Category: Ancient Rome

Slavery in ancient Rome was inherited from the Greeks and the Phoenicians, ‘History of slavery’ (2006) points out that slaves came from throughout the Mediterranean and Europe and Rome bought slaves from pirates, acquired them as a result of war considered bounties of ancient war, and during hard times, Roman citizens sold their children into slavery for money even sell themselves The ratio of the Italian population was 1 slave in 3 citizens and as few as 1 slave in 5 citizens throughout the Roman Empire. ‘Slaves served in households, agriculture, mines, the military, manufacturing workshops, construction and a wide range of services within the city’ (Cartwright, 2013). The role of Slaves in the Roman Economy was that they provided what was important to Roman society according to ‘Slavery in Ancient Rome’ (2006):

Slavery in ancient Rome played an important role in society and the economy. Besides manual labor, slaves performed many domestic services and might be employed in highly skilled jobs and professions. Accountants and physicians were often slaves. Slaves of Greek origin in particular might be highly educated (para. 1).

It is mentioned in ‘Slavery in Ancient Rome’ (2010) that slaves were responsible for just about everything in Rome, they worked on farms producing crops and looking after livestock intern providing food for Rome. They produced some of the most important crops and some of these items were traded. Gapes were made into the wine that was drunk by Romans diluting 1 into 3 parts water, consuming in the region of 378 liters or 504 bottles of wine, ‘Roman citizens and soldiers drank an average of about 100 gallons of wine per year’ (‘Alcohol among the Greeks and Romans: They enjoyed drinking,’ 2019). Production of wheat was used to make bread which was part of a Roman staple diet and once mills were used, larger quantities were produced essentially for bread production. Olives were used as fuel as an ingredient for lamps, massaging, butter, and perfumes to clean their bodies and became a trade commodity. There were the carpenters, blacksmiths, those highly skilled professions even doctors and accountants were slaves in Rome. The slaves were in control of the entire food chain that the Romans were reliant on, even the Army and navy also relied on the slaves to provide the wool for what they needed and as a result of all this, the economy grew because these excess items were exported creating economic wealth (para. 3). Apart from farming, slaves developed the infrastructure, bridges, road, aqueduct, and public fountains. ‘therefore slave labor became one of Rome’s greatest sources of economic wealth’ ‘Slavery in Ancient Rome’ (2010).

Slaves provided important roles in Rome and were responsible for the economic wealth of Rome, without the slaves Rome would not have been what they once were. The importance of trading throughout the Mediterain created economic wealth in Ancient Rome.

References

1. Alcohol among the greeks and Romans: They enjoyed drinking. (2019, October 31). Alcohol Problems & Solutions. https://www.alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org/alcohol-among-the-greeks-and-romans/
2. Cartwright, M. (2013, November 1). Slavery in the Roman world. Ancient History Encyclopedia. https://www.ancient.eu/article/629/slavery-in-the-roman-world/
3. History of slavery. (2006, August 21). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved October 23, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery#Rome
4. Slavery in Ancient Rome. (2006, May 29). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved October 23, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome

For nearly a thousand years, Rome dominated and offered order and law to most of the known sphere. While the myth that the Roman Empire and the Republic were perfectly conducive to their entire population is incorrect, Rome propagated certain concepts and principles that are essential to current governance and daily life. Rome has contributed to the contemporary development of the world, but all good things must come to an end. The empire`s own collapse was one of Rome`s most severe and lasting effects on Europe. The fall of Rome not only shocked the world at the time, but it also had far-reaching consequences for the next thousand years of Western European history.

The fall of Rome also sparked another significant period in European history: feudalism. When Rome fell, all of Europe was thrown into an ongoing state of rivalry. Not only did the new leaders want to tax their subjects, but they also wanted them to fight during the war. Of course, this method is not popular (Heather, ‘The Fall of Rome’). The new rulers gave landowners the ability to build their own small armies, which kings could use to protect the kingdom. This structure also offered local security against raiders such as Vikings and Magyars who wanted to invade the area. It eventually flourished in the feudal regime that ruled medieval Europe. This is a good thing for civilization because, for hundreds of years, feudalism helped prevent another powerful centralized government, such as Rome, from thriving in Europe. Despite the oath of allegiance to the monarch, the landowners would divide and transfer their possessions to those who pledged allegiance to them. This naturally resulted in a decentralized government prone to internal strife. Feudalism also hindered European commerce and economic development. Serfs who worked the land were bound to their master and prohibited from constructing economic infrastructure without his permission. Because the serfs had to pay taxes and tolls in order to access their master’s infrastructure and resources, granting them the power to develop the land was not in their master’s best interests. The economy of the Middle Ages in Europe paled compared to the economy of the Roman Empire. But after Rome fell, religious organizations got much better and stronger. The fall of the Roman empire liberated Europe from the domination of a single power. The imperial monopolies offered peace and stability, but they also suppressed change and protest by attempting to maintain the status quo. When centralized power disappeared with the fall of the empire, conflicting political, military, economic, and religious groups began to fight, negotiate, and compromise, rebuilding society along different lines in the process. While Europe was divided into a fiercely competing state system, those 1,500 years (up to World War II) were full of battles. Despite the pain it created, fragmentation and competition encouraged to change, resulting in dramatic changes in knowledge creation, economic performance, human welfare, and political activities. This journey towards modernity is long and winding, but it is also a unique one in the world. We can ask why the Roman Empire existed if Europe was not fertile territory for empire building. The Romans were successful because they took advantage of a set of events that were difficult, if not impossible, to reproduce thereafter. Their commanders were smart enough to use civic responsibilities, financial incentives, and alliances to get a lot of regular farmers to join the army for cheap. Rome also benefited from the low level of state creation in the western Mediterranean and the fact that the larger kingdoms in the far east were at war with others. As a result, they conquered and consumed other communities one by one. In the centuries that followed, though, Europe was full of warring powers, so none of them could take over everything else.

In general, we focus on the heritage of Roman civilization that is still visible today, such as the Roman languages, the Roman writing system, and many names, as well as the Julian calendar, Roman law, architectural styles, and, most recently but at least, a lot. All of these factors continue to influence our lives. But, when it comes to explaining why the world has dramatically changed over the past few centuries, the single most important contribution of the Roman Empire seems to be that it has disappeared forever, irreplaceable. This break is essential in creating the appropriate circumstances for revolutionary change to take place over time. The most important heritage we often do not see. The fall of Rome was inevitable for the world to be what it is today, but it was still a tragedy in many respects.

