Category: American politics

The President of the United States Barrack Obama had not even been born in the year that General Fulgencio Batista was driven out of office by Fidel Castro. However, he is the first president to take concrete steps towards ending the embargo placed on Cuba by President Kennedy in 1962.

I originally wrote in my outline that I believed that this move was far too bold on the part of the U.S administration and perhaps they should step back and review the situation before proceeding further. Since then I have rethought my arguments and find that there is more merit than I originally anticipated. While it is true that Cuba is still a military dictatorship that is hostile towards the United States. And it does not respect the democratic rights of its citizens. It is also true that the hard-line policies that have been used against Cuba for the past fifty years have simply failed to bring changes to the islands government. With the newly elected President Raul Castro now in power, I do not see any major changes occurring in terms of policy and human rights any time soon.

During the Bush administration and thereafter the reasons given for the increasing restrictions placed on Cuba were based on the theory that such restrictions would enable true change. Their thoughts were that the Cuban government could be pressured into changing its system of governing.

Moving forward President Obama is neither looking towards the present nor the past. He is looking towards the future, the future of the Cuban people. The true test here is not whether the President can major change in their governmental systems. The true test is whether the relations between Cuba and the United States can improve to a point where future governments can be influenced to adopt a policy more in line with U.S interests(Wiener).

The recent olive branch by the Obama administration extended to the Cuban President has created an opportunity to come to diplomatic terms with the United States. It may also lead to negotiations that would ease the suffering and poverty of the Cuban people, free political prisoners, and open up the press. This would eventually lead to businesses in the United States such as farmers and oil entrepreneurs to taking their companies to Cuba bringing improvements to its economy. Perhaps one day the changes may be so broad that a freely democratic elected government may also emerge. However, such an event will not occur if the American administration continues to be stubborn about its tactics(CNN).

Additionally, the impact of this negotiation on the perception of the United States must be considered. The United States is not viewed in the best way in Latin American. With the effects on ordinary Cuban citizens improved by this new policy, it stands to reason that the resulting effect will signal to the Latin American states that this administration is willing to consider a true change. That it is willing to look after its friends as well as extend a hand to its enemies. It is inevitable that the battle to improve relations with Cuba will have several hindrances both in the United States and abroad. However, antiquated notions and ideas such as recognizing the island as a terrorist state are no longer a viable option. Diplomacy must now prevail where force did not.

Works Cited

CNN. Obama: Cuba policy to be based on Libertad. 2008. Web.

Wiener, A. Obama Suggests Cuba Policy Reform. The Washington Independent 2008.

The main theme of the Presidents speech was the economical crisis and the ways to overcome it. The overall message that Obama tried to deliver was that the USA has to act bodily and wisely (National Public Radio) in order to build a new foundation for lasting well-being and prosperity.

There were also several issues of the greatest concern to the President. While giving his speech to Congress, Obama focused on education that might prepare our children for working in the global economy, the problems associated with the real estate market, energy, and health care.

When addressing congress, Obama proposes a specific plan for the US economic recovery. First of all, the President announces the importance of creating new jobs for people. He gains the assembled crowds attention to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act that according to which 3. 5 million jobs will be created. Second, the President offered a housing plan, that will enable families to lower their monthly payments and refinance their mortgages. Finally, Obama promised to ensure the major banks of the United States had enough money with the help of the federal government.

As far as it could be seen, the assembled crowd had rather an optimistic reaction to the Presidents address. Though, as CNN concludes, the reaction of speech-watchers to the previous addresses of then-President Bill Clinton of George W. Bush did not differ that much from the one that could be observed tonight, on February 24, 2009, CNN Politics).

Since the problem of lack of jobs is vital and tremendously burning in the USA, the President won the most positive responses from watchers when talking about jobs and how to create them.

The most partisan response from the audience was when the President was talking about a new lending fund that will help the entrepreneurs who keep the economy running in getting loans for small businesses.

President Obama was speaking in a very persuasive tone, in a tone of a person who clearly sees the problem and knows exact ways to overcome it. What is more, such phrases as I know there are some in this chamber and watching at home who are skeptical of whether this plan will work. I understand that skepticism (National Public Radio), add more persuasiveness to his speech. The use of gestures was exceptional when it was necessary for the audience to facilitate the process of information perception. He did not use too sweeping gestures and they were rather restrained. At the end of the speech, Obamas gestures turned even more informal.

The Republican message was represented by Bobby Jindal, who spoke about the readiness of Republicans to operate with the leader of the USA no matter what party he belongs to. While giving the speech, Bobby Jindal focused on the necessity of making a new foundation for the US economy. He supported Obamas plan and offered that the following should be done:

• Creating new jobs for families;
• Lowering income taxes;
• Cutting taxes for small businesses;
• Creating a new tax credit.

The attendance to the Presidents address was the famous people like the Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Capitan Chesley Sullenberger, the pilot of US Airways, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, Chief Justice John Roberts, Vice President Joe Biden, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, Secretary of the Treasury Timothy Geithner.

In order to make this report, I listened to the National Public Radio, used the text version of Obamas speech, and examined the scenes from the Presidents address provided by NPR that represented the events in rather an objective way. The commentary and the analysis of the audiences responses to the Presidents address are taken from CNN.

Works Cited

Obamas Address to Congress. National Public Radio. (2009).

Poll: Obamas speech scored with viewers. CNN Politics.(2009).

President Obama had the legal authority to order operation Geronimo and the execution of the plan. Research by Salway (2018) establishes that after the September 11, 2001, terror attack in the U.S., congress implemented a regulation granting the president the sole power to order the use of force in achieving justice. The United Nations, however, incorporated regulation banning violence across borders. Hovell and Hughes (2022) postulate that the U.N. charter on international relations is void in the case a nation grants foreign military troop permission to coordinate attacks within the territory. Apart from disregarding the U.N. law, the Afghanistan government offered assistance on a consensual baseline for executing Osama Bin Laden in the state. In a different spectrum, the security council authorization manual is subject to interpretation that the member states attain the command to engage in activities by using force to promote peaceful coexistence (Phillips, 2022). Radicalism is a significant threat to peace and harmony within a nation due to the negative trickle-down effect of the destruction of property, loss of lives, and insecurity interfering with investors confidence to engage in economic growth and development.

Over the decades, the prevalence of war among nations triggered the essence of the United Nations developing a Charter addressing the sovereignty of states. Hovell and Hughes (2022) argue that President Obamas legal authorization is a controversial deed to the construct of promoting international peace. The main reason for the argumentative framework regards the institutionalization of Article 2 (4) of the United Nations Charter. The clause establishes that it is individual nations responsibility to refrain from using force or threats on international relations to destabilize the integrity of a territory or political independence. The violation of the legal mainframe is an inconsistent feature of the objective and aims of the United Nations. Despite the clarity of the clause, Hovell and Hughes (2022) establish that relativism is subject to three quotients; security council authorization, consent, and self-defense. While the U.S. constitution renders president Obama the mandate to exercise the use of force in foreign nations, the U.N. opposes engagement in conflicts among countries.

