Category: American history

The term “Manifest Destiny” refers to the belief that white Americans must expand across the North American continent and that such expansion was ordained by God. The United States would act as the diffuser of Protestant Christianity and Jacksonian Democracy to as many people as possible. Because of this doctrine, several different presidents, particularly John Tyler and James K. Polk, were incredibly driven to expand and add more territory to the United States. The idea behind Manifest Destiny had been around since Jefferson’s presidency; it just didn’t have a specific name at the time. Thus, Manifest Destiny was a core American belief and contributed to a sense of national unity as “Americans” who must spread their ways to others in North America.

Andrew Jackson was unlike any president who preceded him. Many believed that he represented the political interests of the lower class, working people, which was the majority of America and thus a very important faction to please. He established a unique Jacksonian Democracy and he had an ambitious presidential agenda. He oversaw the removal of thousands of Indians to Oklahoma in order to make more land for white settlers and appease the state of Georgia. He fought vehemently against the Second Bank of the United States, which he saw as an elitist threat to democracy. He also rallied against South Carolina’s assertion that they could nullify federal law if they thought it was unconstitutional. Overall, Andrew Jackson’s political views and policies had lasting effects on the United States.

The center of the state of New York was greatly isolated from the rest of the state and the prosperous commercial coast. The farmers that lived there faced great difficulty in trying to sell their crops and make a living, but there was no easily-navigable route for them to take. So, New York City Mayor, and later Governor, DeWitt Clinton made it his goal (and the foundation of his campaign for governor) to make a canal that ran from the Hudson Valley to Buffalo. The plan required an astounding feat in engineering, including several water-raising locks to account for differences in elevation, but this did not dissuade the governor, and the canal was completed in 1825. The Erie Canal was a step forward in technology and gave farmers on its route an easy new way to participate in the new global economy.

The Second Great Awakening was a great social and religious event during which many Americans sought to reform and the creation of a more moral United States. During this period, many new denominations of religions were created. Most were unorthodox and opposed traditional ways of worship, and some involve the creation of Utopian religious communities. Some examples of new religious groups were the Shakers, the Oneida Community, and New Harmony Community, and the Mormons. The sense of religious revivalism led to the push for social reform as well. The women’s rights and abolitionist movements grew and spread, and people advocated for reforms for prisoners and the mentally ill. Overall, countless reforms created a more humane and usually better American society.

“Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money; it lies in the joy of achievement, in the thrill of effort” (F. D. Roosevelt). The period of which the Great Depression took place was called the “Dirty Thirties”. Many people didn’t know how to react to economic disaster. The Great Depression left many in poverty. It was arguably the largest tragic event in U.S. history. It left all in poverty and lasted for years. Roosevelt Put many agencies in place to lessen the effects of the Great Depression.

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corp Helped restore confidence into the citizens and the American banking system. Roosevelt started the FDIC specifically to restore trust in the banks and confidence in the banks. The FDIC insured to deposit funds anywhere in the range of $2,500 – $5,000 into the banks (Recchuiti). The small and meager rural-agricultural banks were in favor. Confidence in the bank helps the bank which in turn helped the economy.

Among other programs put in place in The Great Depression, the SSA (Social Security Act) was also put in place to lessen the impact of the destruction of the economy. The SSA was an agency that provided benefits to the retired; as jobs were scarce. They targeted age group for the SSA was 65+ years old. Work was especially hard to find at that age. Before this, the matter of retirement benefits was purely local. This agency helped the elders get back on their feet.

The stock market had a huge impact on the Great Depression. It was practically the sole cause of the economic disaster. Eighteen months before the crash, the stock values doubled. As the selling price of the stocks dropped, panic set in. Stocks lost 90% of their value. As panic set in, people took their money out of the banks, which in turn made everything worse. Now the stock market thrives due to the measures put in place to prevent such disaster. The stock market always affected the economy.

As it left many helpless in poverty, the Great Depression had a large negative impact on our economy; arguably the biggest. Among all the programs put in place, many are still active and working today. This is because of their effectiveness and efficiency. Now the stock market is thriving because of the measures people took in case of emergency. The entire Great Depression can entirely alter a perspective on what one has and is thankful for. Happiness is derived from not what we have around us, but what we’ve done and who we have.

