming pool just before the age of two. By then, Simpson had already began dating a young blonde waitress named Nicole, and within a year, they were living together.

Despite stopping football at the end of 1979, OJ was never away from the camera, with his charisma and good looks, he continued as a celebrity personality, constantly transcending race and class, as well as sports. He worked as a sportscaster and appeared in a variety of movies including the successful ‘Naked Gun’ series. He and Nicole Brown married in 1985, and had two children; Sydney and Justin.

With a marriage that was so public, it was no secret whenever problems arose. Police were called to the couple’s residence on several occasions, including one incident where Nicole came running to the police crying that “he was going to kill her”. Records show that Simpson beat his wife so badly that she needed hospital treatment. Photographs taken from that time and later were used at Simpson’s murder trial and show Brown-Simpson’s badly bruised face. According to an arrest report, Simpson told responding officers, ‘The police have been out here eight times before, and now you’re going to arrest me for this?’ OJ pleaded no contest to spousal battery, but then later said that he was advised to do so for the sake of his privacy, citing: ‘I did not plead no contest for any other reason but to protect our privacy, and was advised it would end the press hype.’. The couple then divorced in 1992, after seven years of marriage, but the pair remained in contact. During the civil trial in 1997, Simpson acknowledged there were instances where he hurt Nicole, saying “I take total responsibility.”

Before the murders in mid June 1994, he was one of the few African-American men who could boast such popularity. He was one of the most celebrated football players of all time and widely loved for his acting; however he was not appreciated by all. To many, Simpson seemed to get successful, earn his riches and leave his heritage as an African-American immigrant behind – moving to Brentwood, Los Angeles, a notoriously white neighbourhood. He became friends with white people in power such as the LAPD, who were well known for discriminating against black people. This upset lots of people because they felt that once he had made a name for himself, he alienated himself from his culture as much as he could.

Murders in brentwood

On 12th June 1994, OJ Simpson’s ex-wife, Nicole Brown and restaurant waiter, Ronald Goldman were found dead at a gory crime scene outside of Brown’s house in Bundy Drove, Brentwood, Los Angeles. The Simpson’s two children were still asleep in their rooms on the property when their mother was found just after midnight by a neighbour walking his dog. This neighbour came across Brown’s dog barking at its owner’s body sprawled across the steps leading up to the front porch with Goldman’s lying several feet away in the shrubbery. The police were then contacted and arrived at around 1am.

“Sharp-force injuries” are suspected to be the main cause of death and police confirmed that there were signs of a struggle; however no evidence proving that there was a robbery. Evidence found at the crime scene included a blood stained glove; left by the suspected killer, a knitted hat and a bloody footprint. After the bodies were identified, the police headed over to the other side of Brentwood, where OJ lived, to inform him that the mother of his children had died – unaware that he would soon become a suspect.

The police arrived at Simpson’s property just 2 miles away from the crime scene and rung his gate – to no answer. It was then when they found small, but significant blood stains on Simpson’s famous white Ford Bronco. After noticing the blood, Detective Mark Fuhrman jumped over the security gate into the estate and up to the front door. Once on the grounds, the detectives awaken OJ’s daughter, Arnelle who was staying in a guest house, she takes the detectives inside where they contact Simpson’s assistant and Detective Vannatter declares the property a crime scene and sends for a warrant to search the house.

CNN official timeline for 12th – 13th June 1994

12TH JUNE

6:30pm ~ Nicole Brown-Simpson, her children, mother and other family members go to dinner at the Mezzaluna restaurant.

8pm ~ Nicole Brown-Simpson and her children leave Mezzaluna, and stop for ice cream on their way home.

9:15pm ~ One of Nicole’s sisters phones Mezzaluna to say that Nicole’s mother had left her glasses at the restaurant. Ronald Goldman volunteers to return the glasses.

9 – 9:30pm ~ Brian Kaelin, a friend staying in a guest house at OJ Simpson’s home, and Simpson go to McDonald’s for dinner.

9:45pm ~ Kaelin and Simpson return home.

9:48pm – 9:50pm ~ Goldman leaves Mezzaluna with a white envelope containing the glasses.

10:15pm ~ While watching television. Pablo Fenjves, a neighbour of Nicole Brown-Simpson, hears cries and constant barking of a dog.

10:25pm – Limousine driver, Allan Park arrives at Simpson’s home.

10:40pm – Kaelin hears three loud thumps on an outside wall of his room

10:40pm – 10:50pm ~ Park buzzes intercom several times but does not get any response.

10:55pm ~ Park calls his boss and tells him Simpson is not home. He is told to wait until 11:15 since Simpson is, reportedly, always late.

Just before 11pm ~ Park sees a black person, six-feet, 200 pounds, walking across the driveway towards the house.

About 11pm ~ Park again buzzes the intercom and Simpson answers. He says he had overslept and just gotten out of the shower.

11 – 11:15pm ~ Simpson puts his bags in limousine and leaves for Los Angeles Airport.

11:35pm ~ Limousine arrives at airport.

11:45pm ~ Simpson leaves on an American Airlines flight to Chicago.

12:10am ~ The bodies of Nicole Brown-Simpson and Ronald Goldman are discovered outside her townhouse.

About 5am ~ Detectives Mark Fuhrman and Philip Vannatter arrive at Simpson’s house.

5:15 – 5:30am ~ The detectives examine an apparent bloodstain on Simpson’s Ford Bronco.

5:40 – 5:50am ~ Fuhrman jumps gate onto estate where he awakens Simpson’s daughter and they contact Simpson’s assistant.

7 – 7:30am ~ Detective Vannatter declared the area a crime scene and goes to get a warrant to search the house.

The investigation & the slow speed car chase

Once the police had discovered that Simpson was not at his estate, they decided to find out what time he had left Brentwood to see if he was a to be a person of interest or not. When OJ had gone to Chicago was not quite clear, although Howard Weitzman, his lawyer at the time said his client took a flight, sometime in the “late evening” on Sunday. Detectives Fuhrman and Vannatter contacted the O’Hare Plaza Hotel, a hotel near Chicago’s O’Hare Airport where a general manager said the football star checked into the hotel at 6:15 on the morning of June 13th, Chicago time, indicating that Simpson could have taken any of at least three flights that left L.A after 11:30pm, Pacific Day Time, Sunday.

Los Angeles police said that they telephoned Simpson later that morning to say that his ex-wife had been killed. His response to the news was reported by Vannatter as “unusual” as when informed of NIcole’s death, he simply asked who killed her as opposed to how she died – this, to the LAPD, was another piece of evidence to put Simpson as a person of interest.

That evening Simpson flew back in to LA from Chicago on the next flight. Shortly after Simpson reached his luxury home in Brentwood, police went to his house. By this time, the media had already surrounded Simpson’s Rockingham estate. To be confronted by the police, Simpson takes detectives into his garden, away from the press, where he is handcuffed briefly before his attorney intervenes stating that Simpson is a widely respected football star, who should not be viewed as a villain by the public in such a delicate situation, as at this point he is not a suspect. He is then uncuffed and taken away for three hours of questioning; no arrest was made. However, it is too late, as a reporter from CNN had broken into Simpson’s garden and taken a photo of Simpson in handcuffs, which was released to the world in an article later that day – revealing to the world that the beloved OJ Simpson, was a person of interest.