Beginning in the 8th century BC, ancient Rome grew from a very small town into an empire that at its peak had control of most continental Europe, Britain, western Asian, northern Africa, and the Mediterranean islands. As the legend says, Rome was founded by the twins, Romulus and Remus. After killing his brother, Romulus became the first king of Rome. However, Rome’s era as a monarchy ended in 509 BC, when it turned into a republic. The power of the monarch passed to two annually elected magistrates called consuls. Though elected by the people, the magistrates largely came from the Senate, which was dominated by the descendants from the original senators from the time of Romulus. Politics in the early republic was defined by the long struggle between patricians and plebeians. During the early republic, the Roman state grew exponentially in size and power. Rome’s complex politics institutions started to slowly crumble under the growing empire, leading Rome to an era of internal turmoil.

In 27 BC, Augusts became the first princep (emperor) of Rome. Augustus’ rule restored morale in Rome after a century of chaos and corruption and led in the famous ‘pax Romana’ which was two centuries of peace and prosperity in Rome. As seen in ‘Res Gestae’ by Augustus, ‘The Annals of Imperial Rome’ by Tacitus, and ‘Suetonius’ Life of Augustus’, Augustus’s career as Princeps of Rome was very successful because he reorganized Rome and made changes to public facilities, changed the way of life for Romans through reformed imperial institutions and administrative changes, and established a Roman standing army to expand the empire.

Much of the technology that was used by the Romans mostly remained similar between the Republic and the Empire. However, Augustus altered the system to oversee public works, including roads, aqueducts, and sewers. He made permanent positions of those who oversaw the construction and maintenance of these projects. This helped improve accountability. It also provided a way for the emperor to reward his supporters with important and secure jobs.

August both directly commissioned and indirectly encouraged the construction of multiple temples, a new forum, bathhouses, and theaters. Many public buildings were “erected by him, the most considerably of which were a forum, containing the temple of Mars the Avenger, the temple of Apollo on the Palatine Hill, and the temple of Jupiter Tonans in the capitol” (Suetonius, 93). Recognizing that the population in Rome continues to grow exponentially, Augustus was clever to build a new forum because there were too many cases to be tried in court and the two forums already in place did not provide sufficient space. In ‘Res Gestae’, Augustus talks about his accomplishments in reorganizing Rome by stating “I built the senate-house and the chalcidicum adjacent to it, and the temple of Apollo on the Paletine with its porticoes…” (Augustus,). He “restored aqueduct channels in several places which we collapsing through old age” and even “doubled the capacity of the aqueduct which is called Marcian by introducing a new spring into its channel” (Augustus, 80). This demonstrates that Augustus used restructuring Rome’s public facilities to mark his place in Rome’s history. Also, these newly built structures were a form of propaganda and hailed the accomplishments of Augustus. These infrastructures reinforced Augustus’s legitimacy and praised the new golden age he brought to Rome. Without Augustus, all these new infrastructures would have not existed and no one would remember who Augustus was. Implementing monumental buildings and forums was a way for Augustus to not only improve Rome but also to show the people that Rome has improved under Augustus’s administration.

While Augustus was in power, he created multiple reforms within imperial institutions and made administrative changes to better the Roman lives. Augustus made many important reforms at the beginning of his rule, having to do with both noble causes and popular causes. As the aristocracy continued its rule, the people demanded privilege after privilege, soon making the senate theoretically the supreme power of the state. The senate became more and more powerful until it controlled the consuls completely. Essentially, this leads to a very corrupt government. According to Tacitus, “Augustus had put the state in order not by making himself king or dictator, but by creating a Principate” (Tacitus, 38). The Principate period was characterized as a time where rulers of the new monarchy that tried their best to preserve aspects of the Roman Republic. This reveals that Augustus was a leader for his people’s concerns and needs rather than a dictator who just wants absolute power and pursue their interests. Augustus brought back a sense of dignity and nobility from being on the senate by decreasing the number of people on the senate, as well as taking away provincial powers. He appointed capable people, no matter what their family background, to areas of responsibility as well as get rid of corrupt administrators. Augustus writes in ‘Res Gestae’ how he “increased the number of patricians by command of the people and senate when consul for the fifth time” and “revised the membership of the senate three times” (Augustus, 66). This shows that Augustus was willing to revise the court system so that people can be assured of greater justice. He was not corrupt and did not seek for just absolute power; instead, he was willing to ensure that his people had a fair government and the right to receive justice. Not only did he improve the government, but he also corrected many ill practices. To avoid crime like behaviors, he issued “posts of soldiers in suitable stations” (Suetonius, 93). This police force helped rid the city of criminal elements and any violence. By establishing these security forces to get rid of brigands and thieves who attacked and kidnapped people, Augustus made travel in Italy safer.

Augustus’ military career sets him apart as a leader. He was the first Roman to create a professional standing army in which he put to good use in expanding the empire with campaigns in Spain, North Africa, and Germany. Before Augustus formed his standing army, he had to conquer Mark Antony and Cleopatra in the battle of Actium. Mark Antony who was married to Augustus’ sister Octavia divorced her and formed a romantic alliance with Cleopatra, the queen of Egypt. In retaliation, Augustus declared war on both of them. After the civil war between Augustus and Mark, there were around 60 legions of soldiers in the Roman army. This large of an army was too much of an expense to keep around and would be impossible to employ usefully. Augustus’s response to this problem was to release around 300,000 troops and give the land grants. The total amount of money which “he gave to the discharged soldiers was 600,000,000 denarii” (Augustus, 100). Additional to these forces, there was a similar number of auxiliary troops. Augustus also reformed the length of time a soldier serves, increasing it from six to twelve years. Under the Republican legions, Augustus created a professional standing army with legions becoming permanent units composed of career soldiers. Under the late Republic, a Roman citizen could legally be required to serve a maximum of sixteen years in the legions. With this professional, highly trained army, Augustus was able to add more land to the Roman empire than any single individual. According to ‘Res Gestae’, Augustus “settled colonies of soldiers in Africa, Sicily, Macedonia, both Spains, Achea…” (Augustus, 92). Augustus names in ‘Res Gestae’ the provinces which he added to the empire. The list is very extensive and he brought more territory within the dominion of the Roman state than any other: Egypt, northern Spain, the Alpine lands, Raetia, Pannonia, Moesia, etc. This shows that Augustus’s skill at using the military as an unbeatable force and expanding the land was one of his greatest strengths as a leader. From ‘Res Gestae’, it can be seen that Augustus writes mostly about his militaristic accomplishments, especially how he established an army of soldiers and utilized them well to expand the empire. It can be implied here that Augustus wanted to be remembered by his military achievements after his death and that his military capabilities were his unique status.