The Antebellum Period was a time in which Women’s rights became relevant in a society that was based on male dominance. All throughout history we were able to see that women had a basic role in society as their role pertained to being in the home. As a result of this, we were able to see the shift in mentality as a result of the second great awakening. This was a time period in which the ideas of Europe began to travel over to the states as a result of the media and how it was in the past. In the past due to a lack of technological advancement ideas were spread through reading and things of that nature. As a result of this, it was easy to see the mindset change as a result of ideas being exchanged.[footnoteRef:4] The document demonstrates the beginning of mindset change as in the document Anne Warne is describing her efforts to stop slavery as it pertains to the women’s rights agenda. As a result of this, we are able to see how women in this time are beginning to take a larger role in society as they are becoming more educated. In previous times we saw a lot of the time women were handicapped as a result of them being enclosed as a primary child take and home takers. To add on this is a significant development as it shows in society how women are developing the ability to not only think for themselves but challenge many of the ideas that were passed down from generation to generation. [4]

Women throughout the 1750s-1850s was a time period in which was made to show the evolution in thinking, in which women were allowed to and began to take roles in society outside of the home. As a result of this, it has become a point in which women began to learn and think in a new and different way. As result, it has become more evident that women, especially in the eastern side of the United States, were becoming smarter[footnoteRef:5]. For example, the American Yawp details the original role of women in society as they were to only pass down important values and viruses to the children. As a result of this, we see a change in thinking as women began to uphold and think of their own values to uphold as a result of it. We see the beginning of the women’s movement progress as now many women are trying to learn and develop and get jobs[footnoteRef:6]. [5: ] [6: ]

Prior to the great awakening women in society were forced to play a domestic role in the home. Often during this time of the revolution, women were the caretaker of women, the home, and of the internal affairs of the home. As a result, women were able to take the backseat for the majority of this time period. Women during the war were the anchors of the home culture as they were the main child takers. To continue women during this time period were important as they were beginning to transfer the way ideas were made during the early revolution period. Ideas from John Locke and such were the catalyst too ideas like our constitution were the products of this thinking. As a result of this, we see that these ideas were passed down to women in the household as they were able to then begin formulating their own types of ideas. These ideas were pro-women’s rights and this was an important juncture in American history as this was the beginning of women learning their rights and having the ability to speak for themselves. This was allowing women to not only break the cycle of women having minimal to no role in society outside of the home.

The importance of this is that it allows us to see the evolution and the effect of the second great awakening. This is the process in which media was advanced in the late 1750s as we saw the advancement of the printer. As a result of this and the advancement of women in education, the great awakening was a large factor in the forward movement of women thinking. The Great Awakening was a movement that showed civilizations a completely new way of thinking. Science and math revelations were a huge factor in the way people begin to think. As a result of this came liberal ideas such as equality, freedom, and ideas of that nature. This impacted great thinkers of that era such as Mary Lony, Susan B, and Alice Paul were among some of the leaders of that movement. This is important to the role of women in society as it allowed women to push themselves into positions of power which now allowed them to have.

During this time period as well we see the movement west in the Americas. The idea of having a better life was something of importance as it was the beginning of expansion in the United States. Most of those who began to move west were moving as a result of the idea of “ Manifest Destiny” This was an idea that allowed people to not only seek a better current situation in terms of living but one for many generations to follow. The idea was to go to the west and claim much of the open land that was in the free land. As a result of this, it was also demonstrated that this was an extreme desire in America as the eastern coast began to be overpopulated. This caused a large migration in the states in spaces like Missisppi, California, and Oregon. These places were exploited for their resources such as gold, timber, and open space. These spaces were used as opportunities for people to try and find a new life. As a result of this, we see women going to grow a bigger role in the home as the men begin to leave and try and provide for the home. This was important as women now were the main figures in the home which allowed them to thus pick up more responsibility. They began to work out-of-home jobs, more domesticated jobs like farming, factory jobs, and such. This was the catalyst for the beginning of the women’s movement during that time. The expansion west was a large movement during this time as it allowed people to do new things.