By the next day, news reports indicated that the blood stains found on Simpson’s vehicle and driveway matched the types discovered at the crime scene. Rumours also spread across the country that Simpson had a glove in his residence that matched the one found at the murders – this lead to Weitzman withdrawing from his position as Simpson’s attorney, citing his close and personal friendship with his client. Robert Shapiro, a high-profile lawyer who was vey used to living in the public eye and very concerned with his appearance in the media makes official remarks to the press saying: “At the time that this murder took place, O.J. was at home waiting to get into a limousine to take him to the airport on a trip that had been planned well in advance for a promotional event in Chicago.” Police were still yet to confirm whether or not Simpson was a suspect.

Not two days later, the football star was charged with two counts of murder and special circumstances, as Shapiro receives a call from the LAPD officials telling him to surrender. Shapiro heads over to Robert Kardashian’s house, a close friend of Simpson, to inform him that OJ must turn himself in by 11am. The murder charges are filed against Simpson in the slaying of Nicole Brown – Simpson and Ronald Goldman; to which an arraignment is scheduled for the afternoon. 11 o’clock comes and goes and OJ has not turned himself over to the police. Shapiro then receives another call from the LAPD stating that they have to announce that Simpson is a fugitive. Hearing this, Shapiro gives the police directions to Kardashian’s San Fernando Valley house, where they can arrest OJ in privacy.

The police arrive at the home and head upstairs to arrest Simpson, whilst Shapiro, Kardashian and Simpson’s family reside downstairs. The officers quickly return downstairs again without OJ and report that he is not there, sending everyone into a state of panic. When rushed outside, it is revealed that Al, AC, Cowlings, a former college and pro football teammate of Simpson who had been with the family, had left the house. LAPD commodore, David Gascon, announces that Simpson has not surrendered for arraignment as scheduled and is now a fugitive. District attorney, Gil Garcetti, adds at a separate press conference that anyone helping Simpson to flee will be prosecuted as a felon – ‘We will find Mr. Simpson and bring him to justice.’ Leading to the police issuing an arrest for Cowlings.

Later that evening, with still no sign of Simpson, Shapiro holds a press conference of his own, where Kardashian reads a supposed suicide letter from Simpson: “Don’t feel sorry for me,” ends the note. ‘I’ve had a great life, great friends. Please think of the real OJ. and not this lost person. Thanks for making my life special. I hope I helped yours. Peace and love. OJ.’

Not long after, Simpson reportedly makes a 911 call form a cellular phone in Cowlings’ Ford Bronco. His location is traced to the Santa Ana Freeway in Orange County near where Nicole had been buried the previous Thursday; the California Highway Patrol begin their pursuit.

Cowlings remained on the phone with the police for the majority of the chase, repeatedly stating that Simpson was sat in the back of the vehicle with a gun to his head, clutching a photo of his children. Cowlings reported that he was saying that all he had ever done was love Nicole and that he wanted to be taken to his mother. The chase progressed onto the early evening where AC moved onto the Artesia Freeway, encountering crowds standing on the roadway and overpasses. Within the hour, Simpson and Cowlings arrive at the Brentwood estate where SWAT is lying in wait in preparation for Simpson. He gets out of the car without struggle where he is greeted with a phone call from his mother, and then begins the negotiation for his surrender. He is then arrested and taken to Parker Center in police custody where he is jailed without bail.

The slow speed chase dominated all television networks and cable news channels aired two hours of nonstop coverage of the event. It is considered one of the most memorable moments in television history. The Bronco chase, as it was known, dominated sports coverage on a major day of sports. Sports channel put major sports events including the NBA finals, the US Open and the World Cup opening on small screens to cover the chase. Not only were records broken for television, but for Domino’s Pizza; reported record sales of pizza delivery were made during the chase, this is most likely because people were so glued to their screens in one of TV’s most tense moments recorded live, that they didn’t want to go anywhere where they couldn’t see what was going to happen.

The trial of the century

On the 20th June, 1994, Simpson was brought before a court where he pleaded not guilty to both murders. The following day, a grand jury, a group of diverse citizens, was called to determine whether or not they should indict him. Two days later, the grand jury was dismissed as a result of excessive media coverage, which could have caused a bias in the jurors.

On January 24, 1995, the trial began; with Lance Ito as judge. The Los Angeles District Attorney’s office, led by Marcia Clark and Christopher Darden, focused most of their case around the domestic violence in Simpson and Brown’s relationship both prior and after the divorce. They hypothesized that Darden started off the trial with opening statements by portraying Simpson as an abusive husband and using that as a motive for murder. They played a phone call between Nicole and 911 phone operator in which Nicole cites that her husband, OJ Simpson, “is going to kill her”. They also used witnesses such as Nicole’s sister who had witnessed examples of abuse, and a man who had found Brown in a bush and had had a similar conversation to that of the 911 call.

The case against Simpson seemed pretty straight-forward considering there was a substantial amount of evidence that could convict him. In order to have even a chance of freedom, he needed the best lawyers in the country. He hired 5 of the best and most expensive lawyers in the US. The were controversially known as “the Dream Team” and consisted of F. Lee Bailey, Robert Blasier, Shawn Chapman Holley, Robert Shapiro and Alan Dershowitz. Johnnie Cochran later joined the defense team and became the lead attorney. Simpson’s defense case was largely based around evidence being mishandled. The defendants made an example of the black leather glove that was found at the crime scene. They stated that this had been planted by detective Mark Fuhrman in order to frame Simpson. OJ’s team then proved that this glove had never been owned by Simpson as it was far too small, this was done by having him try it on in front of the jury. They also made example of the LAPD and their all-too-common incidents where their reactions to a crime had been dictated by one’s race. This had impacted detective Mark Fuhrman worst, as the defendants had played a tape in which Fuhrman made several extremely offensive comments against African-Americans. Seeing as the jury was made up of 8 African-Americans, this had some serious impacts on the case.

The trial last 8 long months, ending in October and what had once been a seemingly simple open and shut murder case, had been twisted and manipulated into a racist case. On October 2nd, 1994, the jurors were sent away to make decide on the final verdict, it took them less than 4 hours to reach their decision, which worried both sides of the case. Seeing as there was such an enormous amount of evidence to consider, it was alarming that they would have a conclusion so quickly. Judge Ito made the decision to delay the announcement to the next. On October 3rd, OJ Simpson was found not guilty of murdering Nicole Brown-Simpson and Ronald Goldman. The verdict was watched by over 150 million people worldwide, and public reactions were mainly broken down along racial lines: white people felt confused and upset by the jury’s decision and felt Nicole and Ronald deserved justice, whereas black people felt that Simpson’s acquittal was a victory for African-Americans after years of discrimination by the legal system.

Lapd discrimination

The main reason black people, especially, were so elated by the not-guilty verdict was because they felt that the Los Angeles Police Department had been publicly shamed for their treatment of black people. For years and years, African-Americans had been on the receiving end of the US justice system and had been portrayed violent and dangerous by the enforcers and the media – this had stapled an image into the mind of every citizen and officer. Due to this reputation, white people in particular were very wary of black people, as they were labeled unsafe, hence leading to police officers being much more willing to assault an African-American as every one had been trademarked as a threat. This lead to hundreds of cases of unjust police brutality.