Some historians may argue that a “principate” is characterized by the reign of a single emperor and suggest the idea of monarchy. They may disagree with the idea that Augustus had a successful career because he influenced the Roman empire with the principate government. The Romans became a republic under the premise that there should never be a single man with too much political power. The Republic was constructed to prevent a new king from returning. However, by the time of Augustus’ accession, the Republic had already become a complete and unmitigated disaster. The disorganized, disunited Senatorial class started to gain more power and take advantage of the power they had within the republic. Augustus’s solution was to constitutionally create a “warlord in chief”, e.g. an emperor. The emperor was the chief military officer of the state and provided stability. Augustus also reorganized the empire and got it under control for the most part. He was able to re-bridge the connection between the lower class and the Senate as well as implemented good policies to keep people away from moral corruption. Without this fix, there could have not been a successful Roman empire for centuries after. Essentially, Augustus’ successful career as princep of Rome played a fundamental role in the Roman empire. Augustus was able to fix a lot of the problems that plagued and ultimately led to the collapse of the Roman republic. As seen in ‘Res Gestae’ by Augustus, ‘The Annals of Imperial Rome’ by Tacitus, and ‘Suetonius’ Life of Augustus’, Augustus’ career as Princeps of Rome was very successful because he reorganized Rome and made changes to public facilities, changed the way of life for Romans through reformed imperial institutions and administrative changes, and established a Roman standing army to expand the empire.

How Dress Shows the Roles of Women in Ancient Roman Society Compared to Those of Women in the Earlier Ancient Civilization of Greece

The women in the earlier ancient civilization of Greece had few rights in comparison to male citizens. The women were unable to own property, were rarely seen in public, and led sequestered restricted lives. A woman’s place was in the home and her purpose in life was to be a good wife to her husband. Being a good wife meant bearing children, maintaining an orderly household, and training and supervising servants and slaves. In the Roman world, the role of women was not thought of as equal to the role of men. Women were regarded as inferior in legal terms, but there was also a strong Roman male appreciation and admiration of women and their role in everyday life. Roman men knew it wasn’t always comfortable living with them, but they couldn’t live without them. In this paper, I will compare and contrast the roles of women in ancient Roman society with those of women in the earlier ancient civilization of Greece and describe how their dress reflected their roles in society through social structure, economics, and ideology/religious factors.

The social structure for all Romans was a patriarchal society. Starting at the top were imperial domus, senators, then equestrians, followed by the commons, freed people, and finally the slaves. The social structure for Roman women included a limited form of citizenship. Women were not allowed to vote or stand for civil or public office. However, women could own property, engage in business, and obtain a divorce. Brooches were a way of defining a person’s status and gender by the way these brooches were worn. Research from burials of Ancient Roman people shows that the “high-bowed brooches were used to fasten coarse and thick material such as overgarments and so were likely to have been worn by both men and women. Flatter brooches were for thinner fabrics, such as in women’s undergarments. Roman soldiers also wore certain brooches as insignia, and women wore them as jewelry.” (Allison 108). The different ways they wore broaches when they were buried showed many characteristics of the person from when they were living. Women also were shown to have worn a greater number of brooches. Women of higher status could afford more quality, detailed brooches than women of lower classes. The physical type of brooches worn could also show gender. The Distelfibel was a larger, heavy, thistle-shaped brooch. It had a ribbed semicircular bow with a large shield decorated with curved and incised pressed sheet metal. Evidence showed that “this particular brooch type can indeed be gendered predominantly female in most Roman period contexts.” (Allison 109). The Distelfibel was also found in many rich burials which shows that the wearer of theist hype of brooch would have been a woman of higher status.

The social structure in Greece was a hierarchy of different classes of people. There were upper, middle, lower/freemen, and slave classes. There was also a pecking order for gender and citizenship. At the top was the government made of up adult men in the democracy, followed by male citizens, and then male children. Native free men were the only citizens Women, foreigners, and female children fell below the male citizens and male children. Slaves were the lowest class and had no form of citizenship. Life in ancient Greece developed from the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations. Scientists have discovered that the Ancient Greeks used clothing for much more than simply protecting the body. Dress for the Ancient Greeks served as decoration and signaled the status of the wearer. Wealthier Greek citizens wore fine fabrics and elaborate jewelry that required great skill to create. Poorer Greeks such as slaves and freemen who weren’t citizens, mainly dressed in basic, coarsely made garments. One garment worn by women was the himation. The himation was an oblong woolen shawl with large dimensions, and it was worn draped around the body in different ways. A woman “wearing one’s himation with grace was a mark of social standing in the community and it cannot always have been an easy achievement, for the himation was generally worn without fasteners like buttons or safety pins, and the wearer must have sometimes used his hands that were hidden by his himation to hold it in place,” (Andrews). This shows their social status because the garment would have been too hard to wear for a woman doing chores. The himation signaled that the woman wearing it did not have to do physical labor, because she could afford to have a slave do her chores.

Romans were very superstitious when it came to religious spirits on a woman’s wedding day. The Roman bride would wear tunica recta, which would have been a simple white dress woven in a traditional way. The fabric was usually made from wool because people believed this was the lucky fabric and a good way to ward off evil. Roman brides always wore a veil called a flame. The flame was big enough to wrap around the bride and cover her head, but not her face. The color of the veil either red or a deep yellow color is highly debated by experts. Whatever the color, people believed the veil would make the bride look like a candle flame. This was done to once again, ward off evil spirits. Roman bridesmaids wore the same dress as the bride, to confuse any spirits at the wedding ceremony. Romans believed that having several similar-looking dresses would make the spirit unable to recognize the bride out of all the women wearing the same dress. Roman brides took these precautions to ward off evil spirits because they believed that “before the ceremony was completed and she joined the household of the groom, the bride was sort of in a limbo, stripped of the gods who can offer her protection in the outside world,” (citation). The bride was vulnerable to spirits because she would be leaving her family and the protections granted to her by the deities, that her family worshiped.

The religion in ancient Greece was polytheistic. They believed different gods had their own domain such as the god of war and the god of the sea. Different temples were built to honor specific gods and goddesses. The art displayed on the walls throughout these temples, vase paintings, and statues of women, were believed to be priestesses. They know these women are priestesses because “priestesses are identifiable solely because of the temple key that they carry, but there are no attributes or inscriptions that indicate which divinity they served,” (Brøns 356). Almost all of the priestesses depicted throughout the temple were shown to be wearing a chiton himation. A chiton was a rectangular piece of linen or wool, draped by the wearer in various ways, and the shoulders were kept in place by brooches called fibulae. The waist was synched in by a belt that the excess fabric was pulled up under the belt. At all times the chiton was worn at ankle length by women in ancient Greece. The himation was a very large rectangle of fabric, that was draped in different ways such as a shawl, cloak, or head covering. They were usually made of white wool, however, women could wear himations made of colored silk or cotton.

