Category: Anatomy

A brain tumor is an abnormal growth or mass of cells in or around your brain. Br

A brain tumor is an abnormal growth or mass of cells in or around your brain. Brain tumors can be malignant (cancerous) or benign (noncancerous). Some tumors grow quickly, while others are slow growing. Only about one-third of brain tumors are cancerous. But whether they’re cancerous or not, brain tumors can impact brain function and your health if they grow large enough to press on surrounding nerves, blood vessels and tissue. Tumors that develop in your brain are called primary tumors. Tumors that spread to your brain after forming in a different part of your body are called secondary tumors, or metastatic brain tumors. The symptoms of a brain tumor vary depending on the exact part of the brain affected
. Types of brain tumors include:
Gliomas and related brain tumors. Gliomas are growths of cells that look like glial cells. The glial cells surround and support nerve cells in the brain tissue. Types of gliomas and related brain tumors include astrocytoma, glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma and ependymoma. Gliomas can be benign, but most are malignant. Glioblastoma is the most common type of malignant brain tumor.
Choroid plexus tumors. Choroid plexus tumors start in cells that make the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid. Choroid plexus tumors are located in the fluid-filled cavities in the brain, called the ventricles. Choroid plexus tumors can be benign or malignant. Choroid plexus carcinoma is the malignant form of this type of brain tumor. It’s more common in children.
Embryonal tumors. Embryonal tumors begin in cells that are left over from fetal development. The cells, called embryonal cells, stay in the brain after birth. Embryonal tumors are malignant brain tumors that happen most often in babies and young children. The most common type of embryonal tumor is medulloblastoma. It’s usually located in the lower back part of the brain, called the cerebellum.
Germ cell tumors. Germ cell tumors start in reproductive cells, called germ cells, that go on to become the sperm and egg cells. Germ cells are mostly in the ovaries and testicles. But sometimes they’re in other parts of the body, including the brain. When germ cell tumors happen in the brain, they’re often located near the pineal gland or the pituitary gland. Germ cell tumors are mostly benign. They’re more common in children.
Pineal tumors. Pineal tumors start in and around the brain’s pineal gland. The pineal gland is located in the center of the brain. It makes a hormone called melatonin that helps with sleep. Pineal tumors can be benign or malignant. Pineoblastoma is a malignant type of pineal tumor that’s most common in children.
Meningiomas. Meningiomas are brain tumors that start in the membranes around the brain and spinal cord. Meningiomas are usually benign, but sometimes they can be malignant. Meningiomas are the most common type of benign brain tumor.
Nerve tumors. Nerve tumors are growths that happen in and around nerves. The most common type that happens in the head is acoustic neuroma, also called schwannoma. This benign tumor is located on the main nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain.
Pituitary tumors. Brain tumors can begin in and around the pituitary gland. This small gland is located near the base of the brain. Most tumors that happen in and around the pituitary gland are benign. Pituitary tumors happen in the pituitary gland itself. Craniopharyngioma is a type of brain tumor that happens near the pituitary gland.
Other brain tumors. Many other types of rare tumors can happen in and around the brain. Tumors can start in the muscles, blood vessels and connective tissue around the brain. Tumors can form in the bones of the skull. Malignant brain tumors can start from the germ-fighting immune system cells in the brain. This type of brain cancer is called primary central nervous system lymphoma.