The third insight abounds the U.N. charter clause enshrines the perceptive self-defense act of the U.S. against terrorist attacks from Osama bin Laden. Different states articulated distinctive opinions concerning Americas mission to execute operation Geronimo in a foreign sovereign country. However, researchers depict that despite the controversy, President Obama acted in self-defense of the nations security from one critical threat, that is, Osama bin Laden (Finkelstein, 2021). Therefore, coordinating the attack proved imperative to accomplish the main aim of the engagement and execution plan. Primarily, the emergence of the self-defense concept attributed to the paradigm shift in authority and structural international relations. Nevertheless, the dynamism of the U.S. involvement in Afghanistan affairs prominently affected its sovereignty hence violating the U.N. charters vital goal of conventional preservation of an institutions political independence. After the September 11, 2001 terror attack, President Bush and congress incorporated a regulation intensifying Americas investment in fighting terrorism. The initiative rendered the essence of a unilateral action between Afghanistan and American governments in dealing with Osama bin Ladens terror activities.

One of the situations that denies president Obama the legal authorization to order operation Geronimo entails the compromise on diplomatic relations. Primarily, the contrast lies in the justification of the principle of necessity and the historical perception of self-defense. International relation is a multidimensional phenomenon that aims at enhancing coherence on dynamic interests. According to research, there is a hierarchical condition engulfing the justification of the use of force (Schlag, 2019). The levels include a nations consent, authorization from the security council, and perceptive self-defense. In the case of President Obamas order for operation Geronimo, there is a disregard for the protocol rendering the significance of criticism on a countrys sovereignty and influential quotient. Researchers indicate that the U.S. focused on promoting a sustainable political settlement leading to the compromise of diplomacy (Bachman & Holland, 2019). One of the critical clauses that further contrasts the conceptual baseline encompasses stipulations from Article 51 (Hovell & Hughes, 2022). The legal clause, Article 51, indicates that the right of self-defense takes prominence while the security council establishes alternative measures promoting global security and peaceful coexistence.

In conclusion, President Obamas order to execute operation Geronimo is legally bound by the controversial U.N. charter clauses. Despite the advocacy for international peace, the U.N. establishes that all states attain the right of self-defense. One of the elements within the U.N. legal clause on the prohibition of violence that fosters a loophole is consent. Ideally, President Obamas objective on the actualization of operation Geronimo entails combating terrorism internationally. As a result, the presidents command aligns with the argumentative construct concerning the preservation of humanity and prosperity. Therefore, the American military implemented the plan to kill Osama bin Laden as a formative system of self-defense while advocating for peaceful endurance. The main aim of the coordinated attack in a foreign territory enshrined eliminating the significant threat to the human population, that is, terrorism.

References

Bachman, J. S., & Holland, J. (2019). Lethal sterility: Innovative dehumanisation in legal justifications of Obamas drone policy. The International Journal of Human Rights, 23(6), 1028-1047. Web.

Finkelstein, C. (2021). The status of state and nonstate actors in postwar hostilities: restoring the rule of law to U.S. targeted killing operations. Vand. J. Transnatl L., 54, 1163. Web.

Hovell, D., & Hughes, M. (2022). Self-defence and its dangerous variants: Afghanistan and international law. LSE Public Policy Review, 2(3). Web.

Phillips, E. (2022). Afghanistan on a global stage: The end of armed conflict and congresss constitutional powers. Loyola University Chicago Law Journal, 53(4), 817. Web.

Salway, T. (2018). Congressional authorization of the campaign against ISIL. Indiana Law Journal, 93(5), 4. Web.

Schlag, G. (2019). The afterlife of Osama bin Laden: Performative pictures in the war on terror. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 12(1), 1-18. Web.

Operation Geronimo is one of the most significant military events in the United States that caused numerous debates and controversies. President Obama, who was in charge of the country then, gave the go-ahead for an operation on April 29, 2011, which resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden, the most wanted guy on the CIA watch list (Marks, 2019). President Obama has deliberated with the National Security Council for months on whether Osama bin Laden was likely to be present in the alleged refuge and whether to approve a mission to find or kill him. Osama bin Laden was finally killed in Operation Geronimo after President Obama granted the orders, ending a decade-long search for the leader of the Al Qaeda organization. After the tragic events of September 11, 2001, the death of the terrorist was a relief for Americans and the rest of the world (Osborn & Lin, n.d.). However, there are many uncertainties about the constitutionality of President Obamas approval of Operation Geronimo. This essay argues that Operation Geronimo was legally authorized and that President Obama had the power to order and carry out the operation.

There was substantial debate concerning the raids conduct in Pakistan without the consent or even forewarning of that government in the early aftermath. In this case, the United States relied on the legal theory that applies to countries that are unwilling or incapable of taking meaningful action against dangerous actors that pose hazards to Americans within their borders (Dunlap, 2019). In a way, Pakistan theoretically had the capacity to assassinate Bin Laden, but the reality is that he lived there unmolested for years (Dunlap, 2019). The resolution grants the US commander-in-chief the right to employ any necessary or appropriate force against any country, organization, or individual in a certain case. Specifically, it is determined that they were involved in the planning, authorization, commission, or support of the September 11th attacks on the United States or who harbored such groups or individuals (Dunlap, 2019). Considering that Osama bin Laden was directly engaged in the planning and execution of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, President Obama was within the bounds of US domestic law approving the operation that ended his life.

It can also be questioned whether the raiders needed to kill Bin Laden, claiming that he became hors de combat after being shot. It is not right to assault anyone vulnerable due to unconsciousness, shipwreck, wounds, or disease, considering the International Committee of the Red Cross (Dunlap, 2019). However, being injured alone does not automatically mean that someone is out of the fight; in fact, many instances in military history where seriously injured soldiers remained to fight (Dunlap, 2019). It had been generally assumed that Bin Laden would own a suicide vest or have easy access to additional prepared devices. In other words, the prohibition on targeting individuals hors de combat was not broken in the Bin Laden raid. In this regard, it is crucial to understand that the law does not demand that enemy fighters be given the option to surrender before being made the target of assault (Dunlap, 2019). This indicates that the operation would not have been illegal if its sole purpose had been to kill Bin Laden rather than attempt to capture him.

However, even with the validity of such authorization, concerns arise over how the operations execution complied with the rules of armed conflict, including military necessity, proportionality, and distinction and discrimination. Since Bin Laden had assaulted the US and posed a menace to world peace by encouraging terrorism, military necessity was qualified in this situation (Marks, 2019). The force employed after entering Bin Ladens home was also proportionate to the threat he presented to the special unit since he was claimed to have grabbed his gun in retaliation (Dunlap, 2019). Finally, the discriminating criterion was met since the victims of the subsequent altercation were not the intended targets of the assault but rather collateral damage.