One of the most significant cases was that of Rodney King. Born in Sacramento, California, 1965, Rodney King was caught by the LAPD in a high speed car chase on March 3rd, 1991, just 3 years before Simpson’s case. He was pulled over to the side of the road where the officers pulled him out of that car and he was brutally beaten by four officers, leaving him with a fracture skull and cheekbone, whilst amature camera man got it all on video. All four officers were indicted on charges of assault with a deadly weapon and excessive use of force by a police officer. The case was taken to court and after the 3 month trial with a majority white jury, all of the officers were acquitted, causing outrage in citizens and triggering the violent 1992 Los Angeles Riots.

The riots came from years of rising racial tensions in the Los Angeles area and were ignited by the King case, instantly causing an aggressive outburst of people appalled by the verdict. It lead to several days of widespread violence and looting throughout LA. Within 4 days, thousands of federal troops and national guardsmen had managed to restrain most of the uprising, leaving more than 60 people dead and $1 billion in damages.

OJ: Racial division

Twenty three years since the People vs. Orenthal James Simpson began and people still use the case as a way to show the racial divide. The trial displayed Simpson’s back and forth relationship between the white and the black people of America and showed how he used his influences to climb to the top of the media.

At the peak of Simpson’s career, he was loved by white people across America, he’d broken records with his stellar football career, his famous Hertz commercials were loved by all and he had starred in one of the funniest movies of all time, the Naked Gun. OJ’s life couldn’t have been better as he had successfully managed to escape racial profiling that all his black friends and family were so accustomed to. Seeing as he no longer experienced any grief surrounding his race, Simpson would constantly reject any opportunity given to uplift black America through direct action of his own. The famous quote “I’m not black, I’m OJ” came from an interview from civil rights leader, Harry Edwards, when he tried to get OJ to protest against social inequalities. These constant refusals to engage on the issue made him unpopular with fellow black figures at the time – comedian, Steve Harvey, gave his opinion on his programme, Showtime at the Apollo, saying “OJ hasn’t been black since he won that Heisman trophy!”

Along with all of this fame, OJ was accused by some African Americans of believing that he was “beyond blackness”, that he was so accepted in mainstream society that discrimination in relation to his life as a black man never mattered because he was so successful. Similar criticisms had also been directed at other black people who came from poverty, in the past; once they manage to find success, they abandon their black heritage as “blackness” is viewed as an inherently negative thing. Phrases that come out of these mindsets such as “Let’s not talk about race”, only serves a larger narrative of dismissing the consequences and long-standing effects of the racial divides that have already been built up and are perpetuated because so many Americans have refused to take on the ramifications of slavery, Jim Crowe and cutting off African-Americans from certain jobs and living opportunities based on their race throughout the 21st century.

So after all these efforts that Simpson had made to become a member of white society as opposed to black, when he was put up for trial, white people began to dissociate with Simpson. Examples of this include the infamous incident where the New York Times newspaper darkened his skin tone on the tabloids front cover, which was speculated to be their way of trying to convince people that he was guilty, arguing that darkening the photo played on America’s perspective of darker people. The situation regarding Simpson’s allegiance with either race demonstrated that superstar status will divorce you from the racial tensions of America; however once under suspicion of wrongdoing, it is easy to be dragged back into the discussion of race.

Once the verdict of the trial was reached and announced, it was clear to see the different reactions of either race. White people were shocked and disgusted that he had managed to get away with such an obvious crime, whereas black people celebrated, not so much for Simpson himself, but more because they had classed it as a victory against the LAPD. This reaction highlights how many African-Americans were really thinking at the time – if a black person was convicted of a crime, it was almost certain that they would be unfairly railed against in court and regarded as automatically guilty. This is because, at the time, one’s race was a definer in how dangerous they were and whether or not an audience should show pity or sympathy. But because Simpson had enough money and power, he was capable of doing something just as a bad as a white man with equal amounts money and power and get off with the same effects. After the case was all over with and Simpson, although found not guilty had been left with little to his name, he had also realised that his rejection of black solidarity had finally caught up with him. His white audience were no longer interested in someone they believed had killed his wife and he had alienated himself from his black lifestyle for so long that black people didn’t want to associate with him either.

The topics of Simpson’s race were discussed in the song “the Story of OJ” by rapper, Jay-Z. The song talks about black solidarity, how OJ abandoned it and how this eventually caught up with him. It talks about how Simpson got famous and appreciated by white people and left black culture as soon as he got the chance. As a consequence, when things fell through, he wasn’t accepted into either culture. This is shown when Jay-Z quotes Simpson, saying, “I’m not black, I’m OJ” which was followed by a sarcastic “okay…” because he knows that Simpson saying that and separating himself from his black heritage is inevitably going to haunt him in his future. Jay-Z tries to tell his listeners that in order to achieve overall strength, as a collective, one must accumulate generational wealth, money that isn’t there to show off and amaze the public, but money that can be passed down through families; because trying to reach fame and wealth alone in order to reach white acceptance as a quick and easy way to get escape discrimination is not as important as working within your community to achieve black financial solidarity. Overall the song teaches that when you’re famous, people eventually get bored, move on and when the audience doesn’t love you anymore, the consensus will be taken away and they won’t have anything to fall back on if they haven’t managed to invest and support themselves, just like OJ, in that when he lost everyones support he was thrown right back into the all the hate and discrimination, only he was left with the support of no one.

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or CTE, is a neurodegenerative pathology, found in the brain of individuals who have suffered from repetitive, traumatic brain injuries, most of which are either concussions or sub-concussive hits to the head. It has been mainly categorized in professional athletes, particularly boxers, american football and rugby players. It is a progressive disease, meaning symptoms won’t begin until years after the injuries take place and often gets worse over time. I symptoms include mood-swings, depression, violent tendencies and criminal behaviour

When your head gets hit, nerve cells are damaged and a protein called Tau gets released, the more hits to the head, equates to more Tau being released. When the nerve cells are damaged the Tau is released and starts to clump up and get tangled, if enough is built up over time, it starts to kill brain cells. High levels of Tau in brain fluid are linked to poor recovery from brain trauma.

OJ Simpson Crime Binder: Criminal Activities and Applied Criminal Theories

Biography:

Born Orenthal James Simpson, also called “O.J.” was born July 9, 1947. He is a former NFL football superstar, actor, broadcaster and convicted armed robber and kidnapper. He is known for being acquitted of the murders of his former wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman. Simpson was a college football stud at USC, winning the Heisman Trophy in 1968. He later had a record-setting career in the NFL with the Buffalo Bills and became one of, if not the most famous athlete in America. Amid a moderately successful post-playing career as an actor and broadcaster, Simpson was charged with murder of his former wife and Goldman in 1994. He was acquitted in a high-profile criminal trial, though he was found liable for their deaths in civil court. In 2008, Simpson was sentenced to up to 33 years in prison in for kidnapping and armed robbery of two sports memorabilia dealers in a Las Vegas hotel room in 2007. Shortly after being granted parole, he was released from prison on October 1, 2017. O.J. Simpson currently lives in the Las Vegas area, where he is on parole after serving nine years for armed robbery.