The different types of clothing women of Ancient Greece and Ancient Roman societies wore showed their role in that society. Women had different roles than men and different roles among other social classes of people. Women of higher classes could afford fancier garment styles, fabrics, and brooches. Women used to dress in religious ways to ward off evil spirits and show their role as priestesses. (add in the economic sentence). These factors of dress show how women were important to their respective societies even though they may not have ranked higher than men on the social hierarchy.

Works Cited

1. Penelope M. Allison. “Characterizing Roman Artifacts to Investigate Gendered Practices in Contexts Without Sexed Bodies.” American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 119, no. 1, 2015, pp. 103–123. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.3764/aja.119.1.0103.
2. ‘Garments in Classical Greece.’ Arts and Humanities Through the Eras, edited by Edward I. Bleiberg, et al., vol. 2: Ancient Greece and Rome 1200 B.C.E.-476 C.E. Gale, 2005, pp. 86-92. Gale Virtual Reference Library, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3427400228/GVRL?u=morenetuomcolum&sid=GVRL&xid=d86091ed. Accessed 5 Mar. 2019.
3. Andrews, Stefan. “The Bizarre History of the Wedding Veil: in Ancient Rome It Was Supposed to Protect the Bride from Evil Spirits .” The Vintage News, The Vintage News, 8 June 2018, www.thevintagenews.com/2018/05/26/wedding-veil/
4. Brøns, Cecilie. Gods and Garments: Textiles in Greek Sanctuaries in the 7th to the 1st Centuries BC, Oxbow Books, Limited, 2016. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/umkc/detail.action?docID=4771267.

Myths and Legends

Romulus and Remus were the founders of the city of Rome in Roman mythology. In Roman mythology they were twins. Their mother was the priestess Rhea Silvia, and their father was Mars, the god of war. The two brothers later quarreled over who should get the support of the local god to name the new city, and a battle even broke out, resulting in Romulus killing Remus. Romulus later founded the Roman Senate. By robbing nearby Sabine women he increased the population of the newly built city, thereby uniting the Romans and Sabines as a people. Romulus became the greatest conqueror of ancient Rome, bringing a large number of areas and their inhabitants under Roman control. After the death of Romulus he was elevated to the status of Quelinus, the God who symbolized the Romans. Most people think of Romulus and Remus as mythical figures, derived from the name Rome, which may have originally meant ‘river.’ But some scholars argue that Romulus is indeed a historical figure.

Religion

Rome is a polytheistic religion, a religious belief formed by the integration of indo-European peoples into the Italian peninsula in the 20th century B.C. Nature worship is mixed with ancestor worship, without temples or priests. There is little anthropomorphism in the images of gods and myths. The Romans mainly because of farming, so the gods and crops related. For example, Cupid was originally the spirit of the grape, Mars was originally the spirit of the grain (later to become the god of war), Diana was originally the spirit of the trees, and so on.In ancient times, the central structure of the Roman public religion was based on the three gods Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus. In that time, gods had been worshipped under many different names, which pointed to different attributes. Jupiter was the great God of Indo-European origin, was the god of the heavens and the heavens, and the ruler of supreme power. Mars was the god of war, and he was prayed to protect property from external attack, both within the Roman empire and within private family property.Quirinus was also the God of war in Roman mythology.

The Greeks began to appear in Italy between 770 and 774 BC, and the Hellenization of the Roman religion led to the assimilation of the Roman gods in order to achieve conformity with the Greek gods. Although the Roman gods retained their original names and sacred sites, they acquired characters, images, and myths similar to those of the Greek gods.

Language/Writing

Latin was widely used in ancient Rome and was the official language of ancient Rome. But in the east, Greek was also spoken by educated people.Dating back at least to the time of the Roman Emperor Augustus, the written language used was called ‘classical Latin.’ The Romans used a variety of writing instruments. Ordinary writing can be done on wax or wood chips. A document, such as an important matter, such as a legal contract, is usually written in pen and ink on papyrus. Their books were also written in pen and ink on papyrus and sometimes on parchment.

Art/Architecture

Compared to the art of ancient Greece, which was used to serve philosophy, the art of ancient Rome was more used to serve politics in a chaotic strategic environment that forced Rome to value war and politics. For ancient Rome, then, which valued war and politics so much, art was not to be enjoyed but to be used as a political service by its rulers. But how can art serve politics? Through art, a country can publicize its strength and military achievements. A strong empire, how can it prove its strength to others? The rulers found that art was a good thing, that art was visual, and that visual perception could very intuitively show others the strength of our ‘greater Rome’. Besides, the Ancient Romans used art to intimidate their subjects, but why should they? Because most of the areas that the Romans occupied were multi-ethnic and difficult to manage. There’s Egyptian culture, there’s Middle Eastern culture, there’s Greek culture and so on. In order for this multicultural empire to be better managed, it has to be culturally unified, and one effective way to do that is to build common totems.For example, the temples, markets, and public buildings of the ancient Roman provinces were similar. Finally, ancient Rome also used art to appease the people. For example, the totem on Trajan’s victory column only engraved the logistics and geographical features of the war, so as to beautify the war and weaken people’s imagination of the terror of war.

The Greeks had much influence on Rome, they gave the Romans artistic and cultural models through their sculpture, architecture, and literature. The building technology of Romans came from the Etruscan Civilization. Etruscan architecture influenced the style of Rome architecture. Rome architectural style inherited the architectural achievements of ancient Greece and innovated extensively in architectural form, technique, and art. It pushes it forward greatly.There are many types and styles of architecture in Rome for different uses, for example: the Roman temple, Colosseumand and the Baths. In addition there are some features of the Roman architecture such as archways, archways, domes. There are also stone pillars of Roman architecture, stacked on top of each other through drum-shaped blocks. Some of the pillars are carved from a single piece of stone. There are some columns, which are connected by bricks.

Rules/Leaders/Government

Rome became a republic country in 509 B.C.Early Rome was divided into aristocrats and commoners. The aristocrats were rich and powerful landowners and thus became the ruling class of Rome. The less affluent landowners, artisans, merchants, and small farmers belonged to a larger group in a Roman society known as the commoners. Both classes belonged to Roman citizens and so both had the right to vote, but only the nobles could be elected government officials. The Consuls and Praetors were the chief executive officers of the Roman Republic. Every year in Rome, the people vote to elect a replacement consul to take charge of domestic affairs, leading the Roman army to participate in the war, usually once a year and cannot serve twice in a row, and the two consuls have the same power. The civil law that the praetors are responsible for is the law governing Roman citizens.

