Orwell’s’ Animal Farm examines the insidious ways in which public officials can abuse their power, examined through severe corruption throughout Animal Farm. From the rebellion onward, the pigs of Animal Farm use violence and threats to gain control over the animals. As well as the attack dogs keeping the animals in line, physical intimidation doesn’t prevent some of the animals from questioning Napoleon’s poor, peculiar decisions. Napoleon and the feral Pigs’ empowerment leads to citizen inequality and citizen dissatisfaction. Corruption has many different shapes as well as many various effects, both on the economy and the society at large. Napoleon uses his dogs as a form of fear in the community of Animal Farm. Corruption of power occurs due to many questionable reasons. The first opinionating of Napoleon and the Pigs is perceived as a caring and dedicated political leader but later transformed due to greed. Corruption throughout society is used to objectify the citizens and act in the best interest of leaders and their acquaintances, without acting in the best interest of the community.
Animal Farm, where all should be equal with no dishonesty or fraud by those in power. Napoleon the animal leader dominated this privilege, Napoleon’s leadership became corrupt, power power-hungry, and collapsed the entire Animal Farm system. The use of corruption so deeply affected those guiltless animals under the control of Napoleon. Napoleon’s careless acts left those victims stripped of equality and citizen empowerment.
The Pigs’ slogans and catchphrases have been used to indoctrinate the community to the degree that even when the dogs bloodbath numerous amount of animals they don’t question Napoleon’s leadership.
Leaders’ actions cause the citizens to lack power within the community. This can be cured by Strengthening citizen’s demand for anti-corruption and empowering society to hold gruesome leaders accountable which is a sustainable approach that helps to build mutual trust between citizens.
Napoleon’s horrific corruption manipulates the hideous Dogs to commit appalling actions such as killing their kind. Before the corruption commenced 1 of the 7 commandments read “No animal shall kill another animal”. The farm’s full strength was revealed at this stage. When this commandment was written animals were free, happy, calm, and peaceful. This commandment was shortly altered by declaring “No animal shall kill any other animal without cause”. Napoleon and his ruthless team were killing any animal that would get in his way of gaining complete power.
Corruption hurts everyone. The impact of corruption goes beyond the corrupt individuals, the innocent colleagues who are implicated, or the reputation of the organizations they work for. Corruption destroys the trust we have in the public sector to act in our best interests. It also wastes our taxes and rates that have been earmarked for important community projects, declaring we have to tolerate inappropriate quality services and infrastructure, or we all miss out together. The Fiscal Monitor shows that countries with lower levels of perceived corruption have unquestionably less waste in community investment projects. It is reported that most countries that are corrupt emerging market economies waste nearly twice as much money as the countries that aren’t corrupt. Governments waste taxpayers’ money when they spend it on cost overruns due to kickbacks or bid rigging in public procurement. When countries aren’t corrupt they spend the money efficiently and fairly. Corruption unpreventably alters government priorities. Throughout low-income countries, the health and education budget is one-third lower than in more corrupt countries. It also impacts the effectiveness of social spending. An overwhelming statistic states that in more corrupt countries school-age students have lower test results. The use of corruption decreases the capability of students to maximize their schooling potential.
Fighting corruption requires political endeavors to create strong fiscal institutions that promote integrity and accountability throughout the public sector. Reforming institutions is just one way of reducing corruption within a country.
George Orwell’s ‘Animal Farm’ is a thought-provoking literary work that captivates readers with its allegorical portrayal of political and social dynamics. It presents a seemingly simple story of farm animals overthrowing their human oppressors, but beneath its surface lies a deeper and more profound message. This essay reflects on ‘Animal Farm’ as a fable, exploring its use of animals as symbols, its moral lessons, and its relevance in contemporary society.
Symbolism through Animal Characters
One of the striking aspects of ‘Animal Farm’ is the use of animals as characters to symbolize human traits and social classes. Each animal represents a specific group or individual, making the story relatable and easily understandable. For instance, Napoleon, the power-hungry pig, represents Joseph Stalin, while Snowball embodies Leon Trotsky. The other animals, such as Boxer, the hardworking horse, and Squealer, the propaganda-spewing pig, represent the working class and the manipulative elites, respectively.
By using animals as symbols, Orwell effectively simplifies complex political concepts and satirizes the corruption and abuse of power that often arise in political systems. This reflective approach enables readers to recognize and critique such dynamics in both historical and contemporary contexts.
Moral Lessons and Critique of Totalitarianism
‘Animal Farm’ serves as a cautionary tale, highlighting the dangers of totalitarianism and the manipulation of language and information. The animals’ initial rebellion against the humans represents the desire for freedom and equality. However, as the story unfolds, it becomes clear that power corrupts, and the pigs gradually transform the revolution into a totalitarian regime.
The essay encourages readers to reflect on the potential for leaders to exploit the ideals of revolution for personal gain and control. It highlights the importance of vigilance in defending democratic principles and the need to question authority and propaganda.
Relevance in Contemporary Society
Although ‘Animal Farm’ was written in the context of the Soviet Union and the rise of Stalinism, its themes and messages remain relevant in contemporary society. The story’s critique of propaganda, manipulation, and the abuse of power transcends time and place. It serves as a reminder to be wary of political leaders who exploit fear, use rhetoric to manipulate public opinion, and consolidate power at the expense of the masses.
Moreover, ‘Animal Farm’ prompts us to reflect on our own participation in societal structures and the responsibility of individuals to question and resist oppressive systems. It encourages critical thinking and emphasizes the need for an informed and engaged citizenry.
Personal Reflection and Lessons Learned
As a reader, ‘Animal Farm’ has had a profound impact on my understanding of power, politics, and human nature. The allegorical nature of the story allowed me to examine complex societal issues through a simplified lens, making it easier to grasp the underlying messages.
The novel’s reflection on the corrupting influence of power has made me more skeptical of authority and more aware of the importance of accountability and transparency in governance. It has taught me the significance of questioning narratives, analyzing information critically, and standing up for justice and equality.
Furthermore, ‘Animal Farm’ has reinforced my belief in the power of literature to provoke thought, inspire change, and shed light on societal injustices. It serves as a reminder that storytelling can be a potent tool for social commentary and critique.