Childhood:

O.J. Simpson was born on July 9, 1947, in Putrero Hill, California, in the family of Eunice and Jimmy Lee Simpson. His father was a chef and bank custodian and his mother was an hospital administrator. Soon after his birth he developed rickets and had to wear braces on his legs until he was five. In 1952, his father left the family when he was still very young, and his mother had to take responsibility of raising the four children. He joined the “Persian Warriors”, a street gang in his early teens and was confined at the San Francisco Youth Guidance Center for a short while. He played football for his team the ‘Galileo Lions’ at the Galileo High School (now known as Galileo Academy of Science and Technology) in San Francisco.

Criminal Activities:

On June 12, 1994, the bodies of Nicole Brown Simpson and a friend, Ronald Goldman, were found stabbed to death outside of her condominium in the Los Angeles Brentwood area. Evidence led police to suspect O.J. Simpson of the murders of Brown and Goldman.

Simpson was ordered to turn himself in by 11 a.m. on June 17 and instead vanished. After failing to turn himself in for questioning five days later, Simpson got in the back of his friend Al Cowlings’ 1993 white Ford Bronco and the two led police on a car chase that captivated the nation. Simpson was eventually arrested and put on trial. What was originally considered an open and shut case for the prosecution turned into an internationally televised media circus. Simpson then introduced his “dream team” of lawyers defending him, including Robert Shapiro, Robert Kardashian, and Johnny Cochran, who heavily played on Simpson’s beloved celebrity status to gain public sympathy. At that time those lawyers were each high-profile defense attorneys, who had a very high success rate. They also ruthlessly scrutinized the investigators for their procedural ineptitude and failure to properly handle evidence. The climax of their defense came when Simpson tried on a bloody glove from the crime scene, leading Cochran to declare the iconic and well-known phrase, “If it doesn’t fit you must acquit!”

Applied Criminal Theories:

Self-Control Theory:

1. All human beings are by nature rule breakers
2. The motivations for delinquent/criminal behavior is part of human nature
3. All individuals would naturally commit crimes if left to their own devices

If we compare OJ Simpson’s behavior to the self-control theory, then we can match a few of his past criminal behaviors, parallel to the ideology and explanations of the theory. (1) Since OJ Simpson acquired fame and success, there is a possibility that OJ may have begun to think that he was above the law because of who he was. Typically, celebrities who commit the same criminal acts/behaviors as a normal civilian in society, tend to get away with their charges more compared to the regular individual. Many factors may come into play such as law enforcement cutting better deals depending on the severity, giving more lenient warnings that they normally would not, turning the other cheek, or just having the financial means to basically buy themselves out of trouble. (2) OJ also had delinquent behavior while growing up in his childhood. After his father left his mother with four kids, including OJ, OJ turned to the street life to fill some sort of void that was left within him. He joined the local gang called the “Persian Warriors”, which enabled him to conduct criminal behavior as an adolescent, in order to fit in with the gang members, as well as stay in it. (3) Most of the criminal activities that OJ Simpson has committed or accused of being committed, were all in environments outside of the public eye. For example: The murder of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson was inside of his home in a private setting. Therefore, if OJ actually did commit the double homicide, or had someone else do it for him, it took place in a location where there could not be any eyewitnesses; compared to an individual who performs a crime in a public vicinity.

Social Disorganization Theory:

Definition: The macro level theory of neighborhoods, schools, cities, counties, states, and countries, deviance flourish in some spaces; some spaces control deviance and crime.

Shaw and McKay were able to collect data showing that crime was distributed across neighborhoods in a pattern consistent with social disorganization theory

• Structural causes of social disorganization—poverty, racial and ethnic heterogeneity, residential mobility, urbanism/structural density, family disruption, and so on.
• Includes three measures of whether a locality was socially organized or disorganized: the strength of local friendship networks, residents’ participation in community organizations, and the extent to which the neighborhood had unsupervised teenage peer groups.
• Explains why certain neighborhoods control deviance and why others are unable to minimize or eliminate it.
• Delinquency does not appear to be randomly distributed across Chicago neighborhoods, rates of delinquency appear to cluster in certain neighborhoods, delinquency rates are highest closest to the central business district; especially industry/commerce areas, delinquency declines as you move away from CBD.

OJ Simpson, like most famous athletes’ time and time again, grew up in a low economic household in which he felt like that was how things were supposed to be. His father was a chef and a bank custodian, while his mother did admin work at a nearby hospital. After his father left his family’s life during his youth, OJ was left with just his siblings and his mother. With his mom working hard to feed her four kids and keep a roof over their heads, this required her to take more hours. With no guidance from a father figure, as well as an always busy mother, OJ was bound to slip into the gang life. On top of that, in black neighborhoods single households are frequently common, which can also be an explanation as to why someone would become a part of a gang. The purpose of a gang is to survive and to become a part of a family, regardless of the activities that may come about. Some gangs are more violent than others, but the main premise seems to be consistent.

Rational Choice Theory:

When criminal acts are based on rational decision making then the illegal act is a rational choice; law violating behavior is the product of careful thought and planning. Offenders choose crime after considering both personal and situational factors.

Cost Benefit Analysis: Criminals behave in a predictable or rational way when deciding to commit crime based on a cost benefit analysis and is reduced by increasing the costs and reducing the potential for gain.

Another plausible reason why OJ Simpson (if he committed the crime) may have wanted his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson dead, because of the cost benefit analysis aspect of this theory. Since the divorce, some of OJ’s assets were being taken away from him, and at the same time his yearly salary was being divided from the divorce settlement. This can trigger any man to begin to wonder the “What if” of ideas. “What if Nicole was out of the picture, what would the positives be, compared to the negatives”? Another instance this ideology could be attributed to, is the incident in 2007, in which OJ committed kidnapping and armed robbery of two sports memorabilia dealers in a Las Vegas hotel room. The benefit in both outcomes outweigh the cost, and OJ thought that his decision making was rational for himself.

Conflict Theory:

Definition: Society is divided into groups with different resources, that often exploit and struggle with one another.

Symbolic Interactionism: Society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another.

Conflict theory assumption: Political and social elites exploit the less powerful and use the criminal justice system to maintain power and privileges.

In regard to OJ Simpson’s various encounters with the law, it is evident that he has many privileges that your average Joe does not. Whether that is because he has the financial means, which puts him in a higher social economic class, or simply because he can afford one of the nation’s best well-known defense attorneys. Putting him in this economically elite stratosphere, gives him more reasons to think that he is above the law and can get away with it, with suffering little to no consequences.

Neutralization:

Technique

Neutralization

Slogan

Denial of responsibility

Forces beyond my control made me break the law (e.g., my friends pressured me; my parents abused me).

“I didn’t mean it.”

Denial of injury

My delinquent act did not injure anyone (e.g., it was just a prank; I was just borrowing the money I took and was going to put it back).

“I didn’t really hurt anybody.”

Denial of the victim

The victimization was deserved; thus, it was not wrong given the circumstances (e.g., I cheated because the teacher gives unfair tests; we beat up the kid because he knows he has no right to be on our turf).

“They had it coming to them.”

Condemnation of the condemners

It is okay to break the law because those running society are all corrupt and on the take. They are just hypocrites to criticize what I do (e.g., look at all the “respectable” people committing white-collar frauds).

“Everyone’s picking on me.”

Appeal to higher loyalties

I was obligated to break the law, or I would lose my integrity and morality (e.g., I jumped into the fight to protect my friend; I lied to the police because it is wrong to snitch).

“I didn’t do it for myself.”