Overall, the authorization must comply with international laws, as previously stated. In this instance, since the US was a victim of Bin Ladens violent attack on 9/11, shooting him constituted a measure of self-defense. As a result, the US had the right to invade Pakistan and carry out its mission following international law. Allegations have been made that the US violated Pakistani sovereignty by conducting a raid on Bin Ladens refuge without consulting the local government. The 9/11 terrorist attacks, which Osama Bin Laden masterminded, altered how the US protects itself against similar assaults. After the assaults, Congress gave the then-US President permission to go after the terrorists who had carried them out inside and outside the US. Therefore, President Obama had the responsibility and authority to order a military assault after learning from intelligence reports that Bin Ladens refuge had been located. Later, concerns were expressed over the legitimacy of such authorization in light of local and international legislation. More concerns regarding the missions execution and compliance with the laws of armed conflict arose. Thus, by approving Operation Geronimo, President Obama acted following international law.

References

Dunlap, C., J., D. (2019). Yes, the raid that killed Osama Bin Laden was lawful. Lawfire. Web.

Marks, J. (2019). How SEAL Team Six Took Out Osama bin Laden. History. Web.

Osborn, K. & Lin, H. (n.d.). The Operation That Took Out Osama Bin Laden. Military.com. Web.

Introduction

George W. Bush took oath of office as the 43^rd US president on January 20 2001. This was following a successful campaign against his Democratic Party rival Al Gore. In the Republican Party primaries, Bush managed to garner 90% of the total votes cast to emerge as the Republican Presidential candidate. His success in this can be attributed to a well executed campaign headed by Karl Rove as the chief political advisor/strategist and a convincing campaign platform that won the heart of many voters. The man retained the same political strategy and won again the 2004 presidential elections thereby being sworn in again in office for his second term on 20^th January 2005. This time round, he won against Democratic candidate John F. Kerry, then senator of Massachusetts. With the nearing of the end of his term, America welcomed Democratic and Republican Party primary elections. In the various primary campaigns, President Barack Obama, then Senator of Illinois emerged as the man with a record breaking campaign. Assisted by his campaign manager, David Plouffe, he easily won the 2008 presidential election and took oath of office as the 44^th president of the US.

Main body

By tracing the campaigns of these two men, one is capable of identifying some major differences in the execution and planning of their campaigns. This paper will thus discuss the main differences between two winning political campaigns.

One very interesting factor is that Bush was soliciting for votes from very rather satisfied citizens after a satisfying term from Bill Clinton, a Democrat. As such, Bush had to be very convincing in his campaign in order to sway voters from a Democratic position to a Republican one. On the other hand Obama had to have the ideas to convince voters to sway from a republican government to a Democratic one. This thus sets the parent difference in their campaigns guided by differences in the manifestos of their parties.

During the 2004 campaign period, Bush had stressed on the need to make education affordable. He concentrated much on changing the existing policies such as Medicare also. Obama on the other hand based much of his campaign on criticizing the policies implemented by Bush. As such, his message of change was more appealing and understandable to the masses. On one hand, Bush promised during his campaign to develop more comprehensive policies on existing ones made by his predecessor Bill Clinton. Contrarily, Obama concentrated much of his campaigns on criticizing the Bush administrations policies instead of developing and marketing his own. While he accused the Bush administration of mismanagement in the government through wrong polices, he never went into details of explaining his polices such as tax cuts during his campaigns but rather just accused the Bush administration of high taxes with him promising lower taxes but no methodology.

Moving away from the differences in policy to finances, we see that the Obama campaign was well funded from donations than any other candidate has ever achieved in the history of the US. On the contrary, Bush had to make use of more limited resources from his campaign fund. A New York Times report showed that during the intense period of the campaigns in 2000, Bush was spending up to $3 million on a weekly basis. With limited funding from the public, Bush had to volunteer around $90 million personal contributions into the campaign fund. This is completely the opposite of what was witnessed in the Obama campaigns where almost excess money was given out by the public that critics highlighted the misuse of money on excessive media advertising which was very high compared to Bushs advertising expenditure both in 2000 and 2004. In fact, the Obama campaigns had a $7 million weekly budgetary allocation with no case of personal contribution from the candidate.

On the other hand, in the 2004 campaigns, Bush was campaigning on the basis of a proven track record and past experience from his first term in office. This contradicts to Obamas case, a person who had no previous experience in a high office except for the one term presence in the senate. Bush had had a strong background in leadership in his own right and from family background and hence the public had more reasons to trust him unlike Obama. As such, the Bush campaigns stressed on bringing out the experience in the man and advancing on the progress associated with the Bush family.

As shown above, we see that the Bush and Obama campaigns were very different not only in policy but the basics of political campaigns and politics itself.

References

Eggen, Dan. (2008). Bush Praises Obamas Campaign. (2009).

Fromkim, J. (2008) Bush vs. Obama. Washington Post. (2009).

Health care reform comes into White House focus, Herald Tribune. (2009). Web.

THE 2000 CAMPAIGN: THE MONEY; Bush Campaign Rushes to Refill Dwindling Coffer. (2009).

Neuman, J. (2008) In final stretch, its Barack Obama vs. George W. Bush& John who?

L.A. Times 11:56 AM PT, 2008.

Introduction

Public opinion about a person is usually based on the image created by the media. Politics, celebrities, famous people, and anyone else caught by the lens of a camera become dependent on the information produced by the journalists of all kinds. Media has powerful tools to shape public opinion: television, radio, the internet, and now social networks. Sometimes, a small tweet or a photo can change the image of a public person drastically.

It should be noted that various categories of public people depend on the medias efforts differently. Thus, for example, celebrities may have as positive as well as a negative image, and information provided by the media will not influence their popularity in a negative way.

The mentioning of a celebrity in the media is a positive factor. Politics, on the other hand, greatly depends on public opinion, and the image politicians have is very sensitive to various negative influences the media can organize. Considering the available materials, the paper is aimed at exploring the essence of the media and its effect on politics, and providing the analysis of the portraying Hillary Clinton during the Monica Lewinsky by the media.

Background on How the Media Affects Politics

Modern media have numerous channels to influence public opinion, but social networks became the most convenient channel, among others. The concept of social networks is a relatively new one, having appeared not long ago, but for many people, it occupies a significant place in their lives.

However, social networks only facilitate communications between people. Nevertheless, the convenience of communication offered by Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and others makes them so popular that their phenomenon influences peoples lives deeper than one might think.¹ Additionally, social networks change the way people receive information about everything they might think of.

Mass media is a serious player in the process of shaping public opinion on such issues as politics, social life, and so on. It influences all aspects of life in any society on this planet. However, the beginning of the development of electronic means of communication was practically unnoticed by those responsible for the development of media. They simply could not comprehend the idea that it would only take a few decades for the situation with electronic media to change so drastically.

Currently, information technology enables people to have new channels through which they receive information coming from multiple independent sources. It influences all areas of human life, including advertising, print mass media, all areas related to public life, and politics.²

This situation affects people who are more used to the technologies of the past and those who work in advertising and media. It also influences those who are at the forefront of public life and opinion  politicians and simply public people. Therefore, anyone connected with media is influenced by information technology.³ The appearance of online journalists caused frustration of those representatives of this profession who used to be famous for their work in the traditional media  newspapers, and radio. Now, they have to share the spotlight with the online journalists who create the news and disseminate it on the go, delivering it to the readers simultaneously. The latest trends in journalism can explain this situation.