The 1750s to the 1850s was a time period that allowed people to see the shift in American culture. During this time period of this, we were able to see the evolution of many parts of regular culture such as women, and the way of thinking based on ideas passed over from Europe. These ideas were the catalyst to the revolution and what it stood for. As a result of America fighting for its independence many of the ideas that were used in the basis of our core values. As a result of this, we see the wave effect hit many different groups of people in society. Women were able to pick up on key ideas during this time in which they were able to convey their own interests based on the struggles and experiences of past events. This was important as it forced people to think instead of only using the basis of religion.

Work Cited

1. Chambers, Crystal, and MaryBeth walpole@rowan.ed. Walpole. “Academic Achievement among Black Sororities: Myth or Reality?” College Student Affairs Journal, vol. 35, no. 2, Fall 2017, pp. 131–139. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1353/csj.2017.0018.
2. Gillon, Kathleen E., et al. “Race and Racism in Fraternity and Sorority Life: A Historical Overview.” New Directions for Student Services, vol. 2019, no. 165, Mar. 2019, pp. 9–16. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1002/ss.20289.
3. Patton, Lori D., et al. “Effects of Greek Affiliation on African American Students’ Engagement: Differences by College Racial Composition.” College Student Affairs Journal, vol. 29, no. 2, Jan. 2011, pp. 113–123. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=EJ969829&site=eds-live&scope=site.

What did Madison see as the primary threat to democracy? How did Madison propose to keep this threat in check?

Madison’s argument in Federalist #10 is that we need a republic over a direct democracy due to a group of people having varying interests and desires (factions) that would then be controlled by the majority. Madison stated that in order to correct the issues related to factions we would either need to get rid of the “causes of faction,” which in turn would take away freedom, or “by giving every citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and the same interests” which he explains is impossible as people naturally have different opinions because man itself, is “fallible.” Not to mention, in summation, that man by nature has their own agenda and self-interests with their own socioeconomic background as fuel to their desires, which will naturally influence and bring about faction as we will never be of the same mind.

With that in mind, Madison said we can not get rid of faction as a source and therefore need to mitigate its effects. In order to do so he recommended a republic; “the Union over the States composing it.” Madison thought that having representatives over a direct democracy would help prevent abuse of the system and would bring about a better quality of candidates who could then funnel public issues to get to the true intent of an issue. Another point was that there be a set size in order to keep representation proportional to offset problems and that if a representative was corrupted then the public could vote them out.

Introduction

Judicial evaluation is the energy of courts to pronounce upon the constitutionality of legislative and government acts of the government which fall within their regular jurisdiction. It has its origin in the concept of restricted authorities and in the theory of laws.

In a fundamental Rights Case, Justice Khanna said that judicial overview has become a crucial part of our constitution and strength has been vested inside the excessive courts and the splendid court docket to determine approximately the constitutional validity of statutes. If the statutes are located to be violative of the articles of the charter, which is the touchstone for the validity of all laws, the preferred court docket and the excessive courts are empowered to strike down the stated provision.’

Whilst the Legislature, government, and Judiciary have harmed the constitutional values and denied the rights, that have been particular underneath the Indian constitution to the Indian inhabitants. On such occasions, the judicial review plays a very essential position as a protector for safeguarding the rights of humans.

The parliamentary shape of democracy, that’s adopted by way of India, is in which each phase of humans is concerned with selection-making and coverage-making methods. each organ displays an honest illustration of every phase of society. This is the sort of huge-ranging democracy. it is the cognizance of responsibility in each republican democracy. Such a sincere topic has to be recalled by using all and sundry. The primary responsibility for the application of the rule of regulation lies with the court docket.

Marbury vs. Madison

The landmark case of Marbury v. Madison is considered among the most significant in American history. In this case, the splendid court docket in the us recognized its powers of Judicial review. The midnight judges act was passed by John Adam, a Federalist who attended the Federalist celebration of 1801. One in each of his middle-of-the-night appointments was William Marbury, who became president during the last days of Adam’s term with many appointments to fill the government offices with federalists.

As a result of the fact that President John Adams signed the appropriate papers for Marbury’s appointment and sent them to the Secretary of the Commonwealth, John Marshall, Marbury was entrusted with this role. On the second March, the piece of paper for the appointment of Marbury as the magistrate had been added to Marshall, and on the third of the month, the fee paper had been sealed using him, but the piece for the appointment of Marbury as the magistrate had not been brought.