If we take a look at each category of the neutralization theory, the two categories that jump out the most are (Denial of responsibility) and (Denial of the victim), in regard to OJ Simpson’s past criminal behavior, during his trial over the kidnapping and armed robbery of two sports memorabilia dealers in a Las Vegas hotel room, in 2007. He claimed that he did not intend on committing the crime and that things just got blown out of proportion. It was evident that this incident wasn’t “blown out of proportion”, but actually a serious case. OJ had denial of both responsibility and the victim, because the sports memorabilia inside of the Las Vegas hotel room belonged to him. His mindset during the altercation was simply that he was going to take back what belonged to him, no matter how much force or threat that he needed to apply. After conviction and serving a total of 9 years out of his 33-year sentence, OJ was placed on parole and currently lives in the Vegas area. In a recent interview of the altercation with The Guardian, OJ was recorded saying “I am sorry the things turned out the way they did,” and “I had no intention to commit a crime.” After 9 years of reflection OJ seems to have accepted that he made an awful mistake and that there could have been nonviolent and legal ways, to get back what he believed belonged to him.

Routine Activities Theory:

Definition: Recurrent & prevalent activities that provide for basic population and individual needs…formalized work as well as the provision of standard food, shelter, sexual outlet, leisure, social interactions and childbearing. Cohen & Felson (1979)

Popular due to its connection with victimology & ecological crime prevention approach- 1980’s and resurgence of assumptions of the nature of human beings.

RAT- Assumptions:

• Criminal motivation & supply of potential offenders are constant.
• Never ending supply of persons ready, willing and able to engage in predatory crimes.
• Volume of criminal offenses is related to the nature of everyday patters of social interactions.

The logic of routine activity theory suggests two possibilities for actions that so-called good people might take. One is to engage in daily routines that minimize their contact with those motivated to commit crimes. The other is that, when in a situation where a “motivated offender” is present, to remove one of the elements needed for a crime to be possible.

Routine activities theory in effect embeds the concept of opportunity within the routine parameters of the day-to-day lives of ordinary people.

During OJ Simpson’s time with the “Persian Warriors”, this theory could apply during his reign inside the gang. The gang activities his peers and himself were involved in, could have been a routine day in and day out, in order to prove their worth. For instance, minor crimes such as shoplifting were probably the more common sorts of criminal activities that were being done, because if he/she was caught in the act, the punishment would not have been as severe as if they were doing more serious criminal offenses like robbery, battery, aggravated assault, and so on. Also, majority if not all of the gang members were adolescent minors, who just wanted to feel appreciated.

American Dream/Institutional Anomie Theory:

Definition: The American dream as “a commitment to the goal of material success, to be pursued by everyone in society under conditions of open, individual competition”.

The most efficient means to monetary gain often is to break the law, to rob with a gun, or to defraud the stock market through insider trading. Thus, anomie is criminogenic, and widespread anomie—as exists in American society—creates widespread lawlessness.

Social institutions link culture and social structure together in the context of the basic social functions any society must carry out in order to survive, including adaptation to the environment (economy), collective goal attainment (polity), social integration (legal system), and the maintenance of the society’s fundamental normative patterns (family, religion).

Although OJ Simpson legally gained the “American Dream” lifestyle, through his athletic and business successes, the robbery incident could correlate in a sense, because the robbery of memorabilia altercation could have been done for monetary gain. OJ Simpson’s finances were not as high as what they once were, since the famous trial over the homicide of his ex-wife and her friend post-trial. The lack of financial success that he once had, could have led to him wanting to somehow makeup for what he thought was taken away from him, as well as the memorabilia that he felt belonged to him as well. The kidnapping and robbery that took place, was to achieve monetary gain, which is an illegal act. OJ’s version of the American Dream, could have been a different interpretation compared to your average individual, which is why he indeed committed the crime.

Behavioural Intentions Of Young Adults: Impacts Of Sports Celebrity Endorsement

Consumer socialization refers to the process by which young people learn skills, knowledge, and attitudes from others through communication, which then assist them in functioning as consumers in the marketplace (Moschis and Churchill, 1978). The socialization theory maintains that “socialization agents” “transmit norms, attitudes, motivations, and behaviours to the learner” (Moschis and Churchill, 1978). A socialization agent can be described as a source of influence, which can be either an individual or company which is directly associated with the person and are found in the literature to be parents, peers, mass media, school, and through viewing television (Bush, 2004).

A strength of consumer socialization theory is that it has been used to establish how, through modelling, how consumers can learn through thought processes and consumption behaviours (Moschis and Churchill, 1978). A role model is anyone who can influence an individual consumer’s consumption decision of which the consumer has come in contact with (Bandura, 1977). As defined it is clear that the individual can have numerous role models, including teachers, friends and teachers; likewise, there have been many studies conducted surrounding the subject of how both peers and parents can influence consumption decisions of an individual (Carlson et al, 1994; Childers and Rao, 1992; Kim, Yang and Lee, 2015).

Although, there is a lack of literature investigating how role models impact young people where they have a lack of or little direct contact. Lockwood and Kunda (1997) found that individuals whom achieve outstanding achievement can act as role models to other people, which motivates young adults (18-35 years) (Petry, 2002) to adopt certain lifestyle patterns and self-images. Role models which fall under the bracket of influencing consumption behaviour without direct contact or meeting the consumer would be those on the internet through social media, as well as through newspapers or magazines. As acknowledged by Bandura (1986) these role models are known as vicarious role models. Therefore accordingly, anyone that an individual may come into contact with, whether that be an indirect or direct interaction can influence that individuals’ consumption decision.

The literature produced observed how vicarious role models can influence individuals on many different dependent variables, such as the impact of media portrayals of role models and its impact on occupational goals in women (Hopper-Losenicky, 2017), career aspirations (King and Multon, 1996) and how wishful identification with television characters can influence perceived similarity and character attributes of young adults (Hoffner and Buchanan, 2005). To summarise, the studies highlighted show that vicarious role models can adopt the role of socialization agents which can significantly impact occupational ambitions and self-views of young adults (Farren, 2018).

Celebrity athlete influence: Vicarious role model

The sports and entertainment industry is rapidly expanding, with the UK market currently valued between £500-750 million and forecast to surpass £1 billion is revenue by 2022 (Kolah, 2013). Concurrent with the expansion, marketing agencies have grew their portfolios by embracing sports sponsorship and marketing evidenced by the $5.77 billion growth in the last 10 years in the North American market (statista, 2018). It is now commonplace for a sports brand to have a vicarious role model as represented by a celebrity athlete spokesperson.

Nike and Uniqlo chose larger-than-life spokespeople (Brooks and Harris, 1998) like Michael Jordan and Roger Federer with deals worth $10billion (Ergdogan et al. 2001; Ding et al. 2010) and $300milion (businessofashion.com). A recent study by Harvard Business School concluded that having a renowned celebrity in brand advertisement can increase a company’s sales annually by 10 million dollars and spurs a .25% increase in stock returns (Tomaszek, 2015).