Conclusion
‘Animal Farm’ stands as a timeless literary work that effectively uses the fable format to convey powerful messages about politics, power, and the human condition. By employing animals as symbols, Orwell simplifies complex political dynamics, enabling readers to reflect on the dangers of totalitarianism and the abuse of power.
The moral lessons of ‘Animal Farm’ continue to resonate, serving as a critique of propaganda, manipulation, and the erosion of democratic principles. It reminds us of the importance of vigilance, critical thinking, and active participation in shaping a just and equitable society.
Personally, ‘Animal Farm’ has deepened my understanding of power dynamics and instilled in me a sense of responsibility to question authority and advocate for fairness. It exemplifies the transformative power of literature to shape our perspectives and prompt us to engage critically with the world around us.
In a world where political systems and societal structures still wrestle with corruption and inequality, ‘Animal Farm’ serves as a poignant reminder of the need for constant vigilance and the pursuit of a more just and equitable society.
Corruption is a form of dishonesty managed by a person or organisation who abuse power for their own private gain. An example of a corrupt society could be portrayed by the rise of the Soviet Union in George Orwell’s Animal Farm, a compelling allegorical novella representing the Russian Revolution of 1917 which resulted with a government more oppressive, totalitarian, and dangerous than the one it overthrew. The extent of Animal Farm’s representation of a society at its most corrupt is powerful and significant however it does not meet the standards of societies in this present day that attained utmost corruption. Animal Farm explores elements of a corrupt society through the portrayal of power, violence and inequality.
In Animal Farm, the idea that absolute power results in corruption is instilled, this is shown through the continuous abuse of power presented in order to control the animals. After successfully driving Mr Jones out of the farm, the animal’s are so keen that: “All…year the animals worked like slaves.” The simile compares the animals to slaves, this is ironic as they believe that due to their eagerness to make a success they’re willing to spend hours of hard work in harsh conditions similar to that of slaves, they truly are slaves- to Napoleon. The revolution was believed to usher out exploitation and suffrage however, one from of corruption was simply traded for another. Orwell further details about the work of the animals: “Napoleon announced that…work was strictly voluntary, but any animal who absented himself from it would have his rations reduced by half.” The antiphrasis implemented presents a contradiction to Napoleon’s words, as he had just used the word ‘voluntary’, yet there is an obvious underlying threat of reduced rations to animals if it isn’t done. Thus, the work is rather obligatory and forces the animals to have no volition. Orwell’s depiction of power and its abuse in Animal Farm through Napoleon’s control over the animals presents an insight to how a corrupt society could manifest and be maintained.
Violence is a form of political oppression used by Napoleon to instill fear over the animals. The act of violence with Animal Farm can be seen when Napoleon had his attack dogs murder four pigs, “When they had finished their confession, the dogs promptly tore their throats out, and in a terrible voice, Napoleon demanded whether any other animal had anything to confess,” the use of connotation evokes feelings of fear and tension which further leads to Napoleon’s use of violence to control and oppress the animals. Towards the end of the novel, it can be inferred that Napoleon has turned into a dictator: “He carried a whip in his trotter.” The simplicity of this short sentence creates tension as Mr Jones and his men had used whips to control, tortue and punish the animals. It became a symbol of the abuse and exploitation from mankind towards animals. This highlights the shock and unease that the animals felt seeing Napoleon walk on two feet carrying this weapon. The corrupt group of pigs led by Napoleon uses violence and the threat of violence towards the animals as a tool of oppression to be in control over the farm.
Orwell further supports the representation of corruption through the employment of inequality towards the animals. When the pigs take control after the rebellion, they move into the farmhouse and sleep in the beds creating inequality between themselves and other animals, this is further shown when Squealer excuses Napoleon’s actions and argues: ‘You would not rob us of our repose, would you, comrades? You would not have us too tired to carry out our duties?” Squealer uses personal pronouns to establish a distinct difference between the pigs and other animals. The Farm’s inequality towards certain animals is further explored through the final line of the commandment: ‘All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others.’ This paradox reveals the truth that beneath the thin facade of equality is blatant political hierarchy, it explores the hypocrisy of governments who claim complete equality and ideals of social justice yet grant power and privilege to a small group of elites. Orwell’s utilisation of inequality blatantly separates the pigs from the rest of the animals, ultimately reinforcing the corruption that Napoleon has established.
The structure and ideas of Animal Farm parallels the Russian Revolution, with the portrayal of corruption through power, violence and inequality. Animal Farm’s representation of the Russian Revolution is a notable and powerful depiction of a corrupt society and although the corruption shown throughout the novella is extreme and radical, Animal Farm’s portrayal of the Russian Revolution could not be as closely compared to some societies in this present day that further define the meaning of a society at its most significant point of corruption.
In George Orwell’s “Animal Farm” he uses allegory and propaganda to prove the quote “Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.” In the story the readers see Napoleon take a leadership role, and he begins to abuse his power. Napoleon had only gotten to his leadership role by scaring and misleads the animals. George Orwell writes Animal Farm as an allegory. “Animal Farm” is written based off of the Russian Revolution. Similar to Animal Farm there are many instances in society and real life that prove the quote to be true. The “Me Too” movement was a movement in which women would write “Me Too” on social media to share the fact that they had been sexually assulted or harrased typically by their boss or people in a higher ranking than them. It showed that people with power tend to hurt people who aren’t as dominant. The “Me Too” movement displays how people in powerful positions, such as politicians and directors, have the ability to harm others, and the movement was an inspiring way for women to voice their experiences and opinions.
When Lord Acton said “Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts aboslutely” he was explaining how power corrupts people because as someone gains power they loose their empathy for others. The “Me Too” movement exhibits how dominant people can easily abuse others in lower ranks because of their authority. In “#MeToo-Changing Brains, Relationships and Power Dynamics” Amy Banks explains, “Kelner’s research and theory suggests that for many people simply having power over others decreases the activity in the part of the brain needed to understand the impact of your behavior on others.” (Banks 5). Studies can show that powerful individuals don’t think about other people’s feelings. Their lack of ethics and morals provoke them to abuse people around them. Dacher Kelner conducts experiments that demostrate that “The qualities that often bring someone to power, like empathy and the ability to listen to others, diminish once a person is in power.” (Banks 4). These discoveries indicate why many people that where acused of sexual harrasment during the movment may have chosen to abuse their power.