In the Presidential election of 1800 Federalist birthday party was lost to the Republicans and Thomas Jefferson became the new President defeating President John Adams.

President Jefferson refused to comply with the request of James Madison to deliver the papers of Marbury’s commission once he learned of the midnight appointments made by his predecessor, John Adams. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789, where Congress authorized the ideal court docket of the U.S. to issue writs of mandamus, Marbury turned to the ideal court docket in a ‘writ of mandamus’.

Chief Justice John Marshall held within this landmark case that the appointment had been illegal because it had been made by means of the U.S. President and had the seal of U.S. authorities but that segment in the Judiciary Act of 1789 directed the ultimate court to problem writs turned into unconstitutional and isn’t always in the consonance with the item III of U.S. constitution.

Article III of the U.S. Constitution says ‘ The judicial electricity of us, shall be vested in one ultimate court and such inferior courts because the congress might also every so often ordain and establish ‘.

The courtroom exercised its electricity to make the legal guidelines and acts passed via Congress unconstitutional and invalidate the legal guidelines which don’t align with the charter.

Whenever the perfect courtroom overturned this selection, it was believed as a defeat for the President, but later everyone came to understand the importance of the best court in aiding the flawless legislation of the land and judicial review as a predominant role within the US. Democracies.

In the long run, this selection was so vital to the creation of American legal guidelines that it is carved on the wall of the greatest courthouse building says, ‘It is certainly a province and a duty of the judicial branch to mention what the legal guidelines are.’

Judicial Assessment and Constitution

in step with Article 13(2), the union or the state shall no longer make any law that takes away or bridges any of the essential rights, and any regulation made in contravention of the aforementioned mandate shall to the volume of the contravention be void;

Judicial assessment is called upon to make sure and protect essential rights, which can be assured in component III of the constitution.

The energy of the ideal court docket of India to implement these rights is driven by Article 32 of the charter. This affords residents the proper delay method and the very best court to seek remedies in opposition to the violation of fundamental rights.

Judicial Assessment in India and the United States: Comparison

Judicial review in India is narrower than that of what exists in the USA, although the yank charter does not explicitly mention the concept of judicial evaluation in any of its provisions.

In the United States of America, the judges exercise judicial overview competitively. If the judges think that a specific regulation and the philosophy of it is not appreciated by using the judges then, additionally the judiciary may reject the regulation.

Moreover, it has additionally been seen that in America, if regulation is rejected with the aid of the ideally suited courtroom then the court docket will make a brand new law in its region. even though regulation-making is not the responsibility of the judiciary, the judiciary makes laws. Such decide-made legal guidelines are very common in America.

However in India, if regulation is rejected using the best court docket, the court docket leaves the problem of making new legal guidelines to the legislative. This has also been described as Judicial Activism by some constitutional professionals.

There is an American charter requirement for ‘due process of regulation’ as opposed to an Indian constitution that provides for a ‘system established by law’. As a result, the first is different: the ‘due process of regulation’ gives ample scope to the preferred court to safeguard the rights of its citizens.

Legislation violating these rights could now be declared unconstitutional not simply on grounds of significant unlawfulness, but also on grounds of procedural unreasonableness.

Although limited in scope, our constitutional machine has also recognized the Yankee principle of judicial supremacy. However, parliament has no supremacy over the judiciary in our country.

The scope of judicial assessment in India is rather circumscribed compared to that within the united states. In India, the fundamental rights are not so broadly coded as in the united states of America and the constraints thereon have been said inside the constitution itself and this challenge has no longer been left to the courts.

Some related cases

Marbury V. Madison (1)

Here, the perfect court docket for the primary time struck down an act of Congress as unconstitutional. This decision created the doctrine of judicial evaluation and set up the supreme court of the United States as a leader interpreted the constitutions.

Even though the justice agreed that William Marbury had a right to his task, they dominated that issuing the writ of mandamus to the pressure that to occur did not fall below their jurisdiction as said within the constitution.

In spite of the fact that Marbury was entitled to it, the courtroom was not able to provide it since phase thirteen of the judiciary act, 1789 conflicted with Article III Segment 2 of the Constitution of America.