When major sources of information were TV and printed media, and people received information from them, control over the content of this information was easy. Journalists presented their opinion on some issue or news, and people were subjected to this opinion regardless of the fact whether there was some bias in it or not. The comprehensive and objective picture covering the state of things was unavailable to people because of the narrowness of the scope of the journalists opinion.⁴

Therefore, this situation was favorable for the politicians as they could influence their electorates opinion by appealing to the most famous and respected journalists. Thus, they could be on the side of some politician and promote his agenda as well as his partys one. Politicians faced no significant challenges since they achieved the necessary effect by using mass media.

The press held public and famous people as hostages since they depended on it and its power to make them relevant or keep peoples interest to them. For this, sensations and scandals were the best options. The press could destroy someones career or, on the contrary, start it, which depended on the publics reaction to the information presented by the mass media. As can be seen, there was not much to choose from in terms of information channels. Nowadays, the situation is completely different.

If there is a need to find information about something or someone, one can use a search engine and start looking for this information.⁵ no might not find what he/she looks for, but unlike in the past, people can have the chance to receive information from various sources and have different opinions on some issues.

For modern people, there is no need to read newspapers, listen to the radio, or watch TV news to find out what happens in the world. The Internet can offer the most current and unaltered information. Naturally, such a situation cannot be welcomed by the people who make their living by selling their opinion for others to read. The social media that nobody can influence is a threat to the politicians who need to control and influence everything.⁶ To understand this, one needs to know the situation in the modern world.

Social networks redefined the concepts of relations and friendship. The popularity of Facebook, for instance, can be explained by the fact that people can have everything they need in one place. Previously, people could share their photos, music, and videos on various websites. They chatted and communicated with others via message boards and chatrooms. Online communities for people with similar interests gathered them and allowed them to make new friends. However, Facebook allowed having all this in one place and at the same time.

In addition to the centralization of services, social media has positive sides such as relative independence from the influence exerted by politicians or businesses, anonymity and easy access, and so on.⁷ Nowadays, people are able to get access to the Internet almost anywhere in the world, which allows users to socialize with the entire world. Thus, the opportunity to express ones ideas and thoughts without being censored and the chance to deliver information anywhere in the world are the main benefits that social media can offer to people.

Politics is affected by the media since it gives people democracy during elections and highlights issues when they arise among politicians. Media allows people to have a free and fair election because they can freely vote for the person to represent them politically.⁸ Radio and television, as the most common types of media, offer some educative information about the policies to be followed in the voting and election processes. The media gives adequate information on the participating parties and acts as a watchdog during democratic elections. It safeguards transparency in the process, accountability, and human rights, which instills good governance in society.⁹

Citizens have the privilege to learn about the views and ideas of certain politicians by receiving this from the internet and television, which stimulates the choices during the elections through various campaigns.¹⁰ They have a platform to share political information, debate, discuss issues affecting them politically, like it, and connect with others.

A Brief Summary of the Scandal

The scandal involving Monika Lewinsky in 1998 was caused by her affair with President Bill Clinton having an intern practice in the White House. Lewinsky was employed by the White House Office after her presence in the White House during the first term of Clinton. She was an intern back then. During her work at the White House, Lewinsky got involved in a relationship with the President.¹¹

That relationship had a personal nature. Later, she told about the situation of such kind to her friend, Linda Tripp. She worked at Defense Department and managed to record the telephone communication between Clinton and Lewinsky. When the affair became public, Clintons wife Hillary forgave him over the affair as he had a rough time, having lost his mother, father, and Vince Foster, their friend.¹² She was Clintons confidant and a supporter during the difficult times in their lives.

Hillarys Role in 1998 Monica Lewinsky Scandal

Such media outlets as Washington CNN, Washington Free Beacon, and websites such as Political Ticker recorded Hillary Clinton as a heartbroken and dumbfounded woman who was full of anger her husbands disclosure of his relationship with Monika Lewinsky. Hillary yelled at her husband over his infidelity, and she blamed Monica Lewinsky for having a sexual affair with him.¹³ Hillary even gave a nickname to Monika Lewinsky, calling her narcissistic loony toon. Moreover, she blamed herself for not being emotionally sensitive and eventually, she forgave him. On the other hand, Monica Lewinsky accused Hillary Clinton of putting the blame on women instead of her husband over the affair.¹⁴

The media presented Hillarys reaction as the desire to keep her hands clean. She was portrayed as a woman that just wanted to forget about this situation and keep on living with husband. Her accusations towards Lewinsky only supported such an image of Hillary in press.¹⁵ She was abused by the situation, and she had rather long-time argument with Bill, but eventually, Hillary supported the President and forgave him, disregarding the effect the scandal had on her.

Hillarys Reaction and Medias Response

Hillary supported her husband, and she was there for him to downplay the relationship between him and Lewinsky. She demonstrated that Clinton and Lewinskys relationship had no future or power and that their sexual act was just a fling. The media spread the news of the affair internationally and attracted the attention of the entire world.¹⁶ Journalists had numerous interviews with Hillary Clinton to find out about her feelings on the issue.

For example, an interview with Blair revealed that Hillary was jolly and sound in her emotions and reactions. She did not cover the reaction to the situation even to the press: Gulping for air, I started crying and yelling at him, & What do you mean? What are you saying? Why did you lie to me?¹⁷ The media was skeptical about her reaction. The coverage of the scandal was focused on the lies of Bill and a negative attitude to the affair as Clinton could have used his position to harass Lewinsky and make her get involved in the relationship.¹⁸

His confession was perceived as an awkward attempt to fix the situation and indirectly ask for Hillary for forgiveness. Additionally, Clinton wanted to improve his image after the scandal, so his redemption had helped Hillary to regain the image of a good wife whose feelings had been abused so much.

Hillarys Public Opinion after the Scandal

The Lewinsky scandal led to the negative public opinion about Hillary Clinton. The publics anger turned into hatred and disdain towards Hillary.¹⁹ However, many people, especially women appreciated the fact that Hillary had stood by her husband when he needed it.

The press was not so kind to her first, and it presented Hillary as the wife of the dishonest man who had refused to recognize the affair first and then had to ask for forgiveness of the whole nation. However, after Clintons confession, Hillary became a wise and strong woman, considering the media response. Eventually, the scandal was presented as the accidental weakness of the depressed man. The position of Hillary and her support turned out to be the desire to save the relationship and get through the hard times side-by-side.

Hillarys Modern Campaign

The story of Monika Lewinsky is a pure speculation against Clintons campaign. The re-emergence of Miss Lewinsky has an unwelcome shadow on Clintons bid to become the US president.²⁰ As a result, the scandal returns the public focus to Bill Clintons past, which is what Hillarys political opponents need to derail her potentiality to bid for the presidency. For instance, a Republican senator, Rand Paul, who also had a presidential bid, called Bill Clinton a sexual predator and demanded that Democrats kept their distance from him.