Two powerful men that were accussed in the Me Too movement were Harvery Weistein and Al Franken, a director and a federal offical. These two men are an example of how many accused in the movement behaved. Someone authoritative, like Harvey Weisnstein and Brett Kavanaugh are capable of misconduct because power psycologically affects them. In “Why do so many powerful men behavelike Harvey Weisnstein? This psychologist has some theories” Samantha Schmidt concludes, “From Keltner’s research, one takeaway is clear: A feeling of power can transform people’s behavior, making them more impulsive and less empathetic to others’ needs. It “turns up the volume on your preexisting tendencies,” Keltner said.” (Schmidt 11). Although Power can affect the way individuals behave according to Keltner it only enhances habit that they previsouly had. As Harvey Weistein gained more power it began to corrupt him. When he had power he didn’t seem to care about how he treated other people which is what lead to him having sexual alligations aganist him. Weistein was a high profile director, but there have also been other people like Al Fraken who have been accused in the movement as well. The article states,”The #MeToo movement has brought the swift downfall of many powerful federal officials over the past year. Among those dispatched: One senator, eight House members and three congressional candidates. One federal judge. Two White House aides.” (Gerhart/Rindler 1). The article “How #MeToo has changed the D.C. power structure – so far” displays how numerous federal officals have been accused of sexual harrasment. This demonstrates how so many people in power have been accused in the movement because power has impacted their lives. In the movement majority of people accused were people with power which means that the power exploited them.
The “Me Too” movement an inspiring movement aganist sexual abuse, and assult. The movement gave women a safe place to share with others what they’ve been through, and it brought down powerful people who hurt them. In the article “#MeToo – Changing Brains, Relationships and Power Dynamics” the author expresses,” The #MeToo movement is giving a viral voice to women (and men) who have been the targets of violence and harassment. It is a social change campaign that I never thought would happen in my lifetime.” (Banks 1). To many people it was a surprise that women spoke out aganist people who were so powerful. However, a notable number of people found the movement encouraging, and uplifting. The Movement presented women with a way to reclaim power. It was very successful because it made victums feel like they weren’t alone and it joined people together with support. In the article Banks adds,”This new movement has allowed women to find their voices and to reclaim their dignity. In doing so they have shed shame, blame and pain simply by joining a group of women and men speaking out against the abuse of power. I am honored to be a part the movement. #MeToo!” (Banks 14). Tarana Burke was an African American activist she was also the women who founded the “Me Too” movement and her original plan for the movement has become successful. She wanted the movement to help women who had been abused or assulted and to raise awarness for them. Since she started the movement it has grown tramendously and has become quite popular. In the article“She Founder Me Too. Now She Wants to Move Past the Trauma” it states,”In the year since the movement upended entertainment and politics, Burke has been working to ensure that Me Too doesn’t lose sight of its mission: to connect survivors of sexual assault to the resources they need in order to heal.” (Harris 2) Although the movement has become popular over time, Burke has not lost sight of what’s important. She made sure that the movement helped the victums and surviors, and sheis also working to change laws and policies on this matter to help the cause.
The “Me Too” movement gave women the opportunity to share their exposure to sexual abuse and assult. The movement demonstrates how authoritative individuals can abuse powerless people due to their higher rank. The movement shows how power can change someone’s actions, and cause them to act in unacceptable ways. Like “Animal Farm” the “Me Too’ movement demonstrates how when people take leadership roles they become corrupt and unethical.
Upon close observation of humanity, it becomes clear that man is, by nature, barbaric. We can see that he is prone to savagery brought about by instinctual impulses suppressed by the rigid rules and frameworks of civilization. A prime example of this is demonstrated in George Orwell’s 1945 novel, ‘Animal Farm’, an allegorical representation of Joseph Stalin’s downward spiral into a corrupted leadership over the USSR and the consequences of totalitarianism in the Russian Revolution. Similarly, in the 1963 film adaptation of William Golding’s ‘Lord of the Flies’, the power fear holds, the selfish tyrant that lies within us all waiting to be exposed through the corruption of power, and the malign effects of power in a dictatorship are depicted. Both of the texts portray the message that absolute power results in the disintegration of the civilized moral code.
Initially, the societies in both texts aim to create a balance of power, responsibility, and equality within a socialist and almost utopian community, eliminating the predominant belief that there must be a hierarchy or single leader to maintain civilization. In ‘Animal Farm’ Orwell purposefully uses symbolism and foreshadowing to represent the socialist nature that is built in the beginning. For instance, Orwell utilizes the names of the characters such as ‘Snowball’ to symbolize purity and fairness on the farm. In Chapter Two, the revolution initiates and the farm begins to work towards ‘animalism’. The pigs aim to achieve their revolt by establishing seven commandments primarily forbidding any behavior that resembles that of a human and introducing the song “Beasts of England”, a triumphant war cry that conjures imagery of freedom and a positive future. On page seventeen, the seven commandments read, “Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings is a friend. No animal shall wear clothes. No animal shall sleep in a bed. No animal shall drink alcohol. No animal shall kill any other animal. All animals are equal.” Throughout the novel, Orwell uses these directives to foreshadow the eventual spiral into corruption and absolute power of the pigs that are yet to be exposed. Likewise, in ‘Lord of the Flies, Ralph and the conch are used to symbolize order and structure. Originally, Ralph symbolizes the moral leader as he suggests using the conch and listens to and respects the other boys while distributing responsibilities fairly. Golding’s use of symbolism through the conch also foreshadows what will happen later in the film as power corrupts and the civilized moral code is disintegrated.
However, as the texts progress the tyrannical dictators are rapidly consumed and corrupted by their pernicious reign. Specifically, Orwell symbolizes this through the seven commandments and whiskey as it represents corruption. When animalism was founded, one of the commandments stated ‛No animal shall drink alcohol ‘(p.17). Slowly, however, Napoleon and the other pigs come to enjoy whiskey and its effects, taking on the forbidden human nature. Similarly, the remaining 6 commandments begin to be surreptitiously altered to benefit the pigs and place them above the other naïve animals, tyrannizing over them and acting much like Mr. Jones did. Furthermore, Orwell claims that he purposefully intended, “the turning point of the story to be when the pigs kept the milk and apples for themselves”. Using this effectively portrays the exact moment that the totalitarian mindset of the selfish pigs had taken over and destroyed the separation between pigs and men. Akin to this, Golding demonstrated tyrant Jack’s downfall through dialogue, events, and symbols such as the conch and the murdering of Piggy. The first significant event that reveals the boys’ collapse into savagery is when they distastefully chant, “Kill the pig, cut her throat, bash her in!” As they brutishly recite this the civilized moral code previously embedded in the society perished while the boys’ inexorably violent human instinct is exposed. Additionally, the event of Piggy’s death is a pivotal point in the film, symbolizing the dissolution of all traces of civilization and morality on the island as barbarity, in a single merciless act, possesses the reigns of control on the island.