There are also some special officials in Rome, such as monitoring the treasury. Rome also has the Senate, which is a group of about 300 nobles, and the senator is elected by the consul. The appointed person will serve as the senator for life. If the senator dies, the consul will choose a new senator. .At first, the Senate only provided advice to government officials, but their suggestions were very important. Therefore, in addition to the Senate, there were several people’s assemblies in the Roman Republic, the most important of which was the centennial assembly. Chief officials, such as consuls and sheriffs, were elected by the centuries-old assembly and passed laws because it was organised by a wealth-based class, so that the wealthiest citizens were still in the majority. The Council of Plebs was just the Plebeian Assembly, and it came into being as a result of the conflict in Rome between the two social orders. Separation of powers (royal power, aristocracy, citizen) was the basic political system of the Ancient Roman Republic, and it was also regarded by later generations as one of the most classical political systems in ancient Times. This combination of the three basic characteristics of the monarchy, parliament, and the Republic of the three systems of government provides a guarantee for its hegemony. But it also has hidden contradictions, such as the contradiction between slaves and slave-owners, the contradiction between the conqueror and the conquered, the contradiction between conservatives and reformers, the contradiction between the Old-school and the knight as the territory expanded. And the most basic contradiction between the commoners and the aristocracy was accompanied by the Republic from the beginning to the end, which also made it bound to embark on the road of reform in the future.

The Roman legal system is still used as a reference and is one of Rome’s gifts to later generations. The first law used in Rome was the Twelve Tables. This law was adopted at 450 B.C. This law was a product of a simple agricultural society and proved to be insufficient to meet the needs of later Rome. It contains various legal provisions, but also shows the tendency to safeguard the interests of nobles and wealthy civilians, and reflects the spirit of the rule of law of the ancient Romans and the essential characteristics of slavery countries. Twelve Tables was the beginning of Roman law. They developed a more complete civil law system from Twelve Tables, but it should only be used for Roman citizens. So with the expansion of Rome, there have been legal issues involving Romans and non-Romans.The Romans found that although some civil law rules could be used in certain circumstances, special rules were usually required. So these rules led to the creation of the legal system of the Law of Nations.

Division of Labour

The emperor was the highest citizen in the Roman Empire and was appreciated by all the citizens of the Roman Empire. In addition to being the emperor, the emperor was also the commander and chief of the army, the high priest and the source of Roman law. The Roman emperor was hereditary.

After the emperor in the social structure is senator. The Roman Senate consisted of about 500-900 senators. Senators are almost always rich; Only men and nobles were allowed to become senators. The senators advised the emperor, supervised him, and made sure that he always followed tradition and custom. They were a very important group of people in the Roman Empire, preparing legislation, dealing with finance, managing foreign relations, and supervising The Roman religion.

There were also soldiers and Roman armies who protected Rome from enemy invasions, and because of a well-organized army, Rome was able to conquer many regions, including almost all of Europe. To be a soldier in Rome, you have to be in good health, you have to be in good physical condition, and you probably have to have references from former veterans. Most of the young rich join the army to start their political careers, while others join to get a decent job and salary.

The working class in Rome, there were large numbers of people who were farmers. fishman or weavers.Many Of the Romans belonged to this class and most of the Roman working class had low wages and lived in small, narrow apartments. Some of the Roman working class would be very successful and then become rich, but very few people actually became rich.

Many civilizations practiced slavery, and Rome was no exception. Slaves were at the bottom of the Roman social class, more than half of all the working class were slaves. Slaves were involved in almost every aspect of Roman life. They have been part of Roman culture since early Roman times. Slaves would do things that other people refused to do, like miners, farms, etc., depending on who owned them. While most slaves were treated as companions, some were abused or made difficult by their employers. Those who want will eventually be able to buy their freedom after completing a certain amount of work, whereas most Slaves would never be freed.

Science/Technology

Ancient Roman science was developed on the basis of summing up the accumulated experience and attracting the scientific achievements of various Mediterranean nationalities. It made great achievements in agriculture, astronomy, geography, medicine and engineering technology. Compared with the ancient Greeks, the Romans had two distinct features in their scientific research.

The Romans were the first documented proof of the Pythagorean theorem, which found that if the waist of an isosceles right triangle was 1, then the string came from an inordinate square root of 2. This puzzled them and led to the ‘first crisis’ in the history of mathematics, which later led to the discovery of irrational Numbers. They conceived the world’s first holistic model of the universe from the point of view of Numbers, believing that ten, circle, sphere, and mean velocity were the most perfect. They also found that strings with different lengths of the same tension, when the length ratio is an integer ratio, produce harmonics, a major contribution to physics.

Reference

1. Structure of the Republic | Western civilization. (n.d.). Lumen Learning – Simple Book Production. Retrieved October 5, 2020, from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory/chapter/structure-of-the-republic
2. Roman law. (n.d.). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved October 5, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-lawEtruscan architecture. (2017, January 31). Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 5, 2020, from https://www.ancient.eu/Etruscan_Architecture/
3. Schulman, M. (n.d.). Religion in the Roman Empire. Historycentral History’s Home on the Web. Retrieved October 5, from https://www.historycentral.com/dates/Rome/Religion.html
4. Odyssey/Rome/Writing. (n.d.). Welcome to the Carlos Museum | Emory | Michael C. Carlos Museum. Retrieved October 5, 2020, from https://carlos.emory.edu/htdocs/ODYSSEY/ROME/writ.html
5. Top 10 popular and fascinating myths in Ancient Rome. (2020, February 13). Ancient History Lists. Retrieved October 5, 2020, from https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/rome-history/top-10-interesting-roman-mythology/
6. Roman technology. (2004, December 4). Retrieved October 5, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_technology

Soccer, a sport played all around the world with over 265 million players as well as an estimated 4 billion fans or around half of the world’s population. Modern soccer is related to the novel The Hunger Games and the ancient worlds of Greece and Rome, although not a common analogy.

First and foremost, soccer is a game that is very well known. The Hunger Games, as well as the gladiators of ancient Greece and Rome, were also very popular. With being famous and popular, numerous fans or spectators pour out for the events. In soccer, fans cheer for each team like in The Hunger Games, where each district cheers for its tributes, and then in Roman and Greek culture were each gladiator had fans cheering for them as they faced other men or even other animals and obstacles as well.