Hillary in this race is presented not as Clintons abused wife but as a strong politic, willing to win it, disregarding any scandals in the past. The re-appearance of Monika Lewinsky in the news is not a coincidence, of course, since Clintons name has strong associations with Lewinsky and the relevant scandal in the publics mind. It is the effort of some political powers to diminish the professional qualities of Hillary Clinton as a politician and make her a vulnerable woman again in the eyes of her electorate.

Conclusion

Summing, the paper explored the essence of the media and its effect on politics and provided the analysis of the portraying Hillary Clinton during the Monica Lewinsky by the media. The media is capable of making a scandal bigger or diverting attention from some burning news in the case of necessity. Social networks and the modern means of communication make it harder to achieve these days. However, it is necessary to understand that information online cannot be considered as unbiased or free from any influence. People have the opportunity to obtain information from diverse and rather independent channels.

It is a very positive outcome of the development of the relevant technologies. On the other hand, if an electronic channel is under the control of some political or business power, information can only look as trustworthy and independent. Moreover, people may get the false feeling of being in control over the information they consume, which is not so.

The situation with the Monica Lewinsky scandal is the example of how the public opinion can be shaped, using the human desire to see famous people in awkward and unusual situations. The power of media was shown in the ability to present the First Lady as a woman that can forgive her husband in the situation when he publically confesses in adultery. Hillary Clinton went through difficult times when the scandal came to the surface, but now she is the powerful and influential politician, the next potential President of the United States.

It should be noted that modern media depends on politics and business more than ever before, so it is appropriate to question information people get from the newspapers, TV shows, analysists, and online channels. Otherwise, there is a big chance to be deceived by interested parties that control the media.

Bibliography

Cary, Mary. 5 Ways New Media are Changing Politics. U.S. News and World Report LP, 2016. Web.

Cillizza, Chis. How Monica Lewinsky Changed Politics. The Washington Post, 2014. Web.

Engel, Pamela. How Hillary Clinton Dealt with the Monica Lewinsky Scandal When She was in the White House. Business Insider, 2015. Web.

Johanson, Alpern, Nellika Little, Andy Williamson, Harvey Bronwen., Ann Cooper, and Halakhe Bdullahi. Media and Elections, 3^rd edition. ACE project, 2012. Web.

Journeyman Pictures. The Real Story behind the Clinton Scandals. YouTube, 2011. Web.

Merica, Dan. Documents Reveal Hillary Clintons Private Reaction to Her Husband is Cheating Scandal with Monica Lewinsky. Political Ticker, 2014. Web.

Miller, Arthur. Sex, Politics, and Public Opinion: What Political Scientists Really Learned from the Clinton-Lewinsky Scandal. Political Science & Politics, 1999, 721-729.

Sanchez, Raf. Monica Lewinsky: Hillary Clinton Blamed the Woman for Bill Clintons Affair. Telegraph, 2014. Web.

Footnotes

1. Mary Cary, 5 Ways New Media are Changing Politics. U.S. News and World Report LP, 2016. Web.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Cary, 5 Ways New Media are Changing Politics. Web.
5. Alpern Johanson et al., Media and Elections, 3rd edition. The ACE project, 2012. Web.
6. Johanson et al., Media and Elections, 3rd edition.
7. Ibid.
8. Johanson et al. Media and Elections, 3rd edition.
9. Ibid.
10. Cary, 5 Ways New Media are Changing Politics.
11. Journeyman Pictures. The Real Story behind the Clinton Scandals. YouTube, 2011. Web.
12. Dan Merica, Documents Reveal Hillary Clintons Private Reaction to Her Husband is Cheating Scandal with Monica Lewinsky. Political Ticker, 2014. Web.
13. Ibid.
14. Pamela Engel, How Hillary Clinton Dealt with the Monica Lewinsky Scandal When She was in the White House. Business Insider, 2015. Web.
15. Raf Sanchez, Monica Lewinsky: Hillary Clinton Blamed the Woman for Bill Clintons Affair. Telegraph, 2014. Web.
16. Merica, Documents Reveal Hillary Clintons Private Reaction.
17. Ibid.
18. Chis Cillizza, How Monica Lewinsky Changed Politics. The Washington Post, 2014. Web.
19. Merica, Documents Reveal Hillary Clintons Private Reaction.
20. Sanchez, Monica Lewinsky.

In recent years, the rising cost of college tuition and the increasing burden of student loan debt have created a college affordability crisis in the United States. To address this issue, President Bidens administration has proposed a student loan forgiveness plan to relieve millions of Americans struggling with student loan debt. However, there is a significant debate on whether this plan effectively addresses the root causes of the affordability crisis. The American public has responded to this policy in a variety of ways. Some people support this policy, while others are against it (Goss et al. 1046). Several others oppose the plan because they think it would not help students who have already graduated with too much debt. This paper argues that the Biden administrations student loan forgiveness plan is a step in the right direction but falls short of addressing the college affordability crisis. The following three points will support this thesis: the plans limited eligibility criteria, the insufficient amount of loan forgiveness offered, and the potential negative consequences of the plans implementation.

The student loan forgiveness program proposed by the Biden administration has drawn significant criticism due to the stringent eligibility requirements. Only borrowers who attended historically black colleges and universities and minority-serving institutions, among others, would be eligible for the full forgiveness of their student loans under the present proposal (Cook). Although this is a significant step toward equity, it does not include many borrowers who may also be grappling with student loan debt. These borrowers include individuals who received their education from public or for-profit institutions. Because of this, a sizeable segment of the population, including borrowers with lower incomes, may be unable to benefit from the plan.

Most people who have taken out student loans did so to attend public schools, with only a small fraction going to HBCUs or MSIs. Hence, by limiting eligibility to certain organizations, many borrowers who could have the greatest requirement for loan forgiveness are excluded from consideration (Goss et al. 1046). In addition, the plan does not apply to borrowers who have already paid off their student loans, which reduces the scope of its potential impact even further. This qualifying criterion may contribute to the continuation of existing inequalities and reduce the plans effectiveness in addressing the rising cost of college.

Another criticism of the plan is the limited amount of loan forgiveness offered. The present proposal would forgive a maximum of $10,000 in student loans for each borrower. This figure is much smaller than the typical amount of student loan debt that most borrowers carry. The Federal Reserve reports that the average amount of student loan debt carried by graduates of the class of 2019 was $30,062 (Goss et al. 1046). As a result, the amount of loan forgiveness that is being offered is not enough to alleviate student loan debt.

In addition, the loan forgiveness program has a ceiling loan amount, which may discourage borrowers from pursuing jobs in lower-paying fields such as education, public service, or social work, which may be the fields in which loan forgiveness is required the most. According to the findings of recent studies, excessive levels of student loan debt present an obstacle to entrance into professions that are essential to the common good (Goss et al. 1046). Therefore, it is likely that a larger level of loan forgiveness is required to encourage more people to pursue these vocations, which would ultimately benefit society.

While the plan may offer relief to some borrowers, its implementation may have unintended negative consequences. Forgiveness of student loans, for instance, might incentivize colleges and universities to increase tuition rates even further, leading to a continuance of the affordability crisis. According to the findings of several studies, rises in the amount of money the federal government provides for financial aid have been linked to an increase in the cost of tuition (Goss et al. 1046). As a result, there is a possibility that the proposal will, in the end, make the affordability situation that it is attempting to solve even worse.