The reasoning for using celebrity endorsements is well documented in the literature; Costanzo & Goonight (2006) found that using a celebrity to endorse a brand will result in higher brand recall. Research has also suggested that celebrity endorsers can exercise influence as they are perceived as highly dynamic and have attractive and likeable qualities (Atkin and Block, 1983). Hakimi et al (2011) proposed that attractive endorsers improve a brand’s image and increase purchase intention of the brand. It has also been hypothesized that celebrity athlete endorsers, through their status and physical attractiveness, can add value to the product being endorsed (Freidman and Freidman, 1979). Whilst this research has increased our knowledge and understanding of celebrity endorsers and endorsements, few have measured the impact of celebrity athlete endorsements on young people as consumers. To assess the influence of a vicarious role model such as the celebrity athlete on young people this study uses consumer socialization as the theory underpinning this investigation. In theory, it is believed that the celebrity athlete will act as a socialization agent in a young persons’ consumer socialization process.

Behavioural Intentions: Results of socialization

The outcomes (or consumer skills) are a result of the socialization process which comes from the learning of consumer behaviours. One of these outcomes that may be particularly important to marketers is behavioural intentions, as these behaviours relate to whether a customer views a brand favourably or unfavourably.

The Correlations Of Sports And Media

There are numerous of sport that are shown on Terrestrial Tv such as BBC 1 – Match of the day, which is in the Saturday and shows us premier league highlights and currently shows live football, world cups, Olympics and Fa cup games. BBC 2 – Great north run, snooker world championship and the London marathon. ITV – rugby word cup, England games, oxford v Cambridge boat race, and women’s world cup. Channel 4 – Paralympics racing and f1. Channel 5 – cricket highlights, rugby highlight, formula E, Boxing and Rugby 7s. These are the variety of sports you can find in Terrestrial TV.

Satellite TV

There are many channels on satellite that are loyal sports channels such as Sky channels – Sky sports main event, sports F1, sky sports cricket, golf. However, to pandemic Covid 19 a lot more football games were being streamed at sky tv which helped a lot of fans to watch. BT sports – Champions league games are scheduled throughout the week, Live premiership football, UFC and French football (Ligue 1), You may have to pay extra to gain access to BT sports. However, the channels can be great but you still have to pay subscriptions. Eurosport suggest sports such as – snooker, swimming, winter Olympics.

Newspaper

Sports is regularly placed at the back of the newspaper in the week. On weekends Sports is set in the middle and at the back. Sundays and Mondays includes game reports/player grades and generals about the weekend’s fixtures. Football is the most famous sport in this country and mostly all papers will explain about football. Other sports include cricket, rugby, tennis, boxing, F1 and others are covered. Around these sports gets more attentions than others when in season. Women’s sports do not get a lot of attention compared to men sports. Women will only get attention if its women world cup.

Magazines

There are lots of magazines within shops about all types of sports and boxing is one of them. This magazine would cost £3-£6 because it is really interesting and it tells you everything about boxing. It is also interesting because Anthony Joshua explain how he got the Heavyweight Special.

Second example is about Basketball and it will charge you £3-£6. This is because it is very exciting and it inspires you to play basketball. This magazine is about Kyrie Irving being the next legend.

Autobiography Books

There are many books based on sport and the background of sport. These books can be valuable as you could understand more where a convinced sport originated from or the rules of a specific sport you enjoy playing. Some books might be based on a football, rugby, cricket. Also coaching books are also popular within sports.

Radio

Dedicated

You can listen to sports every day and usually professional player will host the argument. The world’s biggest sports on radio station is talk sports. Talk Sport is a sports radio station and the official broadcaster of the Premier League. Broadcasting 24 hours a day, besides football and includes live coverage of other sporting events like rugby, cricket and boxing.

Local radio coverage

Local Radio. BBC Radio Kent. BBC Radio Lancashire. BBC Radio Leeds. BBC Radio Leicester. BBC Radio Lincolnshire. BBC Radio London. BBC Radio Manchester. BBC Radio Merseyside. 95.6 BBC west midlands are our local radio station. Our local teams such as Birmingham city, Aston Villa, and many more. They would be explained on how games are played. But there are other local sports like rugby, basketball, boxing, and cricket can also be mentioned.

National radio coverage

All radio programs are available for live streaming over the Internet, and most (excluding drama, poetry and music) as audio-on-demand, or for download as MP3s for at least four weeks after broadcast. Some programs are available as MP3s going back to 2005, when Radio National commenced podcasting. This nation also plays music but it can break because it keeps you updated on scores in sports such as football, rugby and basketball.

Internet radio

Internet radio is getting more famous as you can listen anywhere online or if you have a good connection. Internet Radio UK, online radio stations, listen to internet radio Internet Radio UK lists all top online radio stations from the United Kingdom. There are many radio sports such as BBC sports live 5, BBC radio WM and talk sports.

Internet

Blogs

This blog about Zion Williamson talking about how he made to NBA and his past. Blogs are now popular with famous players writing about themselves. Next up on our list of the best sports blogs is tennis. Not only is tennis by far the most popular racket sport in the world, it’s one of the most popular sports in the world. The likes of Roger Federer, Serena Williams, Rafael Nadal and our very own Tim Henman have elevated what was already a well-loved sport to new heights in recent history.

Video sharing

Video sharing is when someone sends a video from any websites like YouTube sports videos and how some players educating us to learn. This photo suggests that how LeBron James play and also tell us game highlights.

Websites

London, England, United Kingdom About Website Follow us to keep up with the news on Football, Golf, Rugby, Cricket, Tennis, F1, Boxing and more from Sky Sports. Frequency 30 posts / day Also in UK Sports News Websites Website skysports.com 3. SB Nation | Sports News, video, live coverage, community. For example, NBA have their own websites which allow you to see fixtures and you can also buy seasons tickets.

Social media

Many sports have their own social media like Instagram and twitter including many more. The social media tools have impacted the sports from many different ways, such as communications and sports marketing. Obviously, social media is one of the most important tools for sports, the fans and the athletes. First of all, as we know, the population of social media users has increased dramatically over the past years.

Fan sites

Plenty teams have their own fan page like Liverpool. Liverpool fan page has many interesting things like they are doing giveaways and sell merchandise. It also has a women page about blogs. Also, Liverpool have a streaming site and have their own sponsorship.

Live streams

Live sport (live tv) is a free website for sport streams, videos and live score. Some live streams can charge you for each game you watch but watching interesting games like champion leagues will cost more. Also, some pages are illegal to watch because they don’t charge you and they have to.

P2P Sharing

P2P refers to peer-to-peer live streaming technology designed for sharing video streams online. Football matches are streamed live online using various technologies such as peer-2-peer technology or through popular video hosting networks. This form of watching live soccer is made available through the thousands of soccer fans on-line who share their streams with their mates through enabled websites.

Podcast

Aside from the TV set and Internet, podcasts are another way for ardent fans to get the latest sports news. Created on the lines of a radio show, podcasts enable individuals to broadcast their message to the public and are easy to follow.

How Did The Development Of Sports Media Effect Women’s Sport?

When sports media first began, it was predominantly male sporting events that got the most of the attention; female sports were almost irrelevant for quite a while. Producers saw male sport as more interesting and important. As you may have noticed, all of the events spoken about in the “the beginning of sports media” section are all male sports. The media was evidently more encouraged to get men’s sport on the television and make it more accessible than women’s sport. It was seen as far more important and entertaining than in 2003, HD television created a highly improved experience for spectators at home watching the game on live TV. Watching games in the highest possible resolution (and on bigger, brighter screens) makes sure that viewers get to see everything, and in greater detail than ever before. Being able to see the players actions and every move in clear definition makes fans feel more connected to the players but it also makes it more realistic for them- therefore increasing the excitement over sports events such as football matches but also world events such as the Olympics as they can watch sports such as gymnastics in perfect definition, meaning the elegance of their routines was portrayed so much more than when sport first came to television.