Next, consider the competition aspect. All three of these contact sporting events are highly competitive and involve skill, physical fitness, and mental ability. In soccer, there are two teams that face each other and try to score more goals than their opponents. You can relate this to The Hunger Games because many people formed alliances and made teams that would go up and face each other in groups together. This did happen with gladiators in Rome too, but only sometimes. This happened rarely when more than one person was in the arena fighting against ferocious animals. The people would sometimes team up and help each other because they knew it would be easier to survive. The only problem this presented was just like The Hunger Games wherein almost every case, only one person could win, which would mean that this strategy was not always effective.

The third idea, relating these events is the concept of sponsors. Such sponsors are used in soccer to bring revenue to the team as well as raise the team’s profile. In The Hunger Games, sponsors were used as well to help contestants by getting things sent to help them survive. Also, this was used in Rome where citizens and emperors would sponsor the events to fund them and to make sure they would take place, mainly for the spectator’s enjoyment and to gain support from the people. In soccer, sponsors enable players to earn more money and be more globally recognized, further promoting them.

Finally, the idea of blood, sweat, and tears is revealed. In the game of soccer, players have an overall goal to win, so they play their hearts out. Sometimes games are tied, but in most cases, players play until there is a win. In the Hunger Games, the two main characters Peeta and Katniss fought on and on and came close to death, but they eventually won. In Rome, Gladiators fought on and on to the death until one was deemed the winner. This brutal fight was encouraged, bet upon, and considered part of the country’s heritage and tradition, much like the novel’s game.

Overall, these events have a great deal in common that one would originally have never thought about. When one draws these ideas together, he or she can see the common areas in which they are related. All three competitive games involve sponsorship, strategy, and physical and mental vigor as well.

Introduction

Courageous soldiers were essential in Ancient Roman times as everyone felt the desire to rule over other countries. This led to war, destruction, death, and sorrow. This report will tell you what the Roman soldiers: wore, what they did in their spare time, where they lived, what they ate, the things they did to defend Rome and its people.

Clothing

Roman soldiers wore unique outfits to protect them from being killed or wounded. These outfits were only worn when the Romans when to battle, this is displayed in many wars such as the First, Second, and Third Punic. These wars show the grit and determination of Romans soldiers. They were armed with sandals, a sword, a dagger, body armor which is made from iron or bronze, wooden tunic, as their main weapon they used a javelin, shield, and a helmet that was sometimes made with steel but and was the strongest material the Roman had discovered but was usually made with iron or bronze. The Roman soldiers changed their clothing according to the season and climate. If it was winter, they would wear wool and leather. As they were Romans, they dyed leather to red and wore it underneath their metal body armor.

Diet

The Roman soldiers ate a variety of food things like fish, cold meat, vegetables, rice, wheat, barley, oats, spelled, and rye. They usually ate three times a day breakfast, lunch, and dinner. For breakfast, they would enjoy some bread or wheat pancakes with honey or dates. For lunch a plate of cold meat, fish, vegetables, and bread. For dinner, they would the same as lunch or leftover from lunch or dinner from the day before. To preserve their food, soldiers were given a ration of salt, making sure their food doesn’t go off. Desserts were things like fruit and cheese from animals such as cows, sheep, and goats. To be more specific apples and grapes were very widespread. For a beverage would have very cheap wine which was very diluted and was drank like water this was called Posca. Roman soldiers depended on their food to keep them strong as they ate around 6,000 calories a day.

Housing

Roman soldiers lived in the barracks of the camp if at war. It would normally be a wooden building in the middle of the camp. If they were on the moving it would be a tent. Inside the city of Rome, they lived in a fort. They slept in bunk beds with eight soldiers in each room. It was usually made of bricks and had huge walls around it. It consisted of a stable, granary, baths, barracks, a bakery, and a praetorium which is a building made for the general and is where meetings are held. It also had a huge courtyard for training for marching and of course, fighting

Job

Roman soldiers had many different jobs and ranks in Rome a Lactarius was a military camp clerk, an editor is a camp clerk assistant, a generator military musician, an aquifer is the bearer of the legionary eagle which stood at the front of each legionary, the architect is an engineer or artillery constructor. The Roman army was normally constructed in legions that have around 5000 men and is then divided into cohorts with around 500 men and is also subdivided into, centurions with around 80-100 men with a centurion that had a special helmet, leading each centurion. Roman soldiers didn’t get paid for their duties to fight for Rome. They were chosen by the Roman government without consent to serve for 10-20 years, but most Roman men wanted to be a soldier. Being a soldier was a dangerous job so, people demanded to serve less time in the army.

Entertainment

Roman soldiers cherished their spare time as they didn’t get much time off to have some fun. They would watch gladiatorial fights these can be with men, lions, slaves, and prisoners, and do bets with a die. They also loved hunting and fishing food and just for leisure. Sometimes roman soldiers would watch plays or musicals to relax. If soldiers wanted more physical recreation, they would do things like jumping, wrestling, boxing, swimming, and throwing. Swimming was one of the most popular sports and was openly practiced in the Tiber River. Running was also very popular for soldiers as it boosted endurance and speed and was done in Campus Martius.

Private life plays a special role in the social structure of Ancient Romans. Life, family profession, traditions, state and individual: the connection and what we call the social relationship between them can never be determined by a permanent set of relationships in which one area affects another area more or less sensibly. As in all other civilizations, ancient Romans are also sensitive about children and family life. Children are considered followers of their parents in the future. In this essay, the role of children in Ancient Rome will be discussed.

Birth of a new child

In Ancient Rome the law provides too much freedom to householders whether to admit a newborn child or not. In order to make a decision, all family members including relatives and neighbors give their opinions. Because during that time unwanted and disabled children could be left to die on the streets. Law gives the father, who has whole authority on the family, the right to choose the life of his child. The accepted child would be welcomed by a ceremony in the family. There are several symbolic scenes such as the oldest man in the family putting the child to the ground and hanging flashy crown outside of the house door to welcome a child. During the first 3-4 days, they hang a chain of amulet to the girl’s neck and bulla to the boy’s neck. Girls and boys get their names after 8 and 9 days of their birth respectively which is a day after die lustrous. In ancient Rome, boys wear a toga taken from Etruscans until their 16. After this period they change their clothes which indicate that a new era begins for them.

Romans’ view on male children

In Rome, the male children were considered important because he would take responsibility for the power of his father. Boys grew up with special care inside the family. Because after the death of his father, the boy has to start his new family. When the family man died, the family was divided into new families by the number of males. This privilege of the father, who played the role of the priest in simple religious ceremonies held in the family, was passed to the oldest son in the family. Boys always tried to imitate their fathers during their lifetime. As soon as the boy completed his growth and does not need mother care anymore, he starts to live under the surveillance and control of his father. During this period boys learn how to complete requirements for their future role in life. First of all, fathers expect their boys to display their right behavior inside of the family. Apart from this, boys expected to have a good education, can take his responsibility and deal with problems whenever he has no help from his family.