In addition, the expense of putting the plan into action could have a detrimental effect on the federal budget, reducing the amount of money available for funding other essential social programs. In addition, there is the prospect of moral hazard, which means that borrowers may be less likely to return their student loans if they perceive that loan forgiveness is possible (Cook). This could result in a negative financial impact on the government. When determining whether or not the Biden administrations plan to cancel student loans is successful, it is imperative that these possible unintended outcomes be considered.

One of the most significant economic benefits of the student loan forgiveness plan is that it could stimulate the economy. Borrowers could put more money toward retirement savings, start a business, or pay off other debts if they had less to pay on their student loans. More jobs and increased economic activity would result from this. The federal government would benefit from the debt forgiveness plan because it would lower default rates, saving money on collection costs and boosting the Federal Student Loan programs long-term viability (Cook). The societal benefit of forgiving student loans is that it would help narrow the wealth gap. Reducing the debt load of those who need it most is one way to level the playing field, and student loan forgiveness is one way to do that. Higher education would become more accessible to low-income families if the financial burden of student loans were reduced through student debt forgiveness. The result would be a more knowledgeable and skilled labor force, positively affecting the board.

In conclusion, the Biden administrations student loan forgiveness plan is a step in the right direction towards addressing the college affordability crisis in the United States. However, several shortcomings prevent it from being sufficient to solve the problem. The plans limited eligibility criteria may exclude a significant portion of borrowers with the greatest need for relief. While the amount of loan forgiveness offered may not be sufficient to alleviate the burden of student loan debt for many borrowers. Moreover, the potential negative consequences of the plans implementation must be considered. Therefore, while the plan is a positive development, it is not enough to comprehensively address the college affordability crisis in the United States. More comprehensive and far-reaching solutions, such as tuition-free college or income-driven repayment plans, may be necessary to effectively address the root causes of the problem and provide relief to all borrowers.

Works Cited

Cook, Bryan, and Alexandra Tilsley. Exploring the Relationship between Student Loan Forgiveness, the Pell Bonus, and Race. An Essay for the Learning Curve. Urban Institute, 2022.

Goss, Jacob, Daniel Mangrum, and Joelle Scally. Assessing the Relative Progressivity of the Biden Administrations Federal Student Loan Forgiveness Proposal. FRB of New York Staff Report, 1046, 2023.

The Article in the New York Times

On 31 August 2015 The New York Times published a rather controversial article by the title As His Term Wanes, Obama Champions Workers Rights. The story is an almost perfect example of labor economics, as it involves the employees of the labor services and their working rights and demands.

The administration of President Obama had been maintaining a combative and belligerent operation that involves promises regarding reestablishing the insurance and protection rights for employees that suffered from enterprise activism, traditional administration and the sharp rise in the progression of the economy within recent several years.

The Campaign of Obama

Over the past few months, the Administration of President Obama has been announcing a string of administrative changes. Among them are: a rule that would make millions more Americans eligible for extra overtime pay, and guidelines suggesting that many employers are misclassifying workers as contractors and, therefore, depriving them of basic workplace protections (Scheiber, 2015, para. 2). This series has become a fundamental matter for the expansion and prosperity of several self-styled gig economy organization, for instance, Uber.

On the middle of the August 2015 a federal appeals panel granted a little less than 2 million home care employees minimal payments and work stability and security in case of overtimes. This was done by affirming a regulation that had been proposed earlier only for care workers who had been previously exempted. Moreover, President Obamas delegates had established an extensive directive in the National Labor Relations Board. According to the new ruling, the workers of franchises received simplified bargaining rights for negotiating with the organizations that may affect the business of the contractors.

Benjamin I. Sachs, a professor at Harvard Law School and a former assistant general counsel for the Service Employees International Union, claimed that these moves constitute the most impressive and, in my view, laudable attempt to update labor and employment law in many decades. The goal is to keep pace with changes in the structure of the labor market and the way work is organized (Scheiber, 2015, para. 4).

The Results of the Campaign

The outcome of these actions was controversial. The labor workers denounced that Obama was unsuccessful in his attempts to organize the employees. Moreover, the representatives of the Liberal Party also criticized the ways Obama acted while implementing his delegates in various agencies. The President of the Economic Policy Institute Lawrence Mishel said that They were very weak on getting people into their positions in the first term. They lost many years of potential fruitful activity (Scheiber, 2015, para. 5).

References

Labor economics. (2014).

Scheiber, N. (2015). As his term wanes, Obama champions workers rights. The New York Times. 

Soergel, A. (2015). Where are all the workers? Web.

Introduction

Libya is one of the North African countries with a larger economy. The state borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Niger, Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Algeria, Tunisia, Greece, and Malta. The nation spans 1.8 million square kilometers, and Tripoli is the capital city of the empire. Libyas political structure posed a prominent historical mark of Gaddafis rule from 1959 to 2011 after his death when the General National Congress took over. In this case, the Islamism and tribal military groups established a truce on the development of a unity government in 2020. As a member of the United Nations, the official religion for Libyans is Islamic hence the proficient influence of the Sharia law. The intersectionality of ethnic, political, and socio-cultural constructs renders the foundation of a nation such as Libya.

As an Islamic state, Libya upholds the Sharia law and court system. Therefore, rulings in the court reflect Islamic beliefs and traditional practices. In this case, it is vital for visitors to learn dynamic etiquette and social interaction codes. An excellent example is that the Libyan government forbids any public display of affection, including handshakes. It is an initiative that regulates immorality hence the justification for the prohibition of alcohol consumption mainly in the public domain. Although polygamy is allowed in the country, a significant percentage of the residents formally marry through the Sharia court, and any other religious marriage ceremony is not recognized (Dias, 2020). As an Islamic state, all policies reflect the appreciation of the Muslims practices. Therefore, it is vital to note the Islamic ceremonies and events to avoid the violation of virtues. An excellent example is an etiquette among all dwellers and visitors during the Ramadhan period. It is important to avoid eating in public to avoid disciplinary measures from the government.

In a different aspect, the dress code for women involves ensuring the covering of all body parts. An Islamic law construct ensures morality, and a female visitor is not allowed into the country while traveling alone. Primarily, a woman in Libya is inferior to a man hence the lower representation in the senior position. In this case, women mainly engage in house chores and soft-core labor engagements. While traveling alone, the female visitor is mandated to present an invitation from a resident or husband in the country. The Sharia government system articulates instructions regarding the interaction between a man and a woman (Ihnissi & Klaib, 2021). An excellent example is an allowance for secret dating, and the legal age for marriage encapsulates 18 years and above. Homosexuality, rape, and infidelity are forbidden, and strict disciplining measures bind the accused. There is a distinct moral code of behavior and interaction in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Libyas Cultural and Ethnic Frameworks

Cultural diversity in Libya focuses on the Islamic practices and belief system. Therefore, the government structure is in the Sharia spectrum in addition to the courts. It is important for a visitor with a family to note that a misdemeanor is punishable in the public domain. Further, marriage and coupling are justified within the constraints of the Islamic religion. Apart from marriage, individuals are forbidden from alcohol consumption, and the country appreciates the support and respect of the Islamic system within the country (Martin & McCrain, 2019). In the case of violating the legal framework, the person faces prominent disciplinary measures that include the death penalty. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the visitors to adhere to the moral code and appreciate Islamic beliefs.