Golaknath v. State of Punjab (2)

The courtroom held that the parliament could not amend the constitution to remove the rights furnished in part III of the charter. This resulted in the 24th change (1971) of the constitutional powers of the parliament

Kesavananda Bharati V. State of Kerala (3)

the controversy of the above case rested in this case, where the courtroom agreed that the parliament isn’t constrained to amend the charter, however also, put a caveat on the doctrine of the fundamental structure. The court observed that the constitutional amendments are to be executed keeping in mind the fundamental structure of the constitution.

A. K. V. State of Madras (4)

The courts followed a strict technique and displayed the attitude of judicial restraint by asserting that the judiciary’s energy of judicial review is subordinate to the ‘process mounted through regulation’.

Conclusion

In the end, I would love to conclude that even as the court’s jurisdiction as a soldier to protect and boost the merits of the fundamental rights load affirmation, the courtroom, but, must no longer be seen as dismissive or disdainful of the strategies of democratic governance.

the ultimate courtroom of India should additionally follow the Due process of law so that it could look at the law as no longer most effective on important grounds of being illegal, but additionally on procedural grounds of being unreasonable.

The presumption that the legislature knows the needs of its human beings and that it based even its discrimination and type on adequate grounds has additionally been acknowledged through the excellent court itself.

The undertaking, therefore, is to discover the delicate stability between the three organs that nature and invigorate institutions designed to serve the ideals of a true republic.

Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States of America, was the author of the Declaration of Independence, brought about the change in religious freedom, and was also known for owning over six hundred slaves throughout his adult life. While he may have written, “all men are created equal”, he certainly did not live up to his own principles. Slavery was very prominent across the nation throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, and Monticello was no exception. Located in Albemarle County, Virginia, Jefferson inherited this vast piece of land at age twenty-six and named it Monticello, or “little mountain” in Italian. (History, A&E Networks.) This soon became known as the primary plantation land for Jefferson. Within Monticello, there are an extensive number of material cultures buried deep all around its 5,000 acres. In particular, the area of the Dry Well is an artifact-rich archaeological area. Material culture refers to the “physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture”, (Jefferson-MONTICELLO main website) and there is an abundance in the Monticello Dry Well. Material Culture proposes exciting and new glimpses into the past and broadens historic knowledge about sometimes forgotten people.

Monticello is influenced by the Neo Classicist style of France. Similarly, this Neo Classicist style of France had roots in ancient Rome. Jefferson was able to see this Neo Classicist architecture by visiting France firsthand during his travels when he was appointed to France as an American minister.

The Dry Well got its name due to the dry weather conditions. The water source at Monticello was a continuous effort for those dwelling on the mountaintop. In 1769, when construction commenced on Monticello, Thomas Jefferson hired a team of workers to dig a well in the vicinity of the South Pavilion. The laborers spent more than forty days digging through sixty-five feet of rock. Arid weather conditions, however, caused the well to fail and not provide water for six years between 1769 and 1797. (Edwin, Jack. Monticello) Each time the well went dry, water had to be carted up from springs down from the Mountain. Eventually, when the well kept running dry, it started being used as a cool-storage area for food and drinks and was located in the kitchen ‘area’ or kitchen yard. It was used then as what we use now as a refrigerator.

This west kitchen yard encompassed over forty-five excavation units, “more than 350 individual archaeological contexts, and recovered more than 100,000 artifacts over the course of three field seasons from 1979 to 1981.” (DAACS, Monticello/Dry Well). From feather-edge creamware tableware, tea bowls, and basketry to saucers and cast-iron pot lids there was a lot to discover in the dry well. Although most of this kitchenware was exported from England for Jefferson’s use, there are many instances where his slaves would attempt to create similar cutlery and tableware but with distinct different designs. While the English tableware was decorated with feather-edge patterns and various floral designs, the ones rendered by slaves had more crisscross and sharp lines, along with some circular motions etched on them. (The Jefferson Monticello) This portrays their unique style of decoration and how they remained to make it even after being ripped away from their culture. The Monticello quarter site had a broad range of material objects recorded in the 1757 inventory. The slaves got two old seats to sit on after a long day in the field, along with various equipment. The cook, for instance, could arrange food using two pots and a pan. It was a rare occasion when a slave was even able to have their food on a plate. (History, A&E Networks) A couple of dozen slaves were given around eight broad hoes and ten hilling hoes and instructed to prepare harvests in a short sum of time. Monticello quarter slaves were also ordered to cut or trim down trees with saws, axes, and iron wedges. Some of these tools have similar markings or engravings in their corners. This symbolizes how strong the culture and nationalistic style was to the slaves.