Rome’s view on female children

The standpoint of female children in the family in Ancient Rome is highly different than the male children’s. While preparing children to major duties in life for their future, girls are always seen as a prospective mother in the next few years and lived under the surveillance of their mother. Starting from the early years, girls were taught housework and how to deal with family duties. In Rome, the mother who prepares her daughter for life is considered as an example for their girls. However the mother has control over girls’ decency, daughters were also live under the authority and power of the father. After their marriage girls live under the control of the head of the new family. It is noteworthy to mention that they also end relationships with their real family right after marriage and control of all personal duties of bride pass to her new family.

The significance of child in Roman society

The roman family enriches and foster by the children they grow up with. The number of children in a family can increase in several situations. One of them is the remarriage of a father after the death of a mother and the second one is the adoption of a new child from a different family which was very common in Rome during that time. The newly adopted child took the name of the family and have the same rights as their siblings in the family. During the reign of Emperor Augustus, several reforms were accomplished on the family institutions. Those who avoid marriage and have no kids after marriage lose their rights to get inheritance and have to leave half of the inheritance to the government. Those families who have more than 3 children get a high reputation among authorized people. Also, the government creates a chance for these citizens to get an advantage while finding jobs in the administrative field. Those women who have a child have more public rights than other females. For instance, those who have 3 children in the family will not be selected as a guardian.

The status of children born from slaves in Rome

The number of slaves in Rome tremendously increased during the end of Republican time as a result of wars. We see that most of the slaves were brought from Greece which was used as a labor force. It is interesting to note that there was high demand for Greek slavers in ancient Rome because most of them are specialized in the area of art, education, and music. The marriage of slaves between slaves or with a citizen is not legally valid. The children born from slaves are considered as slaves like their parents and have to live like them during their life. But sometimes there were exemptions like during the pregnancy period of slaves. There were some situations when the status of women slaves can change and it also affect the status of born children. Because slave children grow up in a domestic environment, laws allowed males and females to live together. In order to do this, the marriage of slaves is not legal but it is considered a de facto marriage.

Primary education in Rome

Starting from the age of 7 children should begin to have primary education in Rome. As in the Greek education system, teachers are chosen from those educated slaves and get paid by the student’s family for his job. Most of the time the wage was too low. When there were no free buildings for schools, classes were given at rented places. During a day classes last 6 hours, with a lunch break, and boys and girls have classes together. It was mandatory for parents to send children to at least primary school and because of this educated people were the majority in Rome society. Teachers used harsh methods like beatings, screamings to teach their students reading, writing, and making calculations. But during math class, there were separate teachers who called calculators helping students to solve basic problems.

Entertainment activities for children

During Ancient Rome, children played several games during their free time. There is various kind of games for entertainment but most of them connected with wars and fights. It is obvious that wars play a significant role in Roman society and it is every boy’s purpose to act like a soldier and be one in the future. In order to play these warrior games, boys prepare special instruments such as swords and shields. Apart from these games, children played games with balls by hitting with hands and hide-and-seek.

In conclusion, the role of roman children and his or her life were nearly the same as in other formulaic societies. They spend most of their time studying and working near their fathers. It is considerable to mention that boys have more freedom in education and social life than girls. But also starting from early ages family demands male children have more responsibility.

Some biases about ‘blacks’ in largely ‘white’ communities. Others have biased modern apparitions of the way Aethiopes were depicted in the Roman community, ensuing in a lot of misconceptions of the pertinent texts. Apparently, both Romans and Greeks owned specific words to term ethnicity or race. Such words, for example, ethnos, genos, and natio. Mentioned words are not very different from nowadays terms for what we would call culture or society (Joshel, 2009). In Roman insights groups black Africans, white, ‘paleface’ and swarthy were neither groups nor were they socially termed as ‘races’ with recognized group ranks (Demirel, 2005). In fact, labeling was decided based on a person’s behavior and not by the paternity of blood and skin color.

People who were involved in the slave trade had to state the “natio”, which is the origin of the traded slave, of every slave they sold in Rome. The natio of the slave normally persuaded or put off a possible slave buyer and therefore it was important and beneficial to know the natio of the slave (Joshel, 2009). In addition, there existed a notion that various slaves were better since they came from a tribe that had a good repute and other slaves were simply bad since they originate from tribes that were quite untrustworthy.

Unrestricted Africans arrived in the Roman Empire as merchants, voyagers as well as workmen. In such scenarios, though, factors away from race might as well signify a slave; his modest tunic and the container they carry for various errands. Most of the Native servants were frequently taken for slaves, and portrayals of helpers, donned in modest uniform, usually signified slaves.

Some people referred to slaves as “servi” since they were used to trade those seized in battles. Just like war prisoners, kids were born into captivity. More slaves who were brought to Rome from far lands as a result of the long-distance slave trade were forced to lose not only their natural cultures but were also termed as outsiders and their inferiority as goods vended in the marketplace. They compared them to the form of subjugated rivalries who, just like goods turned into spoils (Joshel, 2009).

“If all differences of ethnicity and origin were reduced to the category of defeated captive in the crucible of conquest, sale in the marketplace reinscribed natio not as a social, ethnic, or racial identity but as a set of personal characteristics”. The documentation of origin recommended by the Roman decree the slave trade, happened amongst indeed belonged to activities which degraded the human beings to a simple product of trade and which based on a Roman point of view greatly humiliated individuals who experienced them. (Joshel, 2009)

Romans and the Greeks were known to treat outsiders in bad manners. The impression of the ‘barbarian’ is a commonly known Greek creation. The cultural individuality of both the Romans and the Greeks was more persistently based on what we would now view as an unhealthy mistrust of anyone unique from themselves. Xenophobia is the right term to describe it.

The ancient societies among them Rome, have always been accused of racism. For instance, the Roman architect Vitruvius is blamed for arguing that the southern residents who lived in the relatively hot climate were intelligent but cowards. On the contrary, the northern residents were comparatively sowed mentally but they are brave to the point of acting foolishly. This was a clear indication that Rome was a racist society. At the same time, it is documented of a Greek doctor who claimed that the Asian men although have a “fine physique, tall, differing little from one another, but courage, endurance, industry, and high spirits are impossible to find among the natives and immigrants’ (Jones, 2016). The use of the term immigrants showed that the natives were different racially. While their heredity differed, they were made the same by living together.

