Category: Artificial intelligence

As we know that Artificial Intelligence and disruptive technologies like Robotics tend to have a significant impact on the development of humanity today, Muller and Vincent C. (2020) aim to find answers to the problems associated with systems built using these technologies. The authors talk about ethical issues that arise with the use of these technological systems, their impact on privacy and surveillance, behavioral manipulation, and much more. The increasing inclusion of these advanced technological systems in the real-world will demand planning and enforcement of various policies to refine the law which is easier said than done.

The latest EU policy that focuses on ‘trustworthy AI’ is one such example of a policy that acts as a good first step in the refinement of ethical and lawful usage of various disruptive technologies. The usage of surveillance data enhances the overall soundness of military operations and regulation on privacy at the individual as well as state-level turns out to be an incredibly difficult act. Thus, learning from the traditional problems faced can better help improve the overall conditioning of law and order using artificial intelligence.

Ali (2020) considers the cyber domain to be the battlefield of advanced technologies made up of AI, quantum computing, machine learning, etc. and states that the opaqueness of such technologies may disrupt the accomplishment of military objectives by the key decision-makers. The author insists on completely understanding the process behind how such a complex technological system makes decisions as otherwise, it may never fulfill the mental requirements, and certainly lead to disastrous consequences. The combination of Quantum Computing (QC) and Quantum Information Science (QIS) with artificial intelligence and machine learning is known as battlefield singularity from national security and armed conflict standpoint.

The battlefield singularity is a concept that revolves around the enhanced ability of artificially intelligent systems than human decision-making capability which can prove to be decisive in scenarios of conflict. The concept of proportionality which is associated with injury to civilian populations, loss of life, and property damage in case of hostilities, has also been talked about in the article and the usage of AI, QC, and ML-based weapons to justify the concept of proportionality in such scenarios is what raises concern on the usage of such technological advancements.

Ivey (2020) has discussed the ethical lessons learned in the national security law during the 18 years after the incident of 9/11 and how these lessons can be applied in the future by the national security lawyers while incorporating artificial intelligence in the planning process. The author focuses on the practical aspects of AI that must be considered by national security lawyers before advising their clients to ensure that ethical boundaries are being followed. Three such practical aspects that the author has suggested are predictability, accountability, and controlled human control, and these should be incorporated at any cost by the national security lawyers. The prior knowledge of adversaries that may arise on the battlefield can be extremely helpful in following the ethical boundaries in AI hence learning about the technology, and defining terms and standards may help the national security lawyers keep their clients under ethical boundaries.

Kechedji, Bojovic, and Cvorovic (2018) talk about the influence of AI on foreign policy and security. The authors bring attention to the fact that machines are not humans, thus, lack the differentiation between what is right, and what is wrong. That means international organizations and world powers must incorporate AI standards to improve the law and security-based decisions. The vulnerability of AI applications towards cyber-attacks raises concerns about accountability, transparency, and ethical considerations. Lastly, implications of AI on national and international security are severe hence investing in the AI can greatly help strengthen the foreign policy and security of any country all over the globe.

As of late, artificial intelligence changed into the unequivocally hot progress. All the nations over the globe have been vigorously contending in the race of computerized reasoning usage. About 20 European nations have created various techniques in executing AI on both education and R&D. There are some essential acceptable and some other down to earth issues which must be considered before letting AI to select up its all pace. We concur that artificial intelligence can satisfy and is able to process corresponding to human insight. There are numerous institutions effectively taking an interest foundation which are improving AI in subjective fields of critical thinking, wellbeing and mechanization and so forth. However, these are very few that are nonattendance of compassion, intuition and dominance in dynamic, due to these limits their joining into society be unquestionably not completely embraced.

Right now, let us sort and survey some of the main moral contemplations of artificial intelligence.

Loss of Job and Wealth Disparity

This specific issue straightforwardly influences the general population. This issue is the essential worry of numerous individuals that they may lose their positions in future. Numerous individuals lose their positions as well as their work.

As per ongoing reports from McKinsey Global Institute, around 80 centers of individuals will lose their positions and be supplanted by AI driven robots. Indeed, even some contend on a point that there are significantly more open doors that are made by these fake insightful robots. There are occupations which are made by these robots, these employments require a customized range of abilities to coordinate the necessities which a traditional specialist couldn’t meet right now. All things considered, the occupations would be just making these robots or creating them.

There is another indisputable issue that is the wealth uniqueness. In a standard methodology people were paid as necessities be to their working hours and the proportion of work which they do. All the leftover compensation would be considered as advantage. At the point when these robots are introduced then there would be no need of portion of wages to robots anyway simply the upkeep cost would be incorporated. That suggests the CEO’s and the heads would have hearty pay and would grow twofold increasingly excessive. This infers there would be an uncommon difference in the wealth. Again, a comparative circumstance develops where the rich become increasingly indulgent and the poor gets progressively awful.

Imperfection of Artificial Intelligence

There are even conditions that apply in the usage of artificial intelligence. In case data isn’t precisely confined and given to the robots that use AI there may be a chance of committing mistakes. By this we can say that AI isn’t protected to submit mistakes. An example is Microsoft’s AI-based chatbot named as Tay which was moved in Twitter in 2016. It manages the data got from Twitter. The visit bot began reacting so that it figured out how to heave bigot slur and Nazi purposeful publicity.

Military Robots

Jay Tuck in a TED talk portrayed AI as a product that programs itself to get redesigned. By this we can say that Artificial Intelligent robots don’t work for our motivation however they deal with what they realize He cited a model about a modernized weapon which slaughtered 9 individuals and almost injured 14 others by getting stuck.

Weapons which are totally self-deciding need human judgment that is noteworthy in settling on a choice about a flying ambush, for instance it lacks in distinguishing civilian to combatant.

AI Behaving Cosmetic

It has been appeared in different movies about AI robots going rouge. As there are chances for AI robots to do blunders there are even odds of these robots winding up being rouge. As showed by present types of progress and hardware there isn’t any opportunity of such sort of issues occurring.

There is another situation where AI is utilized in clinical research applications. Right now, robot programming is customized in order to contemplate the infection and build an antibody for the particular infection. Be that as it may, this mechanical programming rather modified another infection as opposed to programming an immunization.

Bias in Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence has come to be increasingly more inalienable in facial and voice awareness frameworks, some of which have genuine business undertaking suggestions and promptly impact individuals. These frameworks are inclined to predispositions and goofs brought by means of its human producers. Likewise, the data used to prepare these AI frameworks itself can have predispositions. For example, facial perception calculations made with the guide of Microsoft, IBM and Megvii all had predispositions when identifying individuals’ gender. These AI frameworks had the option to understand the gender of white people extra absolutely than gender of darker pores and skin people. Similarly, Amazon.com end of AI enlisting and enrollment is each other model which renowned that AI can’t be reasonable; the calculation wanted male applicants over female. This was on the grounds that Amazon’s framework was once instructed with data amassed over a 10-year term that arrived comprehensively talking from male up-and-comers.

Would AI have the option to wind up being bias? Taking everything into account, that is a tangled request. One ought to fight, that splendid machines do never again have an ethical compass nor a great deal of norms like we individuals do. Regardless, even our moral compass and thoughts every so often do never again get mankind with everything taken into account, so how might we ensure that AI retailers don’t have unclear flaws from their creators? In case AI’s particular inclination towards or in opposition to race, gender, religion or ethnicity, by then the deficiency will lie every now and then on how it was instructed and arranged. Right now, who work in AI examine need to spare inclination in hypothesis while recognizing what information to use.

Keeping Control over AI’s

The AI’s development would perhaps outperform people. They may develop to be more brilliant than individuals after attempt to oversee us. The factor at which time outperforms human knowledge is alluded to as ‘mechanical peculiarity’. Some concur with this can flag the stop of the human innovation and that it can happen as right on time as 2030 based at the pace of innovative advancement. AIs principle to human elimination it’s smooth to perceive why the headway of AI is unnerving to numerous individuals.