Soon after HD sports broadcasting, the public were able to access live sports on the internet. Streaming video over the internet first began in the 1990s; this was an audio stream from a Yankees and Mariners game in 1995. This was the first example of streaming sports on the radio; however bandwidth and hardware issues hindered the medium from getting any real traction until 2005.

Major League Baseball was a very common sport when it came to online broadcasting. ESPN was (and still is) at the front of the movement by creating their new online-only network which is named ESPN3.com. This was launched as an on-demand service in 2005, this means that anyone could watch it when they wanted to, it was not live sport, and it was previously recorded sport so people could catch up if they couldn’t watch it at the time it first was on television. However, it now broadcasts hundreds of live events and then also stores many of them for on-demand viewing later on for the people that want to watch it at a later date or for people that wish to re-watch the event. Nowadays, even obscure sports and leagues that don’t get the opportunity to be broadcasted by the big networks can use the internet as a ‘home’ for their videos and performances/matches.

Lastly, the development of three-dimensional televisions from 2008 onwards means that watching sports broadcasting at home may become as realistic as actually being at the event. However, three-dimensional televisions are only owned by the minority of the population meaning it will not have a serious impact on the way of sports broadcasting until it develops a more popular culture (mainstream item where majority of the population have one. The expense of these high technology televisions means that working class families (who make up the biggest percentage of the population) cannot afford the televisions, ultimately meaning that three-dimensional sports broadcasting will not be a popular culture until the prices drop to a price that people can actually afford. Furthermore, to experience the event in 3D, you must where the glasses that create the illusion – this ultimately turns people away from wanting the experience. This may change if an inventor is able to create a three dimensional television that does not require assistance to be three-dimensional, it is 3D no matter if you wear the glasses or not. If this invention ever occurs, there is a possibility that sports broadcasting will become the most realistic it has ever been from a media perspective.

The start of creating equality within the sports world for women was in 1943. The world was currently in midst of World War II, and at that time, baseball was seen to be the U.S.A’s most popular and unifying sport. Due to the war, there was absence of high amounts of men playing sport; instead they were out fighting for their country and alliances. Therefore, there were not enough men to keep the nation’s professional baseball league in action. In response to this absence, the first ever professional female sports team known called the All-American Girls Baseball League was born. Women participated in this league for more than a decade, and attendances as well as popularity in spectating were both extremely high, reaching 900,000 fans by the late 1940s.

Sadly, after the war ended and men returned home, more men began to play sport again. For the women, this meant that there was a lot less attention from both spectators and the media for women’s sport. There was a huge increase of televised major league matches (all of which were male events) which eventually led to the end of the All-American Girls Baseball league in 1954. This shows that to start with, women and sports media was seen as a replacement only, not a fixed article section. However, it can be argued that it wasn’t entirely the media’s fault that the league ended. Women were going back to their husbands and starting families causing them to not be able to participate anymore. The 1954 season (the last ever season for the league) ended with only five teams remaining. These teams were: Fort Wayne, South Bend, Grand Rapids, Kalamazoo, and Rockford.

For women, this was the first time they had been respected within the world of sport. Unlike men who have been seen as heroic sportsman for decades, even centuries beforehand. The male gender had the media’s attention left right and centre, leaving women sport to be almost invisible and rarely played unless (like the All-American Girls Baseball league) there was a reason that men were not able to play sport and entertain the crowds. Although, even in today’s time, where we are fighting for equal rights between genders in almost everything; sports media is still a male dominant matter.

However, the women who participated in this league were never forgotten. In 1992 (just under 40 years after the All-American Girls Baseball league had come to an end and the women went back to their own “normal” lives), a movie about the women that began the change within the division of gender in sports was made. The film was directed by Penny Marshall and stars Geena Davis, Tom Hanks, Madonna, Rosie O’Donnell, and Lori Petty. It doesn’t tell the full truth of the girls’ journey but a fictionalised version in order to make it a comedy/drama. Even though it was a fictionalised version, the main parts of the film are real life events, emotions and discrimination that these women were put through throughout their drive to succeed. The creation of this movie in 1992 shows that the outlook on women and their participation in sport and their place within sports media is changing with time. Women’s sport is coming to be much more accepted and historic sports women are often honoured in the media for helping to change the view of women in sport.

There is still a noticeable lack of female sports coverage within the media. Sponsorships are therefore going to also be male dominant as it will be seen much more on a male athlete due to increased sports media. This may also be a cause of the shocking female athlete salary statistics that prove that even in modern times; there is still a huge gender divide within sport as a whole, not just media coverage. In 2014, it was found that most of the major sports networks such as BBC sport devoted only a tiny segment of 5% of airtime to female sporting events. Furthermore, in some countries female sports coverage in the media has significantly been decreasing for the last 25 years, even though we have more female opportunities and campaigns within sport than ever before. Many sociologists believe this decline is due to the money involved. Male sporting events such as the FA cup are seen to be much more important and costly than female events. The most gender equal sport when it comes down to gender coverage and appreciation of the athletes is tennis. Events that are held on TV channels always include matches from both genders and role models such as Andy Murray and Serena Williams have huge amounts of support from people in their countries regardless of their gender. With these facts and statistics, it is extremely evident that there is most definitely a difference in sports media between the two genders, there always has been.

The Peculiarities Of Leadership In Sports

​It should be understood up front that this assignment regards a presentation to the Year 9 sports leaders, on attributes and responsibilities of sports leadership. To be precise, this assignment looks at the skills and advanced skills, the qualities and advanced qualities, and the core and wider responsibilities required by successful sports leaders . Similarly, the assignment focuses on a presentation to students about the qualities and responsibilities required by a sports leader to be successful. That said, the assignment progresses as follows.

​Apparently, just as leadership in other fields is important, leadership in sports is crucial. sport leaders vary from sports couches to fitness instructors , to school/college coaches. There are several attributes and responsibilities that are associated with successful leadership in sports.

The skills and advanced skills required by successful sports leaders

​One important skill that is needed by a sports leader for his/her success is knowledge. Being knowledgeable is an advantage that a successful sports leader can have over other sports leaders. He/she is able to do the right thing and at the same time avoid any wrong doing. In other words, this leader will comprehend all the laws and rules that govern the field of sports. He/she additionally will understand what are the best tactics or methods to enhance performance of the team. The knowledge skills will allow the leader to pass information to the team, hence help them develop new skills.

​Having excellent communication as well as interpersonal skills is also important for any leader in sports. As a leader, one ought to communicate effectively or create an environment that enhances effective communication. Effective communication involves both the conveyance of information and listening to the other party. This means that a successful sports leader should provide a listening ear to his team. He/she should be able form positive relationships with his/her team such that the team will be able to communicate effectively as well. This is important as it allows the leader to access any information that can be helpful in making any necessary changes or adjustments. Consequentially, there will be enhanced trust between the leader and his/her team. These skills will generally enhance the connection between the leader and the team. If any miscommunication arises, many challenges are bound to be presented. For instance, a miscommunication on time and venue for a coaching session could result in late reporting or missing the session altogether.