The femur is the longest, strongest bone in your body. It plays an important rol

The femur is the longest, strongest bone in your body. It plays an important role in how you stand, move and keep your balance. Femurs usually only break from serious traumas like car accidents. But if your bones are weakened by osteoporosis, you have an increased risk for fractures you might not even know about.
Overview
The femur is the only bone in your thigh.What is the femur?
The femur is your thigh bone. It’s the longest, strongest bone in your body. It’s a critical part of your ability to stand and move. Your femur also supports lots of important muscles, tendons, ligaments and parts of your circulatory system.
Because it’s so strong, it usually takes a severe trauma like a fall or car accident to break your femur. If you do experience a fracture, you’ll likely need surgery to repair your bone and physical therapy to help you regain your strength and ability to move.
Your femur, like all bones, can be affected by osteoporosis.
Function
What does the femur do?
Your femur has several important jobs, including:
Holding the weight of your body when you stand and move.
Stabilizing you as you move.
Connecting muscles, tendons and ligaments in your hips and knees to the rest of your body.
Anatomy
Where is the femur located?
The femur is the only bone in your thigh. It runs from your hip to your knee.
What does the femur look like?
The femur has two rounded ends and a long shaft in the middle. It’s the classic shape used for bones in cartoons: A cylinder with two round bumps at each end.
Even though it’s one long bone, your femur is made up of several parts. These include:
Femur proximal aspectThe upper (proximal) end of your femur connects to your hip joint. The proximal end (aspect) contains the:
Head.
Neck.
Greater trochanter.
Lesser trochanter.
Intertrochanteric line and crest.
Femur shaftThe shaft is the long portion of the femur that supports your weight and forms the structure of your thigh. It angles slightly toward the center of your body. The shaft of your femur includes the:
Linea aspera.
Gluteal tuberosity.
Pectineal line.
Popliteal fossa.
Femur distal aspectThe lower (distal) end of your femur forms the top of your knee joint. It meets your tibia (shin) and patella (kneecap). It includes the:
Medial and lateral condyles.
Medial and lateral epicondyles.
Intercondylar fossa.
All of these parts and labels are usually more for your healthcare provider to use as they describe where you’re having pain or issues. If you ever break your femur — a femoral fracture — your provider might use some of these terms to describe where your bone was damaged.
How big is the femur?
Your femur is the largest bone in your body. Most adult femurs are around 18 inches long.
The femur is also the strongest bone in your body. It can support as much as 30 times the weight of your body.
Conditions and Disorders
What are the common conditions and disorders that affect the femur?
The most common issues that affect femurs are fractures, osteoporosis and patellofemoral pain syndrome.
Femur fracturesA bone fracture is the medical term for breaking a bone. Because femurs are so strong, they’re usually only broken by serious injuries like car accidents, falls or other traumas. Symptoms of a fracture include:
Pain.
Swelling.
Tenderness.
Inability to move your leg like you usually can.
Bruising or discoloration.
A deformity or bump that’s not usually on your body.
Go to the emergency room right away if you’ve experienced a trauma or think you have a fracture.
OsteoporosisOsteoporosis weakens bones, making them more susceptible to sudden and unexpected fractures. Many people don’t know they have osteoporosis until after it causes them to break a bone. There usually aren’t obvious symptoms.
Women, people assigned female at birth and adults older than 50 have an increased risk for developing osteoporosis. Talk to your provider about a bone density screening that can catch osteoporosis before it causes a fracture.
Patellofemoral pain syndromePatellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is pain around and under your kneecap (patella). It’s sometimes called runner’s or jumper’s knee. PFPS can be caused by everything from overusing your knees to getting new shoes. Symptoms of PFPS include:
Pain while bending your knee, including squatting or climbing stairs.
Pain after sitting with your knees bent.
Crackling or popping sounds in your knee when standing up or climbing stairs.
Pain that increases with changes to your usual playing surface, sports equipment or activity intensity.
Talk to your provider if you’re experiencing new pain in your knee.
What tests are done on femurs?
The most common test done to check the health of your femur is a bone density test. It’s sometimes called a DEXA or DXA scan. A bone density test measures how strong your bones are with low levels of X-rays. It’s a way to measure bone loss as you age.
If you’ve experienced a femoral fracture your provider or surgeon might need imaging tests, including:
X-rays.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
CT scan.
What are common treatments for femurs?
Usually, your femur won’t need treatment unless you’ve experienced a fracture or have been diagnosed with osteoporosis.
Femur fracture treatmentHow your fracture is treated depends on which type it is and what caused it. You’ll need some form of immobilization, like a splint or cast, and will probably need surgery to realign (set) your bone to its correct position and secure it in place so it can heal.
Osteoporosis treatmentTreatments for osteoporosis can include exercise, vitamin and mineral supplements and medications.
Exercise and taking supplements are usually all you’ll need to prevent osteoporosis. Your provider will help you develop a treatment plan that’s customized for you and your bone health.
Care
Keeping your femur healthy
Following a good diet and exercise plan and seeing your healthcare provider for regular checkups will help you maintain your bone (and overall) health. If you’re older than 50 or have a family history of osteoporosis, talk to your provider about a bone density scan.
Follow these general safety tips to reduce your risk of an injury:
Always wear your seatbelt.
Wear the right protective equipment for all activities and sports.
Make sure your home and workspace are free from clutter that could trip you or others.
Always use the proper tools or equipment at home to reach things. Never stand on chairs, tables or countertops.
Follow a diet and exercise plan that will help you maintain good bone health.
Use your cane or walker if you have difficulty walking or have an increased risk for falls.
A note from Cleveland Clinic
Your femur gives you a leg to stand on, literally. It’s the biggest, strongest and one of the most important bones in your body. Talk to your provider about your osteoporosis risk. Anything you do to improve your overall health will also help keep your bones strong

1-what is spermatic cord ? write in detail gross anatomy and structures related

1-what is spermatic cord ? write in detail gross anatomy and structures related to spermatic cord? 2- Summarized different structures of female reproductive system ?

Q1. What is spermatic cord? Write in detail gross anatomy and structures related

Q1. What is spermatic cord? Write in detail gross anatomy and structures related to spermatic cord.
Q2. Summarize different structures of female reproductive system.
In 10 pages maximum

hi This my assignment
Q1. What is spermatic cord? Write in detail gross anatomy

hi This my assignment
Q1. What is spermatic cord? Write in detail gross anatomy and structures related to spermatic cord.
Q2. Summarize different structures of female reproductive system.

you will submit a 3-4 page paper over a topic related to Kinesiology. Make sure

you will submit a 3-4 page paper over a topic related to Kinesiology. Make sure that the paper is relavent to the course and that you have not used your paper in another course.
The topic is Biomechanics

Use the Research Presentation Rubric as a guide for the information required in

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