In ancient Rome, the race was not defined by heredity and blood type. However, the race was defined on the basis of their culture (Bond, 2017). Culture in this regard is with respect to behavior, customs, habits, lifestyle, associations, etc. Ideally, an individual that lived the same as the original inhabitants was considered the same regardless of race. Hence the phrase “live like a Roman and you become a Roman” (Jones, 2016). This has been agreed upon by the Roman emperors from North Africa, Spain, and the Balkans. These and individuals who spoke in Latin would agree that race in Rome was defined by one’s behavior and not skin color and blood type.

Another aspect that determined how one was treated in ancient Rome is one’s beliefs. A person’s belief was considered part of his or her behavior and culture. Ideally what one did and said was a direct implication of the individual’s power to make decisions and this is further influenced by one’s belief (Jones, 2016). This is a personal choice and if one chose to believe in what was against the romans’ belief he was considered not one of them. Ideally, the choice to do what the Romans did not do attracted the attention of the Romans. This would be followed by either criticism, depreciation, and/or insults. This is obviously an unpleasant act but cannot be defined as discrimination due to ethnicity and race. It might even be justifiable to condemn an act that does not augur well with what the Romans believed in.

In brief, slavery was real in ancient Rome and the Romans were intrinsically concerned about how the immigrants behaved. Any behavior and culture that did not match what the Romans believed in was considered unusual. While arguments term this as racism, the paper concludes that in comparison with cases of racism in other places such as America, ancient Rome defined people not based on their skin color and heredity but entirely on their behavior.

Ancient Rome was a collection of interlocked communities of different people and more importantly individuals. The social construct of Ancient Rome allowed for many of the differences between men and women during this time. As Phillip Matyszak, author of 24 Hours in Rome, says,” For them, life is not about celebrating the glory of empire but for making the rent, coping with difficult relatives, and the daily challenge of home and work.” This shows the difficulties of the Roman people and many of the injustices between men and women and their daily lives. The social infrastructure of Ancient Rome allowed for men and women to be different socially, politically, and physically.

To understand the social hierarchies of Ancient Rome, one must understand the lives of the men of Rome. Antiquated Rome was a general public, where a man’s job was unmistakably more significant than that of a woman’s. They had outright authority over the family and in specific examples could even sell their kids into bondage. The open existence of old Rome was likewise to a great extent however not only saved for men. Like other ordinary social orders, men in antiquated Rome appreciated the status of intensity. It was additionally men who for the most part worked in agribusiness, exchange, and different callings. In urban focuses, there were different spots for blending and socialization for men of old Rome(“Men of Ancient Rome”). An example of a roman man is Postumus Gallienus, a master stonemason, as shown in 24 Hours in Ancient Rome. Gallienus is in high demand for his job due to his reputation. He repairs anything that may have cracks or may have been destroyed. He does not have any problems throughout his day due to his social position on the hierarchy. He goes from place to place repairing or building stone works(Matyszak Hora IV). The job of Roman men in the public eye was significantly higher than ladies and slaves. The general public was made out of free men, slaves, lower, higher class men. Slaves were a significant factor that continued the economy of the domain. Free men wedded in their mid-twenties and picked their accomplices cautiously on the grounds that separation was uncommon in old Rome. Men of lower classes were normally ranchers, businesspeople, or skilled workers. The family life of men of Rome had very much characterized jobs and obligations. The men liked the job of expert in the family and went about as master over his significant other and kids. He likewise had the power not just over his kids additionally the spouses of his children and his nephews. In this way, the structure of the general public was male-centric where the oldest male individual from the family was viewed as the position(“Men of Ancient Rome.”).

The social hierarchy must also be looked at from the woman’s perspective to gain a full understanding. Much of the time Roman women were firmly related to their apparent job in the public eye – the obligation of taking care of the home and to support a family, specifically to shoulder real youngsters, a result of which was an early marriage, so to guarantee the lady had no sexual history which may humiliate the future spouse. The Roman family was male-overwhelmed, ordinarily headed by the most senior male figure. Ladies were subordinate and this is reflected in Roman naming practice. Male natives had three names: praenomen, nomen, and cognomen, while all the ladies in a similar family were alluded to utilizing the female form of the family name. A wedded lady could keep her original surname or be alluded to utilizing her better half’s name. Inside the family ladies would take care of the home and its slave workforce, deal with painstaking work, and high society females may likewise think about scholarly subjects, for example, writing and theory. Roman ladies had an extremely restricted job in open life. They couldn’t visit, talk in, or vote at political gatherings and they couldn’t hold any situation of political obligation. While the facts demonstrate that a few ladies with incredible accomplices may impact open issues through their spouses, these were special cases. Lower-class Roman ladies had an open life since they needed to work professionally. Common occupations embraced by such ladies were in farming, markets, makes, as maternity specialists, and as medical attendants. Roman ladies could be isolated between the individuals who were viewed as decent, and the individuals who were prostitutes. To help everybody to remember who was who garments were turned into a valuable device. Decent ladies wore a long dress or stola, a mantle, and had ties in their hair while prostitutes wore a toga. The qualification between these two gatherings was not only an ethical one for prostitutes and other lower-class ladies had even fewer rights than ladies of higher economic well-being. prostitutes and servants, for instance, couldn’t arraign for assault and the assault of slaves was considered simply as property harm supported by the proprietor(Cartwright). An example of a woman’s average day is shown in Matyszak’s 24 Hour in Ancient Rome. In Hora II, a Vestal Virgin, Marcia, in which she speaks to us about much of her life is made up of rituals and draconian punishments. Her mission is to fill up water for the altar of Vesta(Matyszak 92)Her life is fixed for 30 years, the first 10 years are for learning texts, rituals, and Roman law. The next 10 years are spent practicing what she has learned and then the next 10 are teaching the next vestal virgins. Most Roman women can not testify in court but, Vestal women can and are used to keep special documents because they are used as valid testimony in courts(Matyszak 98).

Conclusion

Men and Women in Roman society varied different socially, politically, and physically due to the social infrastructure. Antiquated Rome was a man-centric culture where men held expert in private just as open life. They had places of intensity in legislative issues, organization, and military. ladies were viewed as sub-par in lawful terms appears to be clear however there are likewise endless writings, engravings, and even glorified picture design which point to the Roman male’s gratitude, appreciation, and even stunningness of ladies and their job in regular day to day existence. Roman guys didn’t think ladies their equivalent however neither did they despise them. Nature has caused it so men can not live without women easily, however, men can’t survive without women by any stretch of the imagination.