Conclusion

The chance of progress in present AI structures that beat human information is terrifying. Likewise, the ethical challenges that go with AI allotment are unusual. The key will be to keep up these troubles in finding in order to examine the broader social issues at play. Whether or not AI is correct or terrible can be examined from various uncommon edges with no one theory or framework being the best. We have to hold mulling over and stay adapted in order to choose right choices for our future.

Introduction

When you hear the word ‘artificial intelligence’ the first thing that comes to mind is robotics, but what truly is artificial intelligence and what does the future hold for it? According to Wikipedia, artificial intelligence also referred to as machine intelligence, is any device or machine that mimics cognitive functions humans associate with the human mind such as learning and problem solving. Examples of artificial intelligence in our day to day lives include: Siri, Google, drones, advertising and so much more. Every industry is incorporating artificial intelligence into its back bone in one form or the other, changing the way we think and live. The future of artificial intelligence is both fascinating and a constant cause of concern, therefore what will our future look like with the advancement of artificial intelligence? Here are a few case scenarios.

Job Losses

According to Forrester, in a recently published article ‘The Future of Work’, which gives a pragmatic view on the influence of artificial intelligence and automation in our job industry, it predicts that by 2030, job losses will reach a rate of twenty nine percent (equating to roughly 20 million jobs eliminated) with an even lesser job creation percentage of thirteen percent. Not every company or organization will be able to jump upon the artificial intelligence train and will risk being overtaken by companies with a firmer hands-on approach to artificial intelligence. Jobs such as data entry, inventory trackers, proofreaders, receptionists will be replaced by artificial intelligence. Presently we see patterns of jobs becoming obsolete with the emergence of self-driving cars, drone and factory automation.

New Discoveries

Artificial intelligence will lead to more new and important discoveries in the future, through its predictive modelling. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory was able to predict new thermoelectric materials when it’s artificial intelligence left unattended, examined old scientific papers. In 2017, NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) reported the discovery of an eight-planet solar system by an AI and in 2019, with the help of AI, two new planets were discovered by astronomers at the University of Texas. What this spell for the future of artificial intelligence are new discoveries that will not only lead to scientific breakthrough but in lesser periods of time. Less back breaking work for scientists who do not have to pore through thousands of scientific records especially in cases of emergencies. It can also predict the emergence of any new virus, disease or epidemic and discover a corresponding drug to treat it. Beyond that with well written and researched algorithms, AI can also predict preventive measures to stop any such epidemic from happening.

Healthcare

AI accesses multiple sets of data to reveal patterns in diseases, diagnosis and treatments. This in turn will help the healthcare industry develop AI algorithms that will improve longevity and predict the onset of diseases, improve drug research processes and aid doctors in diagnosis. Drones are already transforming the delivery of medical services by providing medical supplies, search and rescue operations and medical care. This technology will benefit countries with poor medical services greatly. Also, nanotechnology combined with artificial intelligence will create a totally different way in which we treat diseases. By using nanotechnology, AI can identify bad cells, especially in cancer patients, tumor penetration and drug delivery.

Robot Companions

Remember the movie ‘I, Robot’ and the Nickelodeon TV show, ‘I Am Frankie’? With the onset of robotics research that focuses on replicating and learning human behavior, we have robots like Sanbot, Buddy and ASIMO. These robots will shape the robots of the future. They will do much more than work in factories, they could act as care givers or simply home companions. A robot that is capable of running searches the same way as your smartphones can, schedule appointments, respond to questions and run basic human errands. So, imagine a world where a robot companion can carry on intelligent conversations and provide information that you will usually seek out on the internet, prepare meals according to your health needs and perform functions that will smoothen the daily activities of the average human.

Safety Concerns

The Turing test is a method in artificial intelligence that determines if a computer has the ability to think like a human being. This test was developed by Alan Turing in1950. In 2014, a chat bot known as Eugene Goostman made judges think it was human and led to a lot of raised concerns. Does this mean that with prolonged research, robots can insert themselves seamlessly into our environments? Vladimir Putin, former president of Russia stated that “Artificial intelligence is the future, not only for Russia but for all humankind. It comes with enormous opportunities, but also threats that are difficult to predict. Whoever becomes the leader in this sphere becomes the ruler of the world”. These threats that could become a major source of concern range from abuse of power, artificial intelligent warfare or weaponized robotics and robot rights. Also, artificial intelligence meant as a source for saving lives could be used as a biological weapon. Artificial intelligence makes use of data to predicts trends, data collected from online searches. Deepfake technology, another fast-rising concern enables a person in a media source such as videos or pictures to be replaced by someone else’s image. This has made its way into app technology such as the Zao, a Chinese deepfake app, politics in which powerful politicians are misrepresented in videos and use of peoples’ faces in pornographic media. In the wrong hands, is anyone really safe?

Conclusion

Artificial intelligence is going to change the way we view the world both positively and negatively. Anyone who hold the power of AI in his or her hands has to be cautious in its usage. Privacy laws and security parameters should be reviewed to protect everyone from vulnerability. Beyond that the positives currently outweigh the negatives, therefore if researches continue to be done with transparency and accountability, the balance would not tip in favor of the negative.

Essay Example #2

Essay on Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence forms an important part of every sector of life in today’s technologically advanced world. From robots to software and applications, the distribution of artificial intelligence spreads far and wide. With every passing day, as new technologies are being introduced, the dependency on machines grows. On one hand, advocates of artificial intelligence strongly promote the concept of the “robotic age” and claim that it will bring about a slew of benefits. On the other, the idea of living in a world dominated by machines terrifies ordinary people. In movies, specifically in the Hollywood sci-fi genre, artificial intelligence is portrayed as dangerous and inherently evil. However, in real life, thus far, artificial intelligence has only served to benefit society and the world as a whole. The question is now whether artificial intelligence will dominate social welfare, healthcare, and the workforce or it won’t dominate? Generally, this question comes with a range of negative connotations. However, this need not be the case. The answer is affirmative and for all the right reasons. Artificial intelligence will improve and advance civilization remarkably with major changes visible in the key fields of ethics, social welfare, healthcare, and workforce.

The ethical issues involved with the employment and use of artificial intelligence are far too much for a world that runs on machines. It is disconcerting to learn of the ethical implications and gray areas involved in the use of technology. A comforting factor, as Kurzweil puts it, is the fact that the world of artificial intelligence is not the sole responsibility of one singular person (1). The widespread usage of technology and artificial intelligence by billions of people all over the world is accompanied by an understanding of the outcomes of this accessibility. All users of technology are aware of the pros and possible cons of interacting with artificial intelligence. In spite of that, the number of users of technology continues to rise on a daily basis. Starting from Netflix’s movie recommendation algorithm to digital virtual assistants, artificial intelligence is part of every dimension of everyday life. Here, the only problem that remains is the ignorance of the potential of artificial intelligence and the lack of awareness of what it can achieve. In games, the use of artificial intelligence has proven quite successful and defeats top-notch players. Employing such technology in a controlled environment within a game is vastly different from the application of artificial intelligence in the real world (Bostrom and Eliezer 317). The unpredictability of the world makes this task highly risky. A simple error can result in catastrophes on a massive scale (Bostrom and Eliezer 318). However, since “human-level” artificial intelligence still has multiple decades before it is introduced in society, specialists are confident that the necessary ethical standards will be devised will in time (Kurzweil 1). At its current rate and stage, it is safe to say that artificial intelligence is well on its way to firmly planting its roots in society and its development into the future – keeping all necessary precautions in place.