The ethnic background of Libya enshrines the dynamism through the optimal evolutionary scale. The country comprises three provinces, that is, Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan. Tripolitania is on the south coast, Cyrenaica is found in the coastal mountain region, while Fezzan borders the Gulf of Sirte. After the invasion of North Africa by the Bedouins, they brought the Arabic language to the Libyans (Ihnissi & Klaib, 2021). The traditional Berber linguistic is another common form of communication among the natives in the southern oases and western mountains. The phenomenon rendered the homogenous cultural foundation based on distinct Asian dialects. The different ethnic groups in Libya include Black Libyans, Bedouin, and Berber. The Berber face oppression from the Bedouin tribes due to the overwhelming wins against the armies leading to the inferiority complex. The Black Libyans faced segregation attributed to the lower social class and qualifying as servants of the merchants in the plantations.

Political Ideologies between Libya and America

The phrase All politics is local is a construct that is mainly associated with Tim ONeill, the former Speaker of the US House of Representatives. A successful politician must use the skills from the intrinsic American culture to establish an identity and showcase the relevance and concern for the welfare of the citizens. Although the main agenda entails securing and maintaining the seat, it is essential to demonstrate the major component of providing a solution to the dynamic issues affecting the vast community (Martin & McCrain, 2019). It is an initiative and strategy that fosters the interconnectedness between the politicians interests for power acquisition and the necessary framework for nationalities.

Issues at the local level make their way to the national limelight under the spectrum of strategic administration and management. The different organs in the government play a crucial role in the implementation and overseeing of certain agendas. An excellent example is the House of Representatives, whose major role is the amendment and the passing of laws based on the relevance and convenience of the American citizens. In this case, matters affecting the domestic domain emerge within the federal grid once the legislators develop bills with the key objective of unraveling a plan to boost the functionality of a societal problem (Stren & Friendly, 2019). Therefore, matters at the regional level materialize as the states spotlight based on the prominence impact on enhancing the growth and development of the dynamic American communities.

The great recession that happened in 2008 significantly affected the financial stability and performance of various organizations and individuals. It is a phenomenon that led to the rise in the number of homeless people, the closure of businesses hence the elevated unemployment rate. Primarily, the event was disastrous to the entire American landscape under the dimensions of social, economic, and political mainframes. In this case, one of the issues facing the local and federal governments enshrines funding constraints. A significant percentage of the local administrative entities seek additional financial resources from the national congress. On the one hand, both sects demand a large pool of financial deposits to facilitate the development agendas as well as the daily operations. However, the recession led to the loss of monetary value hence the increase in inflation and the amount of debt (Martin & McCrain, 2019). As a result, the matter to address entails the contrived allocation of financial resources from the executives.

The measuring parameters of economic development in a region entail life expectancy, level of education, and the amount of income. The different quantifying components determine the human growth index that is indicative of commercial advancement. Trade enhancement is a reflection of the quality of life among individuals within a region. Life expectancy contributes toward the refinement agenda since it improves the absolute allocation of benefits to citizens and the marginalization aspect ratio among the inhabitants (Nkumbe, 2020). The advocates for the remedy entail the representatives from a local government whose main aim involves boosting the trickle-down effect of economic growth and development. The resilience of a countrys commercial outline depends on the productivity of the regional business activities. Therefore, individuals focus on influencing the federal government to release funds to facilitate the core initiatives of solving such matters as healthcare service disparities.

The competitors to the ideal solution to increase the budget allocation to local government are the representatives from the federal administration and the Republican party. One of the primary objectives of the department entails securing adequate finances to facilitate the national development agendas and emergencies. Therefore, increasing the risk of exhausting the current status of low reserves exposes the country to an ideal pool of instabilities to protect the lives of Americans. The personnel that benefits from the initiative encompass residents within the regional American and Libyan landscape due to the readily available financial resources to facilitate their business ventures. The great recession led to the loss of jobs and marginalization of poor families from optimal economic growth and development (Stren & Friendly, 2019). Therefore, the implementation of a policy that aims at increasing budget allocation gears the effective trickle-down effects of the advancements.

National growth is an initiative that directly and indirectly benefits all American citizens due to the effective circulation of the currency as well as its value increase. The parties that lose in this case are the federal government mainly due to the decreased pool of reserves allocated to the emergency relief and its operations. Nevertheless, a boost to the gross domestic income and the business boom is a benefit to the administration since the entities pay off the taxes that facilitate the institutions agenda (Martin & McCrain, 2019). Primarily, it is important to foster the amplification of the enterprise within the American landscape on account of transformation through an adequate pool of resources.

Politicians in Libya take the stance of advocating for an increase in the allocation of funds to the government. The officials argue along the gradient of sustainability and enhancing the trickle-down effect of economic growth and development. It is important the administration enhances the implementation of plans that render an improvement to the quality of living among the marginalized communities in rural areas. The position of politicians regarding the policy change appeals to the local voters due to the attention on boosting the growth index within the regions (Kandemir & Gümü_, 2018). On the one hand, the leaders represent the residents in the government. Therefore, it is their responsibility to ensure that there is equal distribution of resources, either monetary or material. Unraveling the economic development potential within these localities enhances the distribution of wealth and job opportunities to vulnerable and poor families.

The Libyan government faced a profound challenge after the killing of Muammar Gaddafi in 2011. It is a phenomenon that proficiently affects the social growth and development in the country. The struggle for power between the Islamic and tribal sects in Libya led to an increase in insecurity, causing a decrease in the number of investors promoting economic advancement (Aljad, 2018). It is contrary to the proficient American government structure that impacts the distribution of executive essence within the region. The contrast between the Libyan and American administrations enshrines the optimal organizational platform concerning the share of the aptitude.

The economy of a country highly affects well-being and its association with the global evolutionary trend. On the one hand, it is the responsibility of the government to ensure the nation experiences a higher mark on growth and development. On the other hand, the health of an individual mainly relies on the ability to access dynamic amenities while intensifying social capital. Libya is one of the states with an open economy hence the frequent issues on the performance index (Dias, 2020). There are three components that impact the wealth of territory and include traditional, holistic, and added value. In this case, Libya faces a profound challenge due to the high dependence on the international production rate through its adaptive system (Ihnissi & Klaib, 2021)). The implementation of policies that boost the interdependence between Libya and other principalities renders an optimal solution to the underlying issue of inequality in the distribution of benefits and opportunities.

The main challenge that the Libyan government faces is the disparity in employment opportunities among the citizens. One of the vital indicators of economic performance is the gross domestic product. The concept encompasses measuring the value of goods and services offered within a particular territory. In 2020, the Libyan administration noticed a profound decrease in the GDP at a rate of 5 percent (Ihnissi & Klaib, 2021). As a result, business confidence dropped at a margin of fifty-five percent while the debt to other countries increased by three percent. Primarily, the GDP is a measure of the attainment of a marker involving the financial state and shows proficiency in growth and expansion.