George Orwell is one of the most celebrated English writers in the 20th century (George 1). Orwell’s literature is committed to telling the blatant truth about the violation of people’s freedom and the injustices against the common person (Dedria and Hall 479). Such phrases from his works such as “some animals are more equal than others” have become so popular especially in political dialogues and has shaped peoples opinions regarding the kind of society we live in (Kerala 36).
George Orwell was born as Eric Arthur Blair in India in 1903, where his British father worked as a civil servant. He had gone to school like any other normal child and graduated at Eaton. He worked in the Burma police force and later unsuccessfully tired his hand in a few business ventures but failed. He left for Spain where signed to fight in the Civil War.
His experience at the civil war de-motivated his views abut communalism so much that he decided to live a life of voluntary poverty (Dedria and Hall 479) . This was a deliberate effort to “experience want and the suffering of the oppressed.” He wanted to feel how poor people fell to help in shaping his own theories on socialism.
At this time, he had changed his name to P.S. Burton. His first novel Down and out in Paris was published as a response to his life in voluntary poverty. This was soon followed by Burmese Days and several other essays that questioned the capitalist state. His best novel so far is The Road to Wigan Pier which was published in 1937. It highlighted the pathetic life of the poor.
By this time, he had started gaining prominence as a writer and his works were starting to draw attention. He continued his writing with such other publications as Keep Aspidistra Flying and Coming up for Air followed in 1936 and 1939 respectively. His novel The Animal Farm is his most popular. It is a satirical piece that portrays a society that fully embraces totalitarian rules, much to the chagrin of those who want “individual freedom” (Kerala 36).
All of George Orwell’s novels seem to defend one main theme: socialism. Socialism is a means of production whereby everything is owned communally or by the government. Every one has equal opportunities to everything. The kind of socialism that George Orwell’s socialism advocates for has real life significance as it portrays “revolutionary idealism experienced in Russia and other countries which was betrayed by the revolutionaries themselves, who continue to pat lip service to revolutionary ideas” (Pierce para 6).
His novel then Animal Farm brilliantly employs satire in highlighting shameless betrayal by leaders who promised change (Dedria and Sharon 479). Orwell continues to portray authoritarianism as an enemy to individual freedoms.
There were concerted efforts to bring in a revolution that would save the people but always the new leaders upon tasting power, would betray this revolution. The new leaders would start to dictate what the same people whom they were fighting to save would do, or not do. Such betrayal was the end of socialism in the 20th century. In this light, this paper will analyze one of his prized novels The Animal Farm.
The story begins in Mr. Jones’ farmhouse one night. Old major, a fatherly and respected pig, gathers the animals and informs them that they had endured deplorable conditions for a long period under the leadership of human beings and therefore a rebellion was necessary. Unfortunately, Old Major succumbs to old age. This leaves the other pigs to lead the fights for animal rights (Darell Para 1).
Two pigs, Napoleon and Snowball lead a successful revolution and after Mr. Jones and his family is driven out, Manor Farm is renamed The Animal Farm (para 2). Other farm owners try to attack the Animal Farm but Snowball lead a successful defense in the battle of the Cowshed and gains much worship amongst the animals (para 4). This is the beginning of his downfall. False rumors are spread by Squealer about him and when the conflict heightens he chased off the farm by Napoleons’ guard dogs (para 6).
Squealer is adopted as Napoleons spokes animal, and proposes the construction of a windmill, an idea that Napoleon takes credit for. Unfortunately the windmill is destroyed in a storm but Napoleon blames Snowball and sentences him to death, together with his sympathizers (para 6). Napoleon and the other pigs begin engaging in anti animalism behavior, such as doing business with men and drinking whiskey. To add to this, the food rations to other animals are reduced significantly (para 6).
To concur with his message that new and old leadership is alike; pigs begin to walk on two feet just like humans. They also start claiming, “All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others.” The novel culminates in the farm being renamed The Animal Farm while napoleon and other pigs initiate friendship with the human owners of the neighboring farm, and they become just like humans (para 8). It portrays the betrayal of the initial comradeship, and the pessimism of revolutionary movements (Hall and Poupard 348).
George Orwell creates characters carefully to fit in the roles that he needs them to play. Some characters play a major role in this novel. Mr. Jones is a tyrant who represents the old corrupt order. In the real world George Orwell model 20th century dictators such as Stalin in Mr. Jones (Novelguide para 1).
Snowball and Napoleon are the two pigs who lead a successful revolution. They were ambitious of leadership and courageously fought Mr. Jones out of the farm (NovelGuide para 7-12). The pigs are symbolic of the calculating leaders who benefit from tyrannical leadership. They are opportunists who do not spare any chance afforded to them to exploit their advantaged position in the society (Hall and Poupard, 348).
Squealer is Napoleons manipulative tool in the farm. The dogs are a symbol security only that this security is used negatively. They are also another group of loyalist who are misused by the system to gain advantage over the common person (NovelGuide para 20- 22). However, other characters only play minor roles. Old major represents the good father figure in the society who can be relied upon to give concrete advice. He is respected by other animals who take to his advice without question (NovelGuide para 4).
Boxer and Clover in contrast are dedicated workers who spent all their life serving the society (They are also foolishly gullible in that they believe in all the propaganda spread by Squealer who is a “manipulative and persuasive figure” (Hall and Poupard 348). Just like Squealer, Moses is another manipulative and cunning character in the novel (NovelGuide para 7, 8; 13, 14). Benjamin is an enigmatic character who continues to do his work without care of what is happening (NovelGuide para 17).
The Animal Farm is a classic example of how governments exploit and deny citizens of their basic rights. At the beginning of the novel, the animals are united under the banner of exploitation by Mr. Jones. They manage to fight and install their own leaders in Napoleon.