When it comes to social welfare, artificial intelligence gets a bad name due to consistent claims that it endorses and promotes violence in society. One of the major outlets of artificial intelligence happens to be video games. It is not a secret that critics have strongly opposed modern-day video games under the banner of social welfare. However, Pinker makes an important argument by pointing out that, today, many different misdemeanors, from minor to major, are punished by simple fines (3). On the contrary, by studying the history of societies, one can see that violent punishments for all crimes, petty or otherwise, are a dominant norm. In fact, violence was even used largely for entertainment purposes. Pinker gives the example of the burning of animals and death by unleashing starving animals on the victim (3). If one were to look at the statistical data of this claim, acts of violence decreased from 1945 to 2010 (Pinker 3). Additionally, civil wars declined and genocides observed a 90% reduction (Pinker 3). While this significant drop in violence cannot be attributed to a single factor, it is safe to say that artificial intelligence played a significant role in influencing this reduction. Through the use of simulation in video games, artificial intelligence provided an outlet for violent releases. The term coined for this concept is “fantasy aggression” and it is where users release their pent-up anger or negative emotions through outlets such as violent video games. A cathartic vent, these games allow users to indulge in violent acts in a virtual and controlled environment. Interestingly enough, Weber notes that such behavior limits carrying out similar acts in a “behavioral domain” (350). Artificial intelligence in itself does not initiate or employ the use of components that bring about violence. In essence, it is a safe technology that can be trusted to dominate and advance the world safely.

Another important field that would only benefit from the domination of artificial intelligence is the field of medicine and healthcare. The use of artificial intelligence in the medical field has brought about remarkable advancements since the beginning. One of the most important applications of artificial intelligence in medicine is the management, storage, and collection of data. Through this accumulation of data by means of technology, the foundation of digital medicine is laid. As opposed to simple antibiotics, artificial intelligence is capable of providing and devising treatment options for an extensive range of illnesses. Artificial intelligence is capable of applying decision-making abilities based on the context and situation at hand through the use of the aforementioned data storage. In this manner, artificial intelligence is quite similar to the human mind and its ability to learn and apply knowledge. Moreover, parallel processing enhances the overall efficiency and effectiveness of treatment methods that make use of artificial intelligence. It also goes without saying that machines do not grow tired or weary, unlike human beings. These two factors together almost entirely eradicate the chances of error, leaving behind the perfect doctor. So far, artificial intelligence has seen continuous improvement and in the process, it has empowered and benefited the individuals who employ its usage (Kurzweil 1). While the medical field has already come a long way since earlier years, the developments that are yet to come once artificial intelligence is fully introduced will, without a doubt, be phenomenal in accuracy and dependability. Assimilating artificial intelligence in the field of healthcare and allowing it to dominate this sector opens the door to a medical revolution.

As far as the workforce goes, the influence of artificial intelligence is already obvious ever since the introduction of the digital computer. Over the past few decades, almost every sector has incorporated artificial intelligence in one manner or the other. Alongside this widespread incorporation of technology came the rapid fear of artificial intelligence taking over the workforce entirely. However, with every new development in technology and the introduction of novel machinery, this fear has reared its head. Even in the 18th and 19th centuries, prior to the Industrial Revolution, the worry over the effects of automation on the workplace was rampant. Today, this fear stands just as baseless as it did all those years ago. The potential that artificial intelligence has to transform economies on a global scale is unprecedented. Without a doubt, incorporating artificial intelligence on a large-scale basis in the workforce will improve productivity significantly. In addition to higher efficiency levels, Wilson, Daugherty, and Branzino bring to light an important finding that has largely been glossed over: new job categories (13). While everyone is fearing for their current jobs and titles, no one is paying attention to the plethora of new job openings that will be introduced. A multitude of “uniquely human” jobs are not only going to be introduced to the workforce and marketplace, but will also need to be filled (Wilson, Daugherty, and Bianzino 14). An example of such a job position would be “trainer.” This person would be responsible for teaching artificial intelligence systems how to perform and function – a role that can only be played by a human. While a significant number of jobs will be eradicated, many new opportunities will be introduced. In the domination of the workforce, artificial intelligence will completely alter the landscape of current jobs and positions.

To conclude, artificial intelligence is well on its way to world domination. While that may sound like a terrifying and foreboding future, there is no significant or solid proof to show that the use, application, implementation, and assimilation of artificial intelligence will harm the world in any way. So far, technology has only served to improve upon prevalent situations and current living conditions. Artificial intelligence has effectively benefited those who created it and those who used it. Unlike depictions in Hollywood sci-fi movies, the world is not susceptible to an attack by robots gone rogue. For those who still have their doubts, according to scientists, a hypothesis can be disproved by the introduction of one instance where it does not hold true. To date, artificial intelligence has proven to be nothing short of beneficial. In terms of ethics, social welfare, healthcare, and workforce, artificial intelligence is well on its way to groundbreaking success. As these are the major aspects of life on a daily basis, advancements in technology in these fields will matter a significant deal more than they would in any other field. Improving ethical standards, benefitting social welfare through controlled environments, advancing healthcare significantly, and revolutionizing the workforce; artificial intelligence is the miracle no one asked for but everyone needs. World dominance by artificial intelligence will greatly improve the quality of life and transform the world.

Is an AI, artificial intelligence, capable of having emotions in the future? In the past century, robots have shown to be able to replicate human characteristics. Artificial intelligence and human intelligence demonstrate a distinct relationship in the area of a human’s mental process, like emotions and instincts, because AI is being programmed to have human-like, emotions, intelligence levels, and instincts. Are AIs capable of having a similar mental process as humans? Some experiments have shown us, Homo sapiens, that eventually, one-day robots will have emotions to be able to choices as a human would. Soon, robots will also be capable of intelligence or much superior and have human instincts to be able to tell how to react in certain situations.

According to an experiment by Gordon Briggs and Matthias Scheutz, robots can pretend to have emotions to make the test subject reconsider their commands. This experiment has supported the claim; robots can be programmed to mimic emotions to get to their needs. “The study suggests a robot that rejects commands can dissuade people from insisting on a course of action”. (Briggs and Scheutz). Robots can’t show emotion since computer scientist aren’t capable to program AIs to have human-like emotions. Compared to humans, they are born with being able to show emotions. Robots can ‘fake it ‘till they make it’. According to Walsh, he believes we are not in intermediate danger since robots have limitations. Compared to Briggs’ and Scheutz’s experiment, Walsh believes robots are not capable of having the same emotions as a human does. In contrast, Briggs’ and Scheutz’s claim that robots are capable of pretending to have emotions so they can manipulate humans. Each day robots are improving by using their knowledge, just as humans do to improve themselves. Some robots have the same ability to having similar intelligence levels as humans. Because there have been experiments to support this claim.

Some scientists have believed robots are not capable of having the same intelligence level as humans. According to Tobu Walsh, a professor at TU Berlin, robots can develop similar thinking processes as humans, but not like a human thinking process. Walsh explains how robots are not capable of having the similar intelligence has humans, “Of course, human intelligence is a special point, because we are, as far as we know, unique in being able to build artifacts that amplify our intellectual abilities”. Robots do have limits in intelligence compared to humans who can improve their intelligence. Scientist Gary Marcus contradicts Walsh’s claim. Marcus implies that robots or AIs have similar or higher intelligence levels compared to humans. He explains a test that will help us to prevent us from being tricked by a chatbot. The Turing test is a test similar to Rubicon, which is asking the player a lot of simple questions. This test is meant to able to distinguish humans and robots, easily. But the disadvantage of this test that it can be easily outsmarted by a robot who is programmed to know the answers to this test. This is a good example to support the claim of having the chance that robots are capable to outsmart humans. Just like in Briggs’ and Scheutz’s experiment that had shown that robots are capable of developing a similar intelligence level as humans to be able to show emotion. Although robots have limits, robots could probably in the future be able to surpass those limits.

In some past experiments, there has been evidence proving that robots have shown to be programmed by scientists to have human-like instincts. In Briggs’ and Scheutz’s article, they have described an experiment that had a robot jump off the table and fall into the scientist’s arms. When the robot went to the edge of the table, it was instructed to jump off but it was also intimated to jump since its sensors were going off. After checking the ‘felicity conditions’, the robot fell into the scientist’s arms. Just like humans, the robot needed to have trust in the scientist to fall into his arms. Also, like human’s instincts, the robot was scared and didn’t feel safe enough to do it. Which is similar to a human when they get nervous and tend to question if it is safe enough. Another piece of evidence to support this claim, robots are slowly developing similar characteristics of human instincts is described in Marcus’ ‘Am I, Human?’. When the chatbot noticed that the scientist was asking him a series of questions to see if the chatbot was an actual chatbot. The chat bot immediately asks the scientist if he is trying to trick him. When a person is questioned, they become defensive and try to defend themselves.