​Another skill that is crucial is organizational skills. As a sports leader, one should be organized. This applies to him/her as a person, and his team. He/she should not only come up with plans but also help in implementing the plans. Without a plan in place, it would be impossible to achieve any positive results. This implies that, the leader should ensure appropriate systems and necessary routines are put in place for the team to achieve any set goals. The leader must ensure that the team have a direction and know what it takes to reach their destination. This should start at individual level and progresses at a team level. If one is organized, bringing a team together and maintaining their togetherness will be easy as 1,2,3. Organization of the team reduces chances of anxiety in the team members. It helps them to be prepared mentally and handle competition with ease. It also keeps the motivation of the team in check.

​Observational skills are also important to a successful sports leader. As a leader, one should be able observe the finest details there is. The observational skills should be coupled with the ability of him/her to analyze the situation in an effective way. The analysis is relevant in coming up with ways that can enhance the team’s performance. The observational skills will go a long way in foreseeing any failure hence will help in the planning of the adjustments or changes needed. The observational skills should originate from the leader himself. He/she should be aware of himself/herself such that he/she will notice anything that out of place. The self awareness will be a guide in the analysis process.

​A successful sports leader must be innovative. Innovation skills are relevant in resolving any challenges that occur. As a leader, one should not only rely on the existing ways of tackling problems. He/she should therefore be ready to come up with fresh new ideas that can serve as the best solution to the problems. The leader should be ready to learn and apply new techniques that can enhance performance of the team. Although not all the new ideas may lead to successes, failure to try them can be disadvantageous. An innovative leader passes the same ability to his/her team members as a person and as a group.

​Similarly, the sports leader ought to have patience and flexible. While the leader can impact a change on the techniques or method s of enhancing performance of the team, he/she cannot force their effectiveness. The best thing he/she can do is watch and wait. This is where patience comes in. He/she should know that success cannot come in one day hence the need for perseverance. This will translate in the team having patience themselves and keep doing their best. When it come to flexibility, sports leaders need to be ready for any change or adjustments. As mentioned before, there may reach a time when the techniques or methods in place may not work. As a leader, one should one should come up with ways that may serve as solutions to the existing problems. This will translate in the team being flexible as well.

The qualities and advanced qualities of a successful sports leaders

​The basic qualifications of one being a leader in sports is having a foundation in areas like health science, sports science, sport coaching as well as sports management. However if one wants to be a successful sports leader, there are several qualities he/she must have.

​A successful sports leader should be a positive role model. As a person in leadership, one should set a good example to his/her team in whatever he/she does. If this leader if filled up with all positive behaviors, there is no doubt that the team will follow soot. The team members will be able to conduct themselves positively. Also just as awareness is a skill, it is a quality of a successful sports leader. The leader should be close to the team members for him/her to be aware of what is going on. He will be able to know the strengths and the weaknesses of the team. This is necessitated by effective communication whereby, he/she talk and relate with the team. As sports leader, being passionate is key. Passion makes it easier for the leader drive the team through loses and defeat. Similarly, passion serves as a drive towards the achievement of the set goals. Being passionate means that one will remain positive at all times. He will be committed and dedicated in everything that he/she does.

​Another important quality of a successful sports leader is the will to win. In this leader’s mind, failing is not an option. As a result, he/she does whatever necessary to increase the chances of winning. He/she pushes his/her team in the hardest ways possible to compete effectively. For example, a coach will create time to train with the team, bring positive energy to the table and lead the team to victory. However, this does not mean the leader should employ unethical techniques or methods in acquiring the victory. The will to win can be coupled with confidence.

​Being visionary also serves as a good quality of a successful sports leader. Before implementing any techniques, a successful sports leader envisions their success in his/her mind. The availability of a vision forms a basis of the motivation of both the leader and the team. Sharing of one’s vision as a sports leader will draw the necessary support from the team. Having a vision in place therefore makes it possible for all the stake holders to know the way to success and what are the obstacles to success. It also dictates of what is to be done to achieve the set goals. A vision is there to provide directions of the dos and don’ts in order to achieve maximum performance.

​As a sports leader, one should also be able to induce success to his/her team through motivation. Motivation is said to make the impossible possible. Motivation can be described as an umbrella for drive, persistence, perseverance as well as determination. If a team is motivated, there is no obstacle that can hinder their performance. As a sports leader, it is important that you provide motivation to your team. Although internal motivation will go a long way, lack of external motivation can pull someone down (especially in the field of sports). This means that as a leader, one should create an environment that allows each of the team members to feel motivated in all aspects. The leader should be there to support the team from the start to the end. For instance as a coach, one can create time to coach the team. This however does not mean that coaching the team from Monday to Sunday will guarantee success. Sometimes being motivational can simply mean giving the team some time to rest and rejuvenate. It may only need the lead to be there to support them physically and emotionally. Encouraging the team at all times will serve as motivation.

The core and wider responsibilities of a successful sports leaders

​Regarding the core and wider responsibilities of a successful sports leaders, there is a number that can been considered. The primary role of such leaders is enhancing the performance of their teams. They help the team exploit their full potentials. In the case of a couch, he/she ensures the athlete perform s his best at most if not all times. These responsibilities include:

• The leader assesses the strengths as well as the weaknesses of each of the member of the team. This way, he/she is able to make necessary adjustments or changes.
• He/she evaluates the performance of the team. In so doing, he/she is able to provide the necessary feedback in order for the team members to improve on their areas of weakness.
• The leader conducts himself/herself in a professional manner. This means that he/she promotes fair play in his team BY ensuring all the rules of the ‘game’ are followed.
• He/she is responsible of supervising the performance of the team so as to ensure the safety requirements are adhered to. This is necessary in developing relevant insurance policies as per the institution in question.
• Ensure the team members or participants perform or practice in a safe and healthy environment. The leader should have intervention measures in place in case an accident happens.
• The leader should be knowledgeable of the legal requirements for the specific sport or activity being carried out. This way, the laws and the legislation for safety of the team are enhanced.
• He/she ensures that children and their rights are protected in any activity they participate.
• He/she should enhance equality among the participants. He/she should not be biased on the basis of race, gender, age, physical ability as well as economic background of the players.
• The leader should ensure all the necessary rules and regulations for the specific activity are followed.
• Ensures all the records of the team’s performance are kept well and looking out for available competition for the team.
• This leader promotes ethics and values among the participants/team.

​The two sport leaders I have interest in are Alex Ferguson and Phil Jackson. The two are top sport leaders whose performance has been felt by the world. There are several differences and similarities among the two when it comes to their leadership. The similarities are that, both Alex and Phil possessed great communication skills. Apparently both were able to effectively convey information through verbal and non-verbal communication to their teams. They were also good listeners who paid attention to their teams. They both motivated their teams by saying the right words to the players. Secondly, both leaders were self-confident. They both oozed positivity .Their self-confidence yielded in their team believing and trusting in their knowledge and skills. As a result these two got the relevant support from their seniors and juniors. The two can be said to have garnered a lot of followers due to their self confidence.

​Another similarity between Phil Jackson and Alex Ferguson is that both were honest and showed the highest form of integrity. Both showed no form of prejudice during their leadership in their respective fields. Similarly, both had emotional intelligence. Not only were they aware of their own emotions, but also were aware of emotions of other people around them. As such, both knew just how to be compassionate, empathetic and sympathetic towards their teams.