In the Winter of 1981, after eighteen feet of excavation and thought of ending the digging, there was another surprising discovery in the dry well. “…six intact wine bottles, sitting upright at the bottom of the Dry Well, many with their corks still intact.” (DAACS). These three-hundred-year-old preserves were still standing and filled with liquid and “what they would soon discover, Jefferson-era preserved fruit.” (DAACS) Inside the bottles were little grapes, cranberries, and cherries, some of which were still whole. The fruits were sun-bleached and stored in the bottles for later use, somewhat similar to canned fruits today. It was mainly enslaved women who became ‘domestic’ servants to their Caucasian masters in the main house, “working as laundresses, parlor maids, cooks, and seamstresses”. Enslaved men often got work as “charcoal burners, blacksmiths, house joiners, nail-makers, and carpenters.”, (The Jefferson Monticello) so assuming by their jobs, it was mainly women who filled the dry well for extra cool storage.

Apart from the tools and tableware, the slave’s bodies were not marked often by whips, comparatively to other plantation workers. Jefferson was known by his family and slaves as “humane” as well as “kind and indulgent” as he seldom punished them. He, himself called slavery the “degrading submission of the captive”. (DAACS) There were rare occasions when he would send enslaved women who acted out of place to stand next to the dry well for hours at a time. Their ration of work was still expected to be completed and consequences had to be dealt with if not, such as not receiving dinner. The dry well may not seem like a significant or monumental part for many historians today, but it holds a lot of rich history that cannot be ignored. Throughout the two hundred years of occupation, the kitchen yard is the most artifact-filled archaeological site in all of Monticello. The excavation in the dry well has since ended, leaving a small area untouched and unexcavated to preserve the sediments.

Utilizing atomic firearms has continually been a subject of sheer fear for anyone. numerous countries are really contemplating restricting the utilization of atomic firearms. in this essay, I can investigate the advantages and drawbacks of atomic weapons and reach an absolute keep-going end on whether they must be prohibited or no more.

On one hand, atomic firearms recommend how powerful and successful a nation is. the first and significant standard for various worldwide areas is to have a stunning insurance contraption, and atomic weapons give precisely that. Atomic firearms additionally are valuable because of the reality in the event that a natural or their foes both have atomic firearms, both taking all things together may be terrified to deliver an atomic weapon, just in the event that the options US discharged one again at them. as of now, there is definitely not a top-notch hazard inside the worldwide of atomic weapons anyway inside the future, there may be one, so nations must be arranged and furnished basically on the off chance that.

In Scotland, there are a critical amount of individuals utilized inside the developing atomic warheads. On the off chance that atomic weapons are restricted and taken out, the greater part of these individuals gets jobless and as an approach to support a fresh out of box new issue for the public authority to cure. each and every significant reason to be contemplated is that once the period for something has been presented and created; people will continue to endeavor it out and can’t uninvent. In this way, it is perceived that nations will keep making atomic firearms. worldwide areas that own atomic weapons play a central situation in the security of various countries; because of this reality, they could watch the nations that don’t have them.

Besides, atomic weapons are really useful because of the reality they can be utilized to undermine a nation’s adversaries and lead them to act in a definite way. In inverse, utilizing atomic firearms is a ghastly difficulty. the field has the best-ever noticeably an atomic bomb in development multiple times; at the finish of WW2 when America terminated it at Japan, in which 250,000 individuals were killed and complete urban areas of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were annihilated. despite the fact that 65 years have passed since this predominance, individuals in the one’s urban areas are all things considered experiencing different sicknesses because of the bomb and its hazardous radiation. like clockwork, there are billions of bucks put with the guide of nations in building up their atomic weapons. be that as it may, if the billions of dollars were in astounding reasons including tutoring or wellness care, the field would be a far higher territory to remain .in then, there are 20,500 atomic weapons worldwide. research expresses that this wide assortment of atomic firearms is adequate to clear out the entire human race, routinely finished.