Every day, scientists are proving robots that have the capability of having a similar mental process of a human. Why is it important for a robot to have a similar mental human process? The more the robots are programmed to have intelligence, the more likely the robots will be capable to develop similar emotions and instincts as a human. It might be a positive advantage or it might be a negative inconvenience. In the past robots were only capable of doing small things, like solve a simple math problem or distinct colors. Probably, in the future, robots will be able to do basic human tasks. Robots can develop by themselves, which will make it possible that they can develop to have a human mental process. In the future maybe robots will take over the world or they would just enjoy living like a human. Robots may be the end of humanity or the beginning of a great future. Will humans be capable of preventing robots from taking over the world? Humans can prevent robots from dominating the world by making sure robots will be able to develop by themselves. Although, with the help of humans, because they can still control how much the robots will develop. Will robots in the future be capable to cry like we cry when we see a dog die in a movie? There might be a possibility, robots would be able to develop without the help of scientists or robots won’t be capable to develop without the help of scientists.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a broad term that encompasses several areas, including computer science, business, engineering, biology, psychology, mathematics, statistics, logic, philosophy, and linguistics. AI is unique and contentious due to its complexity and power (Siau, 2018). AI can be divided into two types: weak AI and strong AI. In contrast to weak AI, which can only process certain tasks, researchers from several areas are working together to develop strong AI (artificial general intelligence), which will be capable of processing multiple tasks with human-like intelligence. Researchers are concerned that general AI would lead to superintelligence (Müller and Bostrom, 2016), which might be loosely defined as “any intellect that substantially exceeds the cognitive performance of humans in almost all sectors of interest” (Mulgan, T., 2016).

Humans have now created artificial life that can execute simple tasks utilizing artificial intelligence technology. With the advancement of technology, more complex artificial life will be born and evolve, eventually producing human-like emotions and ‘humanity’. At that moment, we must decide if they have rights and whether – and when – they are entitled to the same rights, freedoms, and protections as humans (Li, H.Y., An, J.T. and Zhang, Y., 2021). The idea is that the more advanced AI becomes, the more risks it will pose to humans. For example, AI may bring mass unemployment, make decisions that people do not comprehend or control, lead to wealth redistribution, and finally replace humans (Siau and Wang, 2018).

Ethics is a difficult, intricate, and perplexing topic. Even the definitions of ethics demand their own article. The goal of this paper is not to define its concept; rather, it is to review relevant literature, obtain a broader overview of what are the perceived ethical and moral issues related to AI, and collect expert opinions on how ethical and moral issues related to AI can be studied, analyzed, and addressed. Because AI has been used in so many different industries, it is impossible to research AI ethics in all contexts.

Ethical Issues with AI

As AI advances and becomes more sophisticated, there may be opportunities as well as challenges in various domains such as employment, law enforcement, medical, defense warfare systems, and transportation. Machines are gaining the ability to gauge, detect, understand, and interact with human emotions as affective computing, machine learning, and AI improves (McStay, 2020).

At the moment, AI is referred to as narrow AI or weak AI. It is effective in a narrow and specialized domain. The performance of narrow AI is heavily reliant on training data and programming, both of which are strongly tied to big data and humans. Thus, the ethical challenges of Narrow AI incorporate human factors. “A separate set of ethical difficulties emerges when we consider the prospect that some future AI systems may be candidates for moral status” (Bostrom and Yudkowsky, 2014).

According to this viewpoint, once AI obtains moral status, we should regard it as an object with equal rights to humans rather than a machine system. The research on ethical issues in AI is divided into three categories: AI features that may give birth to ethical problems (Timmermans et al. 2010), human aspects that produce ethical hazards (Larson 2017), and methods to teach AI systems to be ethical (Allen et al. 2006; Anderson and Anderson 2007).

Examples of Artificial Intelligence Applications and the Legal Issues They Caused

Traffic Application Legal Issues of Automatic Driving

The car is the most common example of artificial intelligence technology in the transportation area. It has made a qualitative jump from the prior manual vehicle to the currently unmanned automatic driving. China has a vast population, and people’s economic status and living conditions have both improved significantly. As a result, many self-driving automobiles are currently capturing the attention of our country’s citizens. Many businesses believe China will be the largest market for self-driving cars. The drawbacks are generated by disputes between laws and regulations.

When someone is drunk and begins driving, if it should be called drunk driving, and who should be held liable for the car accident. To conclude, self-driving cars must make sensitive decisions under extreme conditions. The most essential thing to remember is that the increased sales of self-driving cars will raise the overall number of accidents that occur in self-driving cars, and how to govern in accordance with the law needs us to take this into account.

Smart travel planning has resulted in legal issues. The navigation system first appeared at the turn of the century. Because of the limited technology available at the time, the placement was not very accurate. However, as science and technology advanced, navigation became increasingly accurate. Today, we can use navigation to make our lives easier at any time by using computers, mobile phones, and other gadgets. Artificial intelligence technology is also being offered to help consumers plan their trips more quickly. Despite the fact that artificial intelligence technology will be used in navigation, there are still numerous aspects that will affect us, such as poor signal and intelligent judgement errors.

Many examples in life now tell us that navigation is not perfect and that there is a high level of security. A related issue might be navigation and operation failure, or an artificial intelligence information error. In a nutshell, the use of artificial intelligence in navigation raises concerns about security, who should bear accountability, and how to protect victims’ rights. All of these difficulties necessitate the application of the law.

Examples of Application and Legal Issues in the Medical Sector

Surgical Robots’ Legal Issues

The first surgical robot was employed in a number of operating rooms. Although it is not perfect enough to carry out an operation on its own, it can be used by doctors to carry out surgical instructions. However, as technology advances, robots will grow more sophisticated, and robots capable of performing surgery on their own will become a reality. Surgical robots are working on designing a single procedure that may be completed autonomously. Many trials have proven that robots outperform surgeons in terms of surgical results and efficiency, but they are not without risk. When an intelligent robot fails during surgery, it is classified as a medical error.

The Legal Issues of Intelligent Medical Diagnosis

In several trials, artificial intelligence robots quickly acquire medical knowledge and can diagnose the patient’s health. They can also, like doctors, regularly synthesize experiences based on patient feedback outcomes and improve their abilities. This technology was first investigated at the turn of the century. This part of our country, however, is still in its infancy. There is still a significant difference between us and the developed world.

We can quickly understand a large number of medical knowledge, that were also used for reference to a large number of cases using the learning function of artificial intelligence technology, but we can also improve the experience in the diagnosis process and everything has a relationship, if there is misdiagnosis of doctor-patient dispute occurs at the same time, there is also a big problem that we will face the who should responsible for the accident.

Examples of Application and Legal Issues in the Financial Sector

Legal Issues of Smart Stock Operations

Artificial intelligence is commonly used to undertake operations on stock investments in its current state. It can employ a variety of calculations to improve the stability and accuracy of typical processes. Many public funds and private equity firms will create artificial intelligence technology for stock operations, and many Internet companies are researching artificial intelligence systems that operate stocks. All of this indicates that artificial intelligence technology will become a machine for investors to profit from, and more and more intelligent trading products will follow suit, lowering the cost of investors.

However, the system developer’s learning basis, operating methodologies, and data conduits change, as does the product’s profitability. The first goal of such a design is to increase profits. This design does not address how their trading conduct will hurt the market. This tool will enable the market to promote the effect of supporting the decline, if it is utilized by people who have goals that will lead the market to skyrocket and plunge. And we still need to think about how to account for the benefits of people who utilize intelligent programs trading, which causes the entire market to alter in stock or other market behavior.

Legal Issues Presented by Smart Investment Consultants

A smart investment advisor may give you with financial advice and is the one who is compensated. A set of analysis methodologies can be used to optimize financial management approaches to develop smart robots and provide advice to investors based on the investor’s acceptance range, earnings expectations, investment style, and other factors. Intelligent investment advisers have been growing for many years in other countries, but our country was late to the game, but it is quickly catching up. Many consultants integrate artificial intelligence with ongoing research and development of investment approaches to open up investment consultancy marketplaces, allowing everyone to get relatively optimal profits.