However, Napoleon turns to be worse that Mr. Jones and “perverts the first commandments he helped make” (Pierce para 7). For example, he reduced food rations for the other animals other than the fellow pigs. Some animals as Boxer worked so hard, believing in their leaders but instead of being rewarded, were exploited for the benefit of the same leaders they served (Grade saver para 15-17). These governments use totalitarian rules, to stay in power and subvert justice.
The pigs lead a revolution against Mr. Jones totalitarian rule, but ends up worse. They not only “end up in Mr. Jones House and position but also in his clothes.” Some critics have used this evidence to explain that The Animal Farm is another successful attempt by the society to kill dissent (Hall & Poupard 349). Propaganda is also used to intimidate those who question the abuse of human rights. Napoleon manipulates information and deceives the animals when he gains full power.
He spreads false accusation against snowball leading to his expulsion from the farm. Squealer, Napoleons spokes animal, is the face of propaganda in this novel. He represents governments’ spokes people who are responsible of spreading rumors that help their government to gain a tighter grip on power (Grade saver para 9-11). As a last result, totalitarians use violence and terror, to silence the rebels. Its effect I that it makes people submit to such government. These who do not are either forcefully exiled or killed.
Such excesses were practiced against Snowball and his sympathizers. Terror can also be propagated through propaganda. Squealer instills fear into anyone who tries to question napoleons unethical conduct, with Mr. Jones return (Grade saver para 12-14). Another major theme highlighted with importance is Education. Unfortunately, it is present in a very negative light. In its essence education is supposed to enlighten people. However in this novel, those in power “manipulate those that are governed” by the use of education.
Take the case of the pigs as an example. They realize the intellectual vulnerability of the other animals and take advantage of it by manipulating the seven commandments to their advantage. Napoleon also uses education negatively when he teaches new pigs his oppressive doctrines (Grade saver para 7, 8). This mis-education cast the other animals deeper into oppression.
In conclusion, George Orwell manages to highlight the fact that the biggest political problem is not capitalism but authoritarian rules. Whether under capitalism of socialism authoritarianism is inevitable this is because of the insatiable nature of human beings. The novel The Animal Farm will continue to be relevant for eons to come it.
It explicitly portrays the “class struggles and exploitation in the human society” (Hall & Poupard, 348). New leaders, like Napoleon, who assume power on the platform of change, abandon the idea as soon as they come to power. Most of them end up being worse of than the ones they replaced. They are just turn coat revolutionaries who take advantage of people’s naïveté to fulfill their selfish personal ambition. Because of the effect his works have achieve he one of the best authors in the 20th century.
Works Cited
Darrell, Victor. Plot Summary: Animal Farm, by George Orwell. N. d. Web.
Dedria, Bryfonski & Hall, Sharon.Twentieth century literary criticism: George Orwell. Michigan: Book Tower. 1979. Print.
George Orwell’s Animal Farm is often discussed as an allegorical story having the features of the fable and satire. The significance of the novella’s title is in its satirical nature. An animal farm is traditionally discussed as a place where animals are bred by humans. The farms are usually named after the owner. However, Animal Farm is rather different. It is a place where animals are owners of the properties (Orwell 6). While referring to the meaning and significance of the phrase which is used for the title of the novella, it is important to emphasize the opposition between animals and humans as well as their differences.
The name “Animal Farm” is chosen by the characters in order to accentuate the meaning of this specific place where animals can rule instead of humans and without being exploited by them. However, the ownership of the farm by animals is a rather provocative idea. While focusing on the fact that the purpose of the novella is to present the political regime in the Soviet Union before World War II, it is possible to state that the title is significant because it stresses on the inhuman nature of Joseph Stalin’s regime.
Providing the title for the work, Orwell seems to ask the questions about the differences in the regime of the Soviet Union and irrational rule of animals at the farm. The satirical title is significant because the reader also starts asking questions about the political and social meaning of the work’s message and ideas. Using the metaphor in the title, Orwell draws the readers’ attention to the Animal Revolution as his allegory to demonstrate the results of the Russian Revolution of 1917. That is why, the title is significant to represent the double meaning of the story and stimulate the readers’ interpretation of the literal and allegorical aspects of the title’s meaning.
The Major Themes Emerging from the Novel
The major themes represented in the novella are the leadership and power in the Soviet Union, corruption, inequality, the role of an individual in the society, exploitation, and control. In his novella, Orwell discusses the power in the Soviet Union as unlimited and focused in the hands of the elite, as it is typical for the totalitarian governments. These leaders are allegorically described in the characters of pigs which are powerful, but selfish, brutal, and vicious.
The theme of corruption is discussed with the help of stating that the absolute power makes people corrupted or depraved because of receiving the unlimited resources. Thus, those pigs which were the leaders of the Animal Revolution betrayed their ideals and principles and chose to live in Manor’s house because of the convenience and extreme desire to satisfy their needs while ignoring the needs of the other working animals.
These animals chose to follow the principle “All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others” (Orwell 112). Thus, Orwell also discusses the themes of inequality and the role of an individual in the society. In spite of the fact that the Animal Revolution was declared to be organized for the welfare of all animals, only the leaders received the real benefits. The same situation was observed in the Soviet Union. The social stratification and the division into rich and poor were not overcome, but these problems were hidden now.
The other significant themes discussed in the fable are exploitation and control supported by the leaders of the revolution. The pigs were satisfied with the work of hard-working animals, but any differences in the views could result in violent punishment. This allegory represents how Stalin chose to resolve the problems with dissenters. Thus, the institution of control in the Soviet Union was People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs, and the guarantee of the pig’s control was dogs which were used to persecute dissenters.
Important Passages and Their Significance
The first passage that attracts the reader’s attention is Major’s speech about the role of a man in the world. Thus, Major states in his speech, “Man is the only creature that consumes without producing…Yet he is lord of all the animals” (Orwell 6). Major notes that a man makes animals work, but he does not care about them and only “prevent them from starving” (Orwell 6). Major persuades the animals that they are better than men, and they have to rebel while focusing on the threats of exploitation. This statement reflects the Socialists’ arguments declared during the Revolution period. However, the significance of the passage is in the fact that the pigs forget about their statements and ideals while receiving some power, and they begin to exploit the others.
In Chapter 3, the principles of the Socialists’ attitude to work and the belief of the poor men in the better future are reflected. The horse Boxer becomes the inspiration for each animal at the farm because he follows the principle “I will work harder!” (Orwell 25). This principle is actively followed by lower class animals, but it is also used by the pigs to exploit workers. The ideology prevents these animals from seeing the real situation at Animal Farm.