The reality that the advanced scope of atomic weapons inside the globe can wreck mankind as often as possible over is unquestionably alarming. I expect that Atomic weapons should now not best be restricted, anyway likewise disposed of and taken a long way from any USA’s proprietorship.

Have you ever wonder how the world was created from another culture’s perspective? Native Americans utilized creation myths to disclosed to their kin how the world was grown additional time. Creation myths are a major piece of the Native American culture. they have been passed down from age to age. In the creation myths, harmony with nature, customs, and solid social qualities are appeared in each myths. The motivation behind having solid social incentive in these myths is to teach more youthful Native Americans important exercise in the event that they ever accomplish something terrible. These myths uncovers how the customs were created and their expectations for doing it. Creation myths has harmony with nature in it to demonstrate an exceptionally close family relationship between them.

No American woman has a larger number of statues in her respect than Sacagawea. Before long, it shows up, she will grace an increasingly successful dollar coin: gold, not to be confused with quarters. That she is from Idaho and an American Indian fulfills this fact projection ones. Nonetheless, her service to the Corps of Discovery from the Mandan villages and back merits merit for different reasons than ‘control’. Indeed, she recognized the Beaver Point and realized it was close to her kin. What’s more, she could affirm that a moccasin found on the Upper Missouri did not belong to her kin. She comprehended what was palatable along the course and regularly helped by social event greens, berries and so forth to eat. She rescued lost articles from the perogue, something significantly refreshing by William Clark, whom she gave ermine skins and Christmas of 1806 at Fort Clatsop, which she had caught and formed in a piece of clothing for him. Clearly, Clark had been benevolent to her and her child; a treatment to which she was not accustomed.

Women were constructors, warriors, ranchers, craftsmen. The females arranged the dishes and cooked them. This included cleaning and cleaning the creatures, collecting products of the soil, and constructing a flame. Women had capacities in crafting that they utilized around the home, including creating crates, weaving covers, planning creatures covers up, and making clothes. The females have been accountable for gathering plants in numerous tribes. Women assumed a significant job in the life of the Native American. They were something other than mothers of the clans’ children. They were manufacturers, warriors, ranchers, and craftswomen. Their quality was basic to the survival of the tribes. Women were frequently in charge of social event materials and building homes. They contributed significantly to the prosperity of the clan. Additionally, clearly, women were viewed as the source of life. So this holds them to a certain standard according to the clan.

This is a really interesting question that requires initially some fundamental answers and clarification on the meaning of the term democracy before gradually moving into the area of comparative study and definition of the different democratic systems and how they compare to other forms of politics. This paper will then continue to conclude that what is valid here is not so much about the quest for an answer, for the varying differences of viewpoints about democracy itself but that it is all relative in the end and within the framework of the bigger picture of politics it is about the different forms of political discourse.

The notion of Democracy in its purest and simplistic form hails from the Greek word demos or the people and means a government form in which power is vested in the people. Democracy is popular sovereignty in that at its core lies the concept of the people choosing government through regular free, and fair elections. Social and political philosopher Jean-Paul Gagnon claims that there are currently on record more than 2,234 adjectives used to define and describe democracy. Democracy is an evolving idea so historically on record there are more democracies than there are countries in the world. Although most academic scholars agree that variants of representative democracy seem to be universally accepted around the world.

At this juncture it is important to present a classical standard listing of the types of democracies available that is currently in use today:

Direct Democracy also known as pure democracy dates from the 5th century BC in Ancient Greece and is thought to be the first or oldest non-authoritarian form of government. Decision making whether that be policy decisions or the law is made directly by a majority vote of the people hence the term direct democracy, and not by only the votes of the people’s elected representatives. This form of government is possible in small states because of its logistics and functionality as is the case with Switzerland. Even though Switzerland is not a true democracy anymore all laws passed by the popularly elected national parliament are and can be vetoed by a direct vote of the people. They can also alter or change the Constitution through direct votes on amendments. Direct democracy at the state level in the US also applies when for instance recalling an election and in law-making ballot initiatives.