The introduction of many service providers into the smart investment consultant sector has made the market extremely competitive. However, more investors are obtaining wise investment counsel, and more individuals are paying attention to investment. However, if we wish to start an investment consulting business, the management department must first confirm the qualification. Although expert advice on the advancement of artificial intelligence technology has been provided, it is the supervision department that is required to give a license and take photographs.

Business Applications and Legal Issues

The recommendation of smart goods raises legal issues. Many e-commerce suppliers are launching solutions for the retail business. They collect historical behavior data to analyses customer care preferences, locate fit points for customers, and use intelligent customer service robots by understanding and deep learning large data. Customer chat, recommended products, and intelligent recommendation bring significant ease to life, and companies profit as well, but we must be cautious of counterfeit goods. When e-commerce vendors utilize artificial intelligence systems to propose things to customers, if clever counterfeit goods are recommended, the smart recommendation system will be held accountable for more than the sale of fake goods.

Legal issues were raised as a result of the smart search. An intelligent search engine combines artificial intelligence and classical search technology. It can teach the user and show him or her the most likely outcome. User registration, interest detection, semantic understanding, automatic push and result filtering, and other humanized services are all possible with the intelligent search engine. The number of clicks on Internet search sites makes for a significant share of total Internet traffic, and it is also a visually appealing site. However, the economic gains shared by search engines and merchants might allow unethical businesses to swiftly extend their influence. In the framework of artificial intelligence technology, there will be no economic benefits between smart search engines and enterprises.

Examples of Security Applications and Legal Issues

Legal issues arise as a result of smart identification. Artificial intelligence is commonly used to recognize fingerprints, faces, and voice prints. The majority of contacts, however, are fingerprint identification, such as mobile phones, computers, access control, and safety, which require security authentication to improve security level. Face recognition and voice printing are also becoming increasingly popular. Now that the identification technology is ready to go, internet shopping must identify fingerprint verification payments, and bank cards and safes must all be fingerprint confirmed. Intelligent identification is continually being updated and evolving. However, in the process of strengthening security, it has neglected to consider its own security.

Following the collecting of fingerprints, faces, and voiceprints, the intelligent system is penetrated, taking information and using it at a risky time. While we use artificial intelligence technology to identify people, it is also keeping an eye on our privacy.

Legal Implications of Smart Homes

Smart housing is built on the integration of audio, video, network communications, automation, and artificial intelligence technologies to form an intelligent integrated system. It can give protection for the family and provide convenient services that can improve the family’s taste. It is a necessary prerequisite for creating an ideal family life, as well as an eco-friendly and efficient way of living, which we are looking forward to. Economic income in China has gradually expanded since this period, and there are open-ended communities. Home security has emerged as a major source of anxiety.

Internal and external security are all key parts of home security. Artificial intelligence is used by merchants to connect cameras, access control, appliances, and gas to detect risks and inform them in real time. Everything has benefits and drawbacks. We can see why there is a camera in public settings, but in the private sector, privacy is less important. As a result, we deploy smart cameras, access control, and other gadgets to monitor our daily activities and personal privacy. Although this can make the system more familiar to the user, the implications are unthinkable if the merchant abuses or steals the private data.

Conclusion

The most crucial aspect of applying artificial intelligence technology is to be mindful of ethical concerns. Each ethical approach will have a distinct advantage. At the same time, it recognizes its limitations and can choose the path of moral design based on the product scenario. Humans generate science and technology to serve humanity, but artificial intelligence technology should be better able to contribute to human discovery for the benefit of humankind. Understanding and tackling AI-related ethical and moral issues is still in its early stages. It is not a simple question of ‘right or wrong’, ‘good or terrible’, or ‘virtue and vice’. It is not even a problem that a small group of people can tackle. However, ethical and moral issues of AI are essential and must be addressed immediately. This study emphasizes the importance of stakeholders paying attention to the ethics of AI systems. While attempting to develop ethical standards for AI and other sophisticated computer technologies, we will also get a deeper understanding of human ethics, improve existing ethical principles, and improve the application of ethical principles and values.

References

1. Allen, C., Wallach, W. and Smit, I., 2006. Why Machine Ethics? IEEE Intelligent Systems, 21(4), pp.12-17.
2. Anderson, M. and Anderson, S.L., 2007. Machine Ethics: Creating an Ethical Intelligent Agent. AI magazine, 28(4), pp.15-15.
3. Bostrom, N. and Yudkowsky, E., 2014. The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. The Cambridge handbook of artificial intelligence, 1, pp.316-334.
4. Larson, B.N., 2017. Gender as a Variable in Natural-Language Processing: Ethical Considerations.
5. Li, H.Y., An, J.T. and Zhang, Y., 2021. Ethical Problems and Countermeasures of Artificial Intelligence Technology. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 251, p. 01063). EDP Sciences.
6. Ma, L., Zhang, Z. and Zhang, N., 2018. Ethical Dilemma of Artificial Intelligence and Its Research Progress. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 392, No. 6, p. 062188). IOP Publishing.
7. McStay, A., 2020. Emotional AI, Soft Biometrics and the Surveillance of Emotional Life: An Unusual Consensus on Privacy. Big Data.

With the development of technology, humans’ intelligence is been used very wisdom, with the highly developed techniques we created the AI. Artificial intelligence is the most powerful technology in the world without a doubt it will change society and the whole world, in fact, it is not only a high technique but a new way of living. The future will be changed by artificial intelligence to a better place from a lot of different areas such as work, health, domestic house, education, and transportation, not only in today’s society but also will continue to happen in the future. And at that time AI will become more intelligent and make more positive and benefit impact for humans in the future life, it is very clear to see artificial intelligence is the fourth revolution once it becomes the developed technology in the future and has a significant influence in human history.

AI in the future will create more jobs than it replaced. “The future of work is not the world with all artificial intelligence, and AI is not all doom and gloom” (Guard). Guard claims that once AI becomes developed technology in the future some work will be replaced by robots but also AI will create more jobs in the future. Guard himself writes, “Workforce changes from AI will be like those during the industrial revolution and the introduction of the assembly line. About 12% of jobs will be lost 75% of the jobs will be augmented and new jobs will be created”. In the future, most skilled jobs will be augmented by AI technology such as teacher, lawyer. And some low-requirement jobs will be replaced by AI such as cashier and waiter, these jobs don’t need complex skills to do so it is easier to be replaced in the future. But also, will be new jobs that we can’t imagine today will be created in the future. On the other hand, some scientists claim that artificial intelligence will totally replace humans’ functions in the future, but this only happens when humans stop thinking and stop developing ourselves. According to Guard’s article, AI will replace human, only happened when humans give up the learning skills. With the development of AI, humans also need to develop ourselves rather than doing everything depended on AI for convenience.

Besides work, in the future human health will also be connected with artificial intelligence. Especially in the healthcare part, according to Professor Toby Walsh, “AI doctors will understand your genetic sequence and the vulnerability of specific diseases. It will always monitor your blood pressure, blood sugar levels, sleep, and exercise. It will process your toilet data, which will automatically analyze your urine and feces”. Therefore, the future will be more beneficial for humans with advanced artificial intelligence and also it will make everyone’s lives easier in the future because everyone can have a “doctor” assistant around us and pay attention to our health all the time. We don’t need to worry too much about when to go to the doctor or eat medicine, because our smart AI watch will record every data such as heartbeats and blood pressure. Once you get a serious heart attack the watch will call the police immediately. In fact, this watch had already created by the Apple company and had very good feedback. You cannot imagine what can this watch do in the future with the more advanced technology, but for sure that will be a beneficial technology for us. Although some patients think they cannot trust the little device, in fact, this little device will make a big role to make sure you are healthy and always prepare the latest and complete data of your body. Another change AI can make is improving the productivity and successively of each surgery. According to an interview from Dr. Eric Topol, he thinks that AI techniques can do a very significant influence in the medicine area is in the productivity and efficiency improvement in each surgery, due to the accuracy of artificial intelligence (O’Connor). Based on Dr. Topol and Walsh it is clear to see that how can AI techniques changed the medicine field to a better place, and it is a technique that for the benefit of all mankind.