The expulsion of Snowball with the help of dogs can be discussed as the important allegorical description of the struggle between Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky observed in the Soviet Union. Napoleon used any means to realize his goals. Thus, he even used dogs to fear Snowball and other animals, “there was a terrible baying sound outside, and nine enormous dogs wearing brass-studded collars came bounding into the barn. They dashed straight for Snowball, who only sprang from his place just in time to escape their snapping jaws” (Orwell 48). Napoleon could not support his leadership with the other resources, and he used violence to state his high social position. This moment is symbolic to represent the deterioration of any Socialist principles declared at Animal Farm.
The next significant passage is about judging Snowball as a scapegoat. This moment is important to describe the reality of Animal Farm and make the reader think about the Soviet Union. Snowball was accused of any crime at the farm only because he did not support Napoleon. Thus, “If a window was broken or a drain was blocked up, someone was certain to say that Snowball had come in the night and done it” (Orwell 66). This situation is the first step in persecution of ‘suspicious’ animals who were killed because of possible relations with Snowball. Thus, the authorities used all the cruel methods to justify and support their regime while violating the basic principles of their ideologies.
The Setting of the Novel and Its Effects on the Plot
The setting of the novella is imaginary Manor Farm located in England. This place becomes the communal territories owned by the animals after the Animal Revolution. The time period associated with the described events is not stated clearly. Animal Farm becomes the place where animals live according to the principles of Animalism and equality of all the animals. These equal animals have the only enemy in men who previously exploited them (Orwell 4).
Concentrating on the allegorical meaning of the novella, it is possible to note that the setting of the story is the Soviet Union after the period of the Russian Revolution in 1917 and during the rule of Joseph Stalin. The setting can be considered as affecting the plot significantly because all the described events occur at Animal Farm where animals try to develop the communal way of life. This farm becomes the place where the pigs win the people and receive the power.
It is possible to state that the story could be told in a different setting, but the features of the fable can be lost because the main distinctive feature of the novella is its allegorical character. While putting the characters of the novella in the real-life setting, it is possible to discuss the moments from the history of the Soviet Union without using any allegories and metaphors in order to accentuate the dramatic features of the regime. That is why, this story about the corrupted leaders and exploited workers presented in a different setting can be discussed as ineffective to reveal the author’s main idea.
The Main Characters and Their Motivations
The main characters of the novella are Napoleon, Snowball, Boxer, Squealer, and Old Major. The character of Napoleon is based on the personality of Joseph Stalin. This ambitious pig tries to become a leader at Animal Farm after the death of Old Major. Napoleon uses all the means to achieve the goal, and these means are mostly persuasive speeches and unlimited violence. As a result, Napoleon can be described as a political tyrant.
The character of Snowball is based on the personality of Leon Trotsky, the main rival of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. Snowball is an idealist, and he also wants to become a leader at Animal Farm, but he fails because of avoiding the use of extremely violent means and because of basing only on clear reasoning. That is why, Napoleon makes Snowball to become a scapegoat in order to receive the opportunity to cope with the smart competitor.
Boxer is a cart-horse who represents the working class at Animal Farm. Boxer works hard in order to contribute to the farm’s intensive development. He is loyal, strong, naïve, and dedicated to the ideals of Animalism. Boxer can be discussed as motivated by the belief in the better future and achievements of the working animals.
Squealer is a pig who develops the active propaganda at Animal Farm in order to support Napoleon’s ideas and personality (Orwell 20). This pig speaks in a language that is understandable for other animals, and he is motivated by possible Napoleon’s appraisal.
Old Major is an old pig whose character is written basing on the personalities of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. Old Major is rather wise, and he is focused on finding better ways for living at farm while avoiding the exploitation of the animals as the lower class (Orwell 3-4).
The character to whom it is possible to relate oneself is Boxer. This cart-horse is the appropriate choice because he discusses the hard work as the only way to build the better future, and he tries to inspire the others to do their best to create something good.
Important Relationships Among Characters in the Novel
The novella is based on the description of the problematic relationships between Napoleon and Snowball. These pigs are rivals in their fight for leadership at Animal Farm. In spite of the fact that both Napoleon and Snowball orient to receiving the unlimited leadership and influence, the methods which they use to complete the goals are different. That is why, Napoleon who uses violence and fear becomes more powerful than Snowball who uses reasoning. Although Napoleon and Snowball start applying the ideals of Animalism to the regime at Animal Farm as a team, they need more leadership after the death of Old Major. These relations are typical for the ruling class where the fight for power is not only extreme but also prolonged.
The other type of relationships is described with references to workers Boxer and Benjamin. Orwell describes these animals’ relations the following way, “the two of them usually spent their Sundays together in the small paddock beyond the orchard, grazing side by side and never speaking” (Orwell 4). The horse and the donkey represent different visions and attitudes to the world and situation, but they live to support each other. Boxer can be described as more enthusiastic and positive while discussing the ideals of Animalism. Benjamin is more passive in spite of the fact that he understands the real situation at Animal Farm. Benjamin chooses not to do anything to fight cruelty of Napoleon’s regime. Thus, this character represents the visions of the majority in the Soviet Union.
The Narrator of the Story and Impact of His Perspective on the Narration
The narrative point used in Animal Farm is third-person, and this point of view can be discussed as impersonal and omniscient because Orwell is not presented as a character in the work. First, it seems that the narrator’s perspective is limited, but then it can be found that readers know more than animals which are discussed in the story. Thus, the anonymous narrator not only retells the actions of the animals, but he also presents the motives and thoughts of such characters as Napoleon, Squealer, Boxer, and Benjamin (Orwell 3-14). As a result, this perspective can affect the way according to which the story is told and understood by the reader. The used approach helps accentuate the differences observed in the pigs’ words and their actions toward horses and other animals who work hard to support the commune.
The narrator can also be described as detached, and there are more opportunities for the author to present and develop the allegorical meaning of the novella while focusing on the real motivation of such characters as Napoleon and Squealer while comparing their words, thoughts, and actions with the activities of the other animals at the farm (Orwell 58-64). This point of view is effective to be used in the allegorical novella because the reader can understand all the hidden meanings of the described activities and words while referring to the narrator’s ironical remarks and hints. That is why, the choice of the perspective is rather appropriate to address the idea or message of this satirical story.