Representative Democracy or otherwise known as indirect democracy is perhaps the most widely adopted form of government in all countries today including for instance the US, France, and United Kingdom. This is a system of government where all citizens of a country who are eligible to vote elect officials to handle public policy and pass laws, thus acting on their behalf. The expectation is that these elected officials who act on behalf of the citizens will represent their views and needs when taking on the best course of action for the country as a whole or the state decision-making acting within its borders.

In a participatory democracy, the level of direct participation is greater than in classical forms of representative democracies. The people vote directly on issues of policy whilst their elected representatives are responsible for making it happen and realizing those policies. Although there are no classified participatory democracies as such there are many representative democracies that adopt this form of political science for social and political reform including the US and the United Kingdom.

In Europe and the English-speaking world, liberal democracy is seen as the most natural conclusive response to democracy itself. Popular sovereignty but limited by a constitution that guarantees individual freedoms and rights. Democracy by its very qualities does not necessarily have to be liberal. There are currently countries that have illiberal democracies when for instance voting still takes place but liberal characteristics, including for instance a free press and an independent judiciary have been seriously eroded and challenged.

Those who are staunch advocates of the notion of liberal democracy believe it is the best and the most optimum political form around claiming this makes these so-called illiberal societies essentially and characteristically undemocratic because taking away liberal ideas leads to cowing and pressuring by the state, which in turn insidiously leads to ineffective elections.

The qualities and ideals of liberal democracy are there so that any class, geographic, or business interest does not pressure or exploit the other to an unreasonable level and that there is a fair and universal agreement for government policies. It can be deduced as such that liberal democracy falls on two fundamental ideals – the right to free expression of political preference and peaceful competition between different interests, groups, and ideas.

In a parliamentary democracy for instance in the case of the United Kingdom, and Japan the population elects representatives to a legislative parliament with no third-party interference or influence. The head of government is a prime minister who is first elected to parliament by its citizens and then elected prime minister by a vote of the parliament. Additionally, the prime minister is a member of the parliament and as such takes on an active role in the legislative process of making and passing laws. In the classical sense, parliamentary democracies are a feature of a constitutional monarch a system of government in which the head of state is a king or a queen whose power is bound by the limits of a constitution

Pluralism and pluralist democracy stand for the idea that no individual or single interest group holds sway in politics for instance in an aristocracy, rather groups organized within the population compete to influence public policy and politics.

Constitutional democracy has been debated rigorously over the years but is generally defined as a system of government rooted in popular sovereignty and rule of law in which structures, powers, and limits of government are founded in a constitution. Thus, it can be agreed in a constitutional democracy, the constitution is the supreme law of the land as in the United States Constitution system of federalism.

A system of government rooted in a socialist economy is generally defined as democratic socialism where property and means of production are collectively controlled by a constitutionally established political hierarchy of the government. Sweden for instance provides free universal health care, education, and widely accessible welfare systems.

Having given a simple summary definition of democracy and listed the types of democratic systems currently operative the obvious next step is to put forward the question – but which type of democracy performs better than another? This is an interesting question that is being asked a lot more as democracy is seemingly

The Vietnam War was generally a manifestation of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and its allies and the United States (Spector, 2022). The Indochina wars and North Vietnam’s desire to unite Vietnam into a communist state after the French colonial occupation of the region are known as the causes of the conflict (Eyerman et al., 2017). On the other hand, the South Vietnamese government wanted to establish a government that was closely allied with the West. However, the increasing costs and rising casualties, coupled with increasing pressure from American society, forced the US to withdraw its troops from Vietnam, which further exacerbated the conflict between North and South Vietnam. By the end of the Vietnam War, nearly three million Vietnamese were killed and approximately 90,000 Americans lost their lives (Spector, 2022). In this way, the Vietnam War is regarded as one of the most important wars of the 20th century, and it played a role in the instigation of the Cambodian genocide.

Origin of the Conflict

The US government, which was committed to stopping the spread of communism in Asia, started to increase its presence in Vietnam by sending military advisers to South Vietnam from the early 1950s up to the 1960s. In 1965, the US introduced active combat units to assist South Vietnam in its fight against North Vietnam, and nearly five hundred thousand military troops were stationed in Vietnam by the end of 1969. At the same time, China