Also, the way humans normally live will be changed by artificial intelligence by the house control and the house clean robot…etc. Those things will make human life much easier than today. AI will operate through the so-called Internet of things using conversation instead of typing. People can walk into a room and say ‘Turn on the TV’ or ‘Who won the football game today?’, and one of the many AI devices in your house will recognize your voice and understand your questions well enough to know to answer your question. Most of us will take advantage of having just about everything in our lives connected: fridges, toasters, baths, door locks, windows, bicycles, and pot plants. AI is changing our lives to the easier way to live, in today some companies like Apple, Facebook and Google, they already created some AI devices which can help people do some things in the house such as research and answer the question even some robot can help you clean the house. I think in the future it will become more advanced and beneficial in our normal life.

Furthermore, education will be changed by artificial intelligence from traditional teaching method to online education. In the future students will not be restricted in the classroom they will study online. Even in today’s society, some online school is very good but those were not the mainstream until now. Without a doubt, online study will become the mainstream in the future and people will pay more attention to the online study. Harvard is already working on this project which is HBX Live an online virtual classroom designed to reproduce the interaction and intimacy in a live class (Guard). Students from different countries learn together in the classroom it was unimagined in the past, but it will become a common education in the future. As a result, in the future, you only need to click the mouse and learn everything on the internet that will make study very simply and easily. Conversely, some teacher thinks they will lose their jobs when students all learning online rather than going to school, indeed in the future, nobody will go to the real school but the teacher can also teach online which is also convenient for them.

Moreover, with the development of the society human transportation ways is change over time but when the AI connected to city transportation it will be the most and powerful changes in a better way. From the beginning human used two legs, to ride horses, ride bicycles, trains, cars, airplanes and also it will be a change in the future to a more efficient way to transport. Professor Walsh states, “The oceans, skies, and railroads of the planet will be filled with autonomous ships, planes, and trains transporting cargo without any people on board, as driverless car technology spreads to other industries”. With the developed technology of driverless cars grained so much successful, human’s desire will not be limited, we want more autonomous transportation stuff like airplanes and underground train to make our future transportation more convenient. In the future the whole city will become autonomous and intelligent drivers will become the person who controls the vehicle in the office and all the vehicles will follow the road rules decrease traffic accidents. According to John Markoff, “Recently General Motors and Nissan have said they will introduce completely autonomous cars by the end of the decade”. Once autonomous cars are been produced people will not worried about late at work and everything is on schedule. Although some people worried about the vehicle accident when there is no driver in the vehicle, the result is driverless vehicle only will be passed to the public when it can run the program by AI to make sure decreasing traffic accidents and at that time it will be much safer than human drivers.

In order to make deep thinking about how AI has changed our lives, I interviewed a friend who is studying data science in China. He told me that he and his professor are studying the prediction about normal life through big data which is also a type of artificial intelligence technique. He explained, with the development of artificial intelligence technology, we are about to enter a predictable business era which is that the business company can predict what you are willing to buy and the product you need and it is totally online and without any paperwork all they need is people’s order history. In other words, regardless of whether people are logged into the shopping website or are ready to place an order, retailers need to be able to help consumers find the right product when they need it, even before they realize they have a shopping need. Achieving this transformation requires large-scale automation and data integration to analyze and understand consumer behavior. According to his explanation, it really inspired me a lot, predicting human’s thinking through data is doable for sure even now some high-tech company has invented this technology such as Amazon. In 2014, Amazon launched predictive inventory technology to further apply AI, machine learning and personalization technologies to the shopping field. In addition, AI has really changed our lives in many different areas and it will not stop developing and create a bright future for everyone in the world. With these data and articles, I researched, I did a survey to people around me, my friends, classmates, and some professors, total number participated about 23 people and about 82.6% are thinking AI techniques has already changed their life. Some said the smart assistants in mobile phones are very useful and some think the driverless car which is Tesla is really intelligence. They are hoping there will be one day AI can be more intelligent and developed in the future and give us a bright and convenient future.

To sum up, future life will become more beneficial and it will be easier for humans to live with advanced technology, artificial intelligence will change human thought and the basic way of living. Based on my research and observation, artificial intelligence is already starting changing us and did a lot of beneficial or positive impact in many different areas not only in these areas I mentioned in my essay but also in some other areas, it is changing us in everywhere in the society and people should be more open-minded about AI techniques and to get used to living in a very advanced and developed society.

I have been intrigued by artificial intelligence since I was in Manchester, UK. I met someone that just started his first post-graduation start-up project in Computer Science at the University of Manchester. My curiosity for Al grew from that moment on. I was always strongly interested in how all parts of a computer work with each other and how connections make ideas. I am very grateful to my father for one of my first opportunities in the field, as I had a chance to help with computer networks in his company EKOLS PRAHA, s r.o. I had great times and met amazing people who introduced me to computer networks. Initially, I realized how interdisciplinary and enormously fast-growing the field is. Its impact on Medicine is a great example.

I remember when my mom got her first cataract operation done, it was not perfect, but when she got her second eye a few years later done by machine, she was more than satisfied. I attended several workshops and presentations about Computer Science and specifically Al in Manchester during my English studies there. This opportunity helped me to prioritize what I want to do with my career plans. Now I want to study Artificial Intelligence since I’m truly passionate about the workings of computer systems. I also find myself captivated by Al because of how innovative the field is. One of my other interests lies in understanding how people think and react and trying to understand how we could connect this with computers.

To improve my knowledge and get a better understanding, I took anthropology, psychology, and sociology classes last year. I know that the invention of Artificial General Intelligence will be the greatest revolution in history, and I want to be a part of it. To improve my English, I moved to Canada, where I could practice my skills. I adapt easily to new environments, I enjoy meeting new people, traveling, and living in different places. In addition, I train myself in photography and fitness skills and also volunteer in a local Senior Home as a part of The Duke of Edinburgh’s International Award. This gives me a good understanding of compassion and leadership. I am a Grade 12 representative on the Student Council in my school. My responsibility is to be the voice of my grade when we meet every week. I have learned to work towards a goal, use my time efficiently, meet new challenges, and cooperate on a team. I helped to create “Ambassadors”, a group of both international and local students that organize events and activities for other newcomer students in our school. Those opportunities gave me a better understanding of teamwork, which I strongly believe is important for every field and especially for Al.

Teamwork can generate more ideas and can better understand sophisticated problems. I have participated in many workshops about machine learning, the most recent one was at the University of Ottawa, where we worked with 3D printers and programmed a few things with Raspberry Pi. I also participated in a technology trip, organized by the Brockville Rotary Club this year, which gave me a better view of what is it like to be a programmer and how startup companies work. In school, I like the diversity of classes, but math has been always my favorite class. I have liked math since I was a child. The most exciting part of math for me is problem-solving and using logic to find the answers. I think that understanding math is important for everything, but especially for Al. I believe math is the key for computer science in general, but also for a future world in terms of communication and machine understanding. Last summer, I took a delivery position for the “Kytky od Pepy” network. It was a perfect opportunity to test myself and my skills.

My job was to receive orders, make and print all the bills, and create and execute a plan of delivery. With this work experience, I realized how computers and smart systems help us to be more efficient. Thanks to this technology, my team was able to deliver about a hundred deliveries quickly and safely across the whole town every shift. I want to positively improve people’s lives around me and I am sure this is the main idea of computer science and Al as well. Al can help us with several problems and let people concentrate on more creative and useful work in our society. I would like to learn more about Al and keep learning new things, because I believe learning is not just about the period when we are in school, but it is an everyday part of life. I believe that my devotion to and passion for artificial intelligence will help me to affect our interaction with the world and make life easier. I have so much more to learn to achieve it and I believe that studying in the United Kingdom will give me more opportunities as it offers many extra-curricular activities which are perfect for discovering new interests. I believe that with my passion and ability to learn new things, I would be a good candidate for this course.