The Ending of the Novel
The ending of the novella can be discussed as appropriate to represent the result of corruption of the ideals and principles developed at Animal Farm. Thus, animals betrayed their ideals because of the benefits of working with their human enemies. However, the last scene demonstrates that animals and men have many features in common because of their focus on cheating, exploiting, and expanding only their own properties. The quarrel between animals’ leaders and people observed by the other animals through windows of the house reveals that “the creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which” (Orwell 118). Thus, Orwell effectively stresses on how tyrants can use the ideals against the lower classes and support their power with the methods used by the previous leaders.
Recommendation of the Novel
Animal Farm should be recommended for reading to others because this allegorical novella is helpful to understand the nature of the totalitarian regimes which can be based on the effective ideals. Furthermore, the novella is interesting to help readers become detached from the historical reality associated with the Russian Revolution and look at the events from the other perspective. The satirical anti-utopian story makes the reader think about the true nature of many things observed in different types of the society. In his work, Orwell effectively discussed the threats of the totalitarian regimes which can be corrupted because of the aspects of the human nature. That is why, the novella can be actively recommended to the readers to look at the political events from the perspective of the satirical fable.
The first thing that can be highlighted is that most of the literature pieces are not created just for the sake of entertainment and relaxation but also for meaningful reflections. A lot of novels and books are extremely thought-provoking and encourage readers to engage in discussions and conversations with others. What is important to mention is that different authors achieve this goal in different ways. For instance, some prefer to build their reading on metaphors, some on specific organizations and structures, and others establish their texts on satire. One of such literature prices is an allegorical novella Animal Farm written George Orwell. This reading is extremely interesting from that point of view and, for this reason, should be carefully analyzed. Therefore, the following paper will prove that Animal Farm is a satirical work by using the elements of satire.
Before discussing the elements of satire in the identified novella it seems essential to learn more about its plot and meaning. This reading is an allegory, which is a specific story where the chosen characters and situations represent other characters and situations for the purpose of making a point about them (“Animal Farm at a Glance”). In the story, a group of animals rebel against the human farmer, embrace the idea of Animalism, and organize a revolution in order to achieve justice and equality. However, everything ends with a totalitarian dictator becoming the head of the community and ruining its desire for progress and justice. Since the reading is an allegory, the readers should try looking at the vents from a different perspective. As it appears, Animalism stands for communism, farm stands for Russia, the farmer for the Russian Tzar, the pig for the revolutionary Trotsky, and Napoleon stands for the figure of Stalin (“Animal Farm at a Glance”). Therefore, even by analyzing what characters and situations represent in the story, it can already be stated that the reading is a satire because it represents real people and situations in an ironic way.
Satire and its elements are used in literature works in order to highlight some features of the situation or a person and make fun of them. It effectively represents stupidity of humans, especially those who are the members of the high society layers. One of the most obvious elements that the author of the Animal Farm uses in order to highlight the satire is irony. He uses animals and represents then as being able to talk, feel, and make decisions “in order to illustrate the abuse of one group of humans by another” (Boremyr 3). It can easily be noticed in the end of the story when it becomes almost impossible to tell the animals apart from the humans. Throughout the story, they became more human despite the commitment to the Animalism philosophy. By doing this, he achieves the goal of showing the brutality, corruption and incompetence of the Soviet Union not just like in a history book but in an entertaining and fun way.
Additionally, another way in which the author frames the story as a satirical work is the concept of defamiliarization. As suggested by Adhikari, this idea “tends to throw light on the special use of language in the works of art, unlike the use of language in the everyday life” (378). This concept generally suggests that that various forms of language used to present familiar things in unfamiliar ways for the purpose of persuading their readers and appealing to their emotions can encourage them to look at those things from a different perspective (Adhikari 378). For this reason, by using the concept of defamiliarization, the author increases the irony of the whole novella, makes the forms unfamiliar and difficult to understand, and increases the process of perception and decision-making. Orwell did not adopt the violent mode in order to represent and satirize communism (Adhikari 385). On the other hand, he satirized it and employed a more subtle way of representation (Adhikari 285). Therefore, Animal Farm can be called a satirical piece of literature because the author uses the concept of defamiliarization in order to present the readers with a different and more ironic perspective on a familiar issue.
To summarize, Animal Farm is an interesting and thought-provoking novella. It is very insightful not just from the point of its meaning but also the effective use of satire throughout the story. The author was able to incorporate the different elements of this concept in order to increase its satirical nature and encourage the readers to reflect on this more. Therefore, the presented paper proved that Animal Farm is a satirical novella.
Works Cited
Adhikari, Krishanu. “Animal Farm: A Satire on Communism Through ‘Defamilirization’.” An International Refereed e-Journal of Literary Explorations, vol. 1, no. 1, 2014, pp. 378-385.
“Animal Farm at a Glance.” CliffsNotes. Web.
Boremyr, Hanna. “Reading Orwell’s Animals: An animal-oriented study of George Orwell’s political satire Animal Farm.” 2016.
George Orwell, the author of animal farm, was a man who believed in Socialism. He saw the working class as being mistreated by the capitalist government. He wanted a socialist economy with equality and elimination of selfish individual interest. In his book, the Animal Farm, he showed the evils of a Communist market system.
In Russia there had existed a system where a minority of rich and aristocrats owned most of the property under a dictatorial king. The poor rebelled and overthrew the capitalists in order to have a communist society that would follow the ideas of Socialism. All land and property was taken from private individuals and companies and put under the supervision of the government. Unfortunately there arose Stalin, a leader who was a dictator, pretending to practise socialism yet he was a cruel dictator.
Orwell loved socialism but did not like the Communist perception of Socialism and the way they applied the socialist model. He wrote the novel to warn the people of the dangers of Communism. At the time the novel was written Communism was spreading to Europe and the United States. In the novel animal farm, Orwell tells the story of Communism in the form of an animal fable.
There are animals which represent the poor people while the pigs and dogs represent the administrators of the leader. The pigs and dogs are given power to rule the animals by Jones who is the leader.
However these administrators are greedy for power. Through bloodshed and spread of propaganda they destroy all who rise up to complain or resist them. In Russia there were power struggles between Stalin and Trotsky. These were the chief allies of Lenin who was the leader of Russia at that time.