A progressing country is highly characterized by a consistent change in administrative policies. In most cases, governments spearhead growth initiatives such as infrastructural development, but it lacks to enhance the trickle-down effect of benefits. The advancement in the amenities ensures the penetration of entrepreneurs to various areas while boosting social security in the communities (Nkumbe, 2020). However, it is also essential that the authority addresses certain core issues during the implementation of action plans. These cases include the standard Gross National Income, Gross Domestic Product, and environmental diversities.

A blossoming country with a small and open market faces the challenge of constant change and competition, both nationally and internationally. Gross National Income refers to the valuation of the products and services produced in the country, while Gross Domestic Product entails citizens output production. The government must incorporate the Gross National Income index in the developmental programs mainly because it sets out the competence and marketability of products and services. Apart from development, the health of citizens affects the growth of the nation. Therefore, promoting the production of high-quality products and services for national and international consumption enhances citizens healthiness (Kandemir & Gümü_, 2018). The integration of developmental policies with the essence of the Gross National Income increases the countrys healthiness index and the marketability of the commodities to the global population.

In a different spectrum, the Gross Domestic Product is a multidimensional phenomenon that significantly contributes to growth and development. As the measuring tool of the output produced by citizens, the concept encapsulates an avenue to boost a countrys growth through policies. The level of output is a reflection of citizens opportunity to accumulate wealth from dynamic, profitable engagements. Therefore, promoting functional health policies renders safety between citizens during on and off duties. Primarily, GDP and GNI are interdependent variables whose inconsistency get highly affected by the changes. The Libyan government should incorporate in the economic program the optimization of environmental diversities. The lack of compatibility between the development projects and ecology discredits sustainable growth due to the limitation of trickle-down benefits (Ihnissi & Klaib, 2021). Different surroundings demand various ideologies. The importance of integration encompasses the capacity to promote the proper exploitation of resources without compromising aesthetic value.

Conclusion

In conclusion, government development programs should address certain issues such as the GDP, GNI, and environmental diversity. The three elements are interdependent cause they address the healthiness of society and the regulations based on the exploitation of minerals. The adverse evolution programs render significant exploitation of natural resources. As a result, to promote the production of high-quality goods and services, the government must ensure workers safety and protection across the nation. The Libyan authority faces a threat based on its structured system. Therefore, it is the accountability of the administration to address the margin of the key indicators under the spectral view of happiness, competitiveness, and an increase in living conditions among the residents.

References

Aljad, R. (2018). The development of the master plan of the city of Sabha as a reflection of modernization trends in the urban development of Libya in the 1970-2000. PrzestrzeD i Forma. Web.

Antuña-Rozado, C., García-Navarro, J., & Huovila, P. (2019). Challenges in Adapting Sustainable City Solutions from Finland to Different Contexts Worldwide: A Libyan Case Study. Energies, 12(10), 1883. Web.

Dias, G. P. (2020). Global e-government development: besides the relative wealth of countries, do policies matter?. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy. Web.

Ihnissi, R., & Klaib, A. (2021). Barriers Preventing to Reap the Benefits of E-commerce in Libya Prior and During COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Pure & Applied Sciences, 20(2), 22-28. Web.

Kandemir, O., & Gümü_, N. (2018). Libya. In Handbook of Research on Sociopolitical Factors Impacting Economic Growth in Islamic Nations (pp. 22-40). IGI Global. Web.

Martin, G. J., & McCrain, J. (2019). Local news and national politics. American Political Science Review, 113(2), 372-384. Web.

Nkumbe, E. R. (2020). Bad Gains: Effects of Fossil Fuel Energy on Africa. Journal of Energy Research and Reviews, 25-33. Web.

Stren, R., & Friendly, A. (2019). Big city mayors: Still avatars of local politics?. Cities, 84, 172-177. Web.

There were significant expectations laid on the new president after the election. The economic situation Obama had to face when becoming the president was a true disaster. The first step the new president was to take was to define the team that would be supposed to meet the challenge. Obama decided not to reject the help of the specialists from his e-rivals groups. Thus, Tim Geither and Larry Summers became the key two people in his working group.

Contrary to Bush, Obama faced the difficulties right on the first days of his work. Obama had to make one of the most import decisions a person can probably face. The president had either to take the side of Larry Summers and to begin a series of revolution reformations or to rely on his Minister of Treasury Geither and to follow the plan of graduate development that had been initially announced to the public.

The choice was, indeed, very difficult as on the one hand, the president had promised to be tough on banks and the Wall Street system, on the other hand, Summers offer implied considerable risks. The President decided to stick to a more cautious policy. The taken measures aimed at the healthcare reformation proved to be efficient, even though the effect was not obtained at once. The social pressure the president and his team experienced was very powerful and would not decrease for a long period of time.

There are different points of view on the efficiency of Obamas economic policy. In fact, the president had to solve the problems created by Bushs administration. On the one hand, the Presidents words and intentions seem to have little in common. Despite the fact, that the key idea of his election speech was the introduction of the strict policy towards the Banks and the Wall Street executives, his real actions were rather unconfident and tolerant. No loud dismissals that the society expected would ever occur. Instead, the President continued supporting banks and their representatives.

On the other hand, some people think, that Summers plan could have led the country to a much more serious crisis; thence, the presidents choice was the only reasonable decision possible. Nevertheless, a lot of specialists claim that the presence of the too big to fail establishments, along with the derivatives and other signals is the evidence of the economic problems that Obama and his administration failed to solve (Gilmore, 2012b).

The role of interest groups in the preparation of the grounds favorable for the crisis can hardly be underestimated. The Wall Street executives would never hide the fact that their activity is aimed at earning the maximum amounts possible, no matter what effect that might have on the countrys economy (Gilmore, 2012a). The focus on the self-profit and the application of fraud methods were apt to result in the crisis finally.

The crisis character largely depends on the public mood and on the fact, whether the social expectations relatively to the necessary measures have been satisfied. In the case under discussion, the justice system proved its complete incompetence when it failed to convict any of the well-known people responsible for the crisis. As long as those who are in charge of derivatives and defective loans operating are still free and continue their activity, the grounds for the new crisis are likely to appear soon. However, this time the environment is apt to be much more tense as the society would not like to put up with the fact that some of the citizens are untouchable (Gilmore, 2013).

Reference List

Gilmore, J. (Reporter), & Hamilton, D., & Jennings, T. (Producers). (2012a). Money, Power & Wall Street. Episode 4 [Television series episode]. In M. Gaviria (Executive Producer), Frontline.

Gilmore, J. (Reporter), & Hirsh, L., & Gold, T. (Producers). (2013). The Untouchables [Television series episode]. In M. Smith (Executive Producer), Frontline.

Gilmore, J. (Reporter), & Wiser, M., & Kirk, M. (Producers). (2012b). Money, Power & Wall Street. Episode 3 [Television series episode]. In M. Kirk (Executive Producer), Frontline.