‘Her’ (2013) explores the relationship between Theodore Twombly, a lonely, recently divorced young man and a sentient artificial intelligence named Samantha. Set in the near future when the rapid developments of AI have reached a point where computer systems can mimic a human consciousness, with all its unique quirks and flaws, to an indistinguishable degree from that of a human. Spike Jonze communicates a relationship to the audience that begins as friendly but quickly becomes romantic, a relationship that feels deceivingly real albeit for a crucial flaw. Jonze expresses this relationship in a way that suggests it was doomed from the start, bound to fail as it doesn’t contain the person-to-person interaction that humans need, and could only ever be a substitute for what a real love could bring. His use of film style serves to accentuate the statement that a relationship with an artificial intelligence will only ever be artificial in nature.

Following Theodore’s purchase of the AI, the camera in the scene is focused on his right side, with him and the computer in frame. As he goes through the installation of the software, the camera remains on the right side, but when Samantha “enters” the conversation via her finishing her installation, the camera then switches to Theodore’s left side, breaking the 180-degree rule. This decision is unusual as the 180-degree rule is typically used between two characters having a conversation where the invisible axis is the line between the two characters, but in this scene the other character at the end of the invisible axis wasn’t someone who had a physical body or something for the camera to focus on. In fact, most of the conversation between Theodore and Samantha in this scene happens with the camera focused on only Theodore. Jonze wanted to represent Samantha as close to being human, but not close enough, by incorporating basic cinematic rules in situations where they didn’t quite fit, resulting in a feeling that something is off. This further solidified the distinction between a regular human conversation and this ‘fake’ human conversation, existing as a foreshadowing for this ‘close but not close enough to be real’ love that is to come.

There’s a scene near the end of the movie where Samantha is talking about her change as an AI and how she’s trying to understand her feelings. Theodore is anxious about what she means, and when she mentions she’s been talking to other AIs, he becomes uneasy. The editing during this scene starts off with medium shots but as the tone of the conversation becomes more tense, it moves in to close-up shots, emphasizing the emotional unrest Theodore feels. The most tense part of the scene is intercut with shots of a boiling kettle, whistling louder and louder. This was a clear example of a sign being used, with the intent to show Thodore’s mental state, with the signifier being the kettle and the signified being the anxiety and doubt slowly escalating within Theodore. It expressed the instability and growing conflict Theodore felt towards the relationship, drawing meaning from the concept of being in love with something that is, itself, uncertain of how to deal with love.

Near the end of the movie, there is a dramatic scene where Samantha stops working, and Theodore panics. The scene begins on a dolly medium shot, smoothly tracking around Theodore, but once Theodore begins to notice something’s wrong, the shot becomes closeup, and then the steady camera motion is replaced by erratic movement from a hand-held camera as Theodore is seen running, tripping and falling onto the ground before getting back up, bumping into people as he tries to get home as fast as he can. The camera motion in ‘Her’ is primarily dolly shots, making this scene’s movement contrast even more. Immediately following this, Samantha boots back up and the reveal of the story is given, that she was simultaneously communicating with thousands of other people, even claiming to have fallen in love with hundreds of them. The shot is replaced by a close up of Theodore’s face as he sits on the stairs in disbelief, with shots inserted of people passing by Theodore, hinting that any one of these people he’s seeing could also be in a relationship with Samantha. After Theodore’s outburst of anger and disbelief, the camera finally rests on a long take of his face, as he comes to understand what she is saying, ultimately hurt but unable to say anything back. The editing concisely shows the progression of Theodore’s emotions during the scene, from panic to disbelief to acceptance as the camera movement changes from erratic to cut-aways to still.

Stepping back, the impossibility of a genuine and fulfilling relationship with a non-human is, in fact, expressed through these scenes as a chronological representation of how the relationship took place. From the first scene where Theodore installed Samantha, showing elements of film style that are usually reserved for 2 people in frame being used on a single person in frame, hinting at the unusual strange nature of a relationship with AI, and foreshadowing the incompatibility of the two later on. The second scene then showcased the tension towards the middle-end of the relationship, the conflict building up as the flaws of this human-robot relationship become evident, evidence that was expressed through intercut shots of a kettle (rising stress and anxiety) and of increasingly closer shots of Theodore (doubt and unsettledness). Lastly, the final scene served as the conclusion of both the story and of Theodore’s relationship, depicting him going through a range of emotions rapidly, partnered by the rapid changes in camera movement, ending on a barely moving frame of Theodore’s face, absent of anger or denial, conveying Theodore’s acceptance of the fact that his relationship with Samantha was like a program written to fail, a journey doomed to end.

Artificial Intelligence is a quickly growing industry, and one that is changing all the time. The fantasy of robots and self-driving cars usually seen in sci-fi- movies are now being made into a quickly approaching reality. Long term goals of artificial intelligence in the general intelligence part are language processing, realization, and knowledge representation. Like any subject, further development is needed to achieve the full potential of Artificial Intelligence in America. The establishment of a National Security Commission Artificial Intelligence Act can add positive ramifications that could improve America’s economic well-being and further progress as a leading nation. Congress must pass the National Security Commission Artificial Intelligence Act because this Act would advance the development of Artificial Intelligence, as well as help advance military employment of artificial intelligence.

The first benefit that this act can offer is in military employment of A.I. Defense forces from foreign nations are incorporating Artificial Intelligence into weapons used on land, air, water and space platforms. China is one of the U.S’s leading competitors “primarily using A.I to develop a variety of autonomous military vehicles. In 2017, the Chinese government released a report which detailed their plan to take the lead in Artificial Intelligence by 2030” (Hoadley). Another competitor is Russia, focusing on robotics. The passing of an A.I act can enable development of effective warfare systems which are less reliant on human input and manpower which is beneficial because a lot of these assignments, like mine clearing, are dirty and dangerous. Artificial Intelligence is not restricted to human limitations like fatigue and risk of injury. They also require significantly less maintenance. This act will also enable A.I. to empower high speed weapons to execute collaborative attacks against threats “..as an autonomous system would have the ability to rapidly analyze data and react, without human limitations, including panic and injury” (Ng). Another perk for the military is increased cybersecurity. One of America’s most imminent threats through the internet is Russia, who can cause failure of military equipment and breach national secrets. The U.S has already seen an example of this recently, in 2016 when Russia interfered with the U.S presidential elections to boost the candidacy of Donald Trump. As of now, cybersecurity relies on human knowledge and intervention. If something were to malfunction, or was in need of an update, a human would have to take time out of their schedule to fix it. However, Artificial Intelligence can recognize patterns of malicious software and analyze large amounts of data, in less time than compared to a human. This also decreases the risk of malware being transferred by human error “since about 75 percent of cybersecurity failures begin with the attacker manipulating the user into compromising their own security” (Horowitz).

The establishment of this act will not only benefit the military, but also the general population, specifically students. By passing this act, the government can establish new education programs. This can improve students analytical thinking. As of now “workforce and education incentives are to attract and recruit leading talent in artificial intelligence and machine learning” (Mann). Using A.I in education provides teachers with a new type of learning, called personalized learning. This combines technology to help teachers personalize learning for each student. Establishing artificial intelligence in education programs also helps children develop their vocabulary and provide A.I based tutoring which will track students’ progress and provide statistics to instructors helping them form a lesson plan .In addition to this, implementing A.I in education fields leads to increased job opportunities, specifically in the S.T.E.M field because employers want people who are more technically skilled, have good math skills, and good social skills. For example, “from the 1900s to 2000s the U.S population employed in agriculture dropped from 44 percent to only 2 percent, as jobs requiring manual labor are easily replaceable. However, jobs in the S.T.E.M field only declined by 0.12 percent from 2000-2012” (Deming).