Stalin was shrewd, once Lenin died in 1924 he ganged up with his supporters and Trotsky had fled from Russia. He held public executions of the people who supported his competitors. All the land was owned by the Jones who controlled the economy. The animals were given anthems and rules such as all animals are equal but there are animals which are more equal than others.
The book shows the way it is human nature for people to create classes in the society which leads to oppression of the poor. The pigs and the dogs are corrupted by power. The working class are naive, uneducated and gullible and do not question the intentions of the government. In the book Orwell shows the way totalitarian governments use terror and violence to control the people. Jones overworks the animals and even takes their food.
He beats them up and slaughters them. The pigs and dogs like their master do not hesitate to use this cruel tool of control. Jones exploits the animals for the physical labour. He also exploits the pigs and dogs though they are not aware. He uses them to scare the animals to do his bidding. Orwell through the book predicted that communism would not last long and would fail economically to achieve social equality.
At the end of animal farm the pigs have become the new oppressors. There is no liberation for the animals. Stalin became the new dictator in Russia just like the dictatorial king the poor had rebelled against. The predictions are true since in the communist nations the economy has not done well at all. In the end Europe and America fought with the Communist nations showing that a government-controlled economy was not the way.
A capitalist economy was democratic and the best model to emulate for any country. His warnings on Communism were true however adopting Socialism is not the way either. Capitalism is a good system that encourages competition and there is growth in the economy. Goods and services are produced and given efficiently. A capitalist country should only be careful to ensure there is no exploitation of the poor.
Animal farm is a book that was written by George Orwell. This is a major piece of literature whose meaning, even if subject to interpretations among scholars, is clearly related to what the Russian revolution turned out to be. This paper is going to consider issues in this book under several sub-headings.
Transformations that explain the change from the seven commandments to one commandment
Several transformations did take place on the animal farm beginning from the overthrow of Jones. Initially the animals came up with seven commandments that had to be followed in order to have a harmonious living in the farm. When Napoleon takes over power, he starts to twist the commandments in order for them to suit his interests through the propagandist, Squealer.
In this novel, step by step, these commandments are eroded up to the time the conclusion is made that “All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others” (133). Here what has started in an indirect manner is that all animals are not equal. This enables the pigs, or the ruling class, to behave like the human beings and engage in things carried out by human beings and other animals are exploited. Therefore the changing of the commandments serves to favor the ruling class.
How Snowball and Napoleon think of political power
Both Snowball and Napoleon are seen to be the animals that are the most intelligent. Each of them makes a choice of different tactics in the cause of the fight in which Napoleon emerges a winner.
Snowball tends to have an interest that is genuine in regard to bringing improvement in the welfare of the animals on the farm. Snowball is idealistic and he has a strong believe in the seven commandments that have been set up. His greatest objective is to carry out the spreading of the revolution and to bring in the improvement of the general welfare of all the animals on the farm. In regard to politics in the actual sense, what Snowball is doing is attempting to win the animals’ interests as well as their loyalty.
On the other hand, considering Napoleon’s style, this is seen to be the direct opposite of what Snowball stands for. He is ready to take his time carrying out a debate on Snowball, and in general terms he comes with ideas or opinions that are not in line with those of Snowball and in engaging in doing this, he brings about a conflict. The objective he has in mind is to strengthen his power over Animal Farm and makes sure he realizes its protection. He sees ahead and takes an initiative to secretly train young dogs and wins the loyalty of these dogs. This is an indication that he took the best option to be the “Coup”.
Napoleon was ready to employ a democratic process to a particular level but at the time he came to a realization that things were going out of his hands following the loss he encountered in regard to the vote on the windmill he used the dogs he had trained to forcefully have Snowball off the farm. At this point, the debate came to a halt.
Napoleon seems to play on the psychology of the animals, trying to twist history as well as events in such a manner that those animals that are not wise or intelligent could not see. This action of twisting makes his power much stronger. Eventually Snowball was not in a position to stand a chance. Snowball initially had it in mind that he had been taking part in politics on a ground that was level, but then in the end Napoleon was the one who emerged the winner.
Role of Propaganda
Propaganda is used both positively and negatively in the novel. For instance, Snowball uses propaganda positively where he effectively employs this to assume power over the farm. At the time the rebellion was over, he took power and declared his manifesto upon the ears that were desperate “Vote for Snowball and the three day week….” (65). He engaged in the spreading of propaganda that would give a boost to Animalism by setting up of the windmill. The windmill was meant to be utilized for luxuries that would play a major role in improving the welfare of the animals. He put it that even if the carrying of the construction of the windmill will not be easy, but then eventually this would turn to be of great benefit to the animals on the farm in the long term. The ideas held by Snowball were highly cherished by the animals and they turned out to be very much excited up to the time he was chased from the farm.
On the other hand, Napoleon engaged in using propaganda in a negative way to spoil the name of Snowball in order to destroy him. He chased away Snowball with a threat of death and then engaged in propaganda to spread out the idea that Snowball was a great traitor and he was cooperating with their enemy, Mr. Jones. He carried out this to strengthen his leadership position. However, there was general acceptance of the propaganda put forth by Napoleon.
The novel clearly gives an indication of the way propaganda can be employed to change the way people believe especially when these people are motivated by ideas that are positive and are willing to offer support to these ideas. However, when darkness in the novel is seen from Napoleon, it turns out to be very hard to make a distinction between truths and lies.
What Benjamin represents
This character is a donkey in the novel. He is the animal that has lived longer than any other animal on the farm. He is not very much straightforward in comparison with other animals in the book. This character may represent the old people of Russia or he might as well be representing the group of intellectuals. He does not have any feeling about life and suggests that he does not see any difference between the time the animals were under the rule of Jones and the time the animals are not under the rule of Napoleon. He has equal intelligence as the pigs but is not involved in ruling and neither does he belong to the group of the working peasantry consisting of the horses. This character may be representing the skeptical people who were in Russia as well as those who were out of Russia who held the belief that the people of Russia could not acquire any help from communism, but who did not engage in carrying out criticism in fear of loosing their lives.
Conclusion
This book gives a clear focus on the way leaders employ particular techniques to seize power and to use this power to control others who are being ruled. The book clearly indicates how leaders behave when they take over power after attaining independence. Originally there is a shared vision but this narrows down to self-interest with time and the vision that was originally shared vanishes away.