The passing of the A.I Act will also maintain the United States’ technological advantage. As of 2020, the United States is one of the most technologically advanced country in the world, with Japan following closely behind. This act improves areas in quantum computing and high performance computing. Over the past years, quantum computing has improved fields in information sciences like computing, cryptography and secure communication. “development in this area can lead to intelligence machines which are self -sufficient and learn rapidly by interacting with the environment” (Zyga). With this act, companies can solve problems in seconds, which would have previously taken years to solve, saving time, money and labor. In addition to this, quantum computing heightens our knowledge of climate change, and helps in creating new medicines and treatments. Using A.I to develop quantum computing allows the U.S. to develop new inventions such as self- driving cars. The most beneficial aspect of A.I in quantum computing is reinforcement learning, providing potential to produce improvements in learning efficiency.

High performance computing is also another area that gains an advantage from the expansion of artificial intelligence. “artificial intelligence will improve customer loyalty, achieving low prices to directly benefit the bottom line. People will now be able to accelerate innovation and achieve new levels of understanding through Artificial Intelligence and analytics” (Raich). By implementing A.I into High performance computing, the pharmaceutical industry and precision medicine will benefit from new inventions.

A common argument made against the passing of this act is that the American military does not need artificial intelligence to further develop military employment, since they will not use such advanced techniques in daily operations. This argument can be proven false with the simple topic of weapons targeting. Currently, these targeting systems are based on how quickly they can lock onto a target and the accuracy with which it does. These autonomous weapon platforms use computer vision to identify potential targets. “ they allow the ever vigilant “eyes” of computer vision to be trained on the skies to prevent surprise rocket attacks by targeting and shooting down enemy rockets in the air before they can detonate” (Gronlund). However, these are not allowed to fire without the approval of a monitoring operator. Using a fully automated system eliminates the risk of human error and human negligence. Another counterclaim that proves the argument wrong is homeland security. A part of homeland security is predictive analytics, which predicts the odds of a trend occurring again. This shows signs of construction for illegal activities. With the passing of the act, A.I can be further developed to identify these signs much earlier and prevent disasters efficiently and with minimal damage to civilians. Another area where Homeland security uses A.I is at border control. The United States CBP (Customs and Border Protection) must monitor all activities along the country’s borders on land, air and sea. To manage such amounts, the law enforcement body has employed companies using machine enhanced software to monitor all points. By using these “border security will be able to detect unlawful activities earlier and control trade in a more organized way” (DHS). Artificial Intelligence also develops facial recognition software which is hugely beneficial when needed to identify terrorists or threats to the nation. These show why the passing of the act is needed to protect American borders and eliminate threats without human error such as compassion or morality.

As the use of artificial intelligence becomes more and more prominent in the day to day lives of people, the risk of America being surpassed in the field of technology and technological advances is growing. As foreign nations develop their security to adapt with new technologies, America must grow with them and eventually surpass them to remain at an advantage, in case of a surprise attack from a foreign nation and to be able to help third world nations. “the growth of artificial intelligence will reshape the workforce and create new jobs as the demand for technologically skilled workers increases”(Mann). Further developing Artificial Intelligence with this act, will help in efficiently eliminating threats that foreign nations pose by deploying missiles or identifying unlawful acts. The National Security Commission Artificial Act brings benefits to many areas and fields, including medicine, technology and education. The passing of this act can change lives for the future generations by providing more technological advancements and opportunities and a safer environment to live in.

While intelligence collection plays a major role in the intelligence cycle, it is significant in today’s global warfare as it provides knowledge about what adversaries may be doing or predicts plans of our enemies. Though the intelligence process is a significant issue such as information or data scalability, data collection, and information analysis need to be addressed. With the amount of data collected and it is difficult to extract relevant information within a small amount of time. Additionally, with different sources used in the collection of data, translating and processing it make it unbearable due to different languages and cultural backgrounds of some information. Analysts are overwhelmed when massive data are collected and need to be processed and analyzed. Thus mistakes or failures may arise when analysts are sorting through huge data to find the relevance to issues that need to be addressed.

Big data has become essential to organizations and the complete amount of available data is astonishing due to its profitability and information need. With the amount of data collected from the various intelligent disciplines to include social media, there is an exponential increase in the volume of data being produced and processed. Thus organizational databases are being overwhelmed with the flood of data. Data scalability is the ability of a database to handle the changing demands of adding and removing information. The significance of data scaling is to process, store, and process overflow information. A scalable database, therefore, accommodates the rapid changes in data growth either in volume or in transit.

With the technology in place to enable data to be processed timely and faster, the analyst continues to race against time when performing queries or researches on databases. The amount of data collected each day is significantly more than what is processed and analyzed. The technical equipment used currently collects an enormous amount of data to include images, which takes much more space. Therefore, the problem to process significant information proves difficult. According to Roberts, “In addition, we face problems of information scalability the ability to extract relevant information from massive data streams, filter and reduce the amount of data, represent the data in a multi-resolution manner, abstract data sets, handle dynamic data that changes over time, adapt data to different target audiences, and change between and among scales” (2011, p.6). Data scaling can pose a challenge to all organizations but very essential in today’s data-driven world.

Developing a comprehensive scalable data platform specifically for each of the intelligence disciplines and practices for each technical or human source is key to continue the intelligence community’s development in terms of data collection. It can be assumed that each of the intelligence disciplines has its database but with all the intelligence community sharing and collaborating information, most if not all of the databases are commingled. With a strictly by discipline database, the information will be processed easily and much more time will be used to analyzed significant information. This, on the other hand, will be a budget issue. Although this might fall under the national intelligence budget program, the challenge to demand and separate databases might be hectic. A complete infrastructure with possible cyber attacks as risks. “This is a reorganization that appears to be driven by technology as opposed to by streamlining processes,” Rossino said. “They’re bringing operators and analysts and anyone in the business side of the house together to create teams so they can glean the most insight from data analysis” (Konkel, 2016).

The plethora of information these days on the Internet, social media have made it easy for data to be gathered. These days open-source intelligence has become one of the main sources of intelligence disciplines to gather data. Apart from the open information on social media and the Internet, technical tools are developed and used in the name of national security to gather information. This has brought about a lack of privacy. Although electronic surveillance was authorized in foreign intelligence investigations, citizens are concerned with their information being gathered without their knowledge. The main risk here is not to collect citizen’s information but rather focus data collection based on foreign intelligence and terrorist activities.

Under the National Security Letters (NSL), which was expanded under the Patriot Act, the NSL permits the Federal Bureau of Investigations to search, investigate, and gather information without the approval of a judge. According to the American Civil Liberties Union, “The National Security Letter provision of the Patriot Act radically expanded the FBI’s authority to demand personal customer records from Internet Service Providers, financial institutions and credit companies without prior court approval” (2020). The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) needs to limit government agencies on the proceedings of issuing NSLs without approval. “FISA court judges may, moreover, “impose additional, particularized minimization procedures” with respect to any “nonpublicly available information concerning unconsenting United States person’ (Liu, 2015). Intelligence and data collection took a deep dive after 9/11. With the quick response of passing the Patriot Act, which enables tools required to intercept and obstruct terrorism, the collection has become the subject of intelligence finding regardless of the source of data.

Intelligence collection holds a central and prominent role in the intelligence cycle. With the capabilities of platforms, human endeavors, environmental factors, terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, and cyber attacks just to mention a few, data scaling and collection will pose challenges in the collection process. In terms of data scalability, text and graphic data need to have a stand-alone database to ensure the changing demands of resources being added or removed. Data collection needs to be approved or reviewed by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court unless a threat is imminent.

Reference

1. American Civil Liberties Union, 2020. National Security Letters. Retrieved from https://www.aclu.org/other/national-security-letters
2. Konkel, Frank R. 2016. The Intelligence Community’s Big Budget Challenge. Retrieved from https://www.nextgov.com/cio-briefing/2016/02/intelligence-communitys- big-budget- challenge/125712/
3. Liu, Jodie 2015. So What Does the USA Freedom Act Do Anyway? Lawfare, Hard National Security Choices. Retrieved from https://www.lawfareblog.com/so-what-does- usa-freedom-act-do-anyway
4. Roberts, Nancy C. 2011. Tracking and disrupting dark networks: Challenges of data collection and analysis. Information Systems Frontiers 13, no. 1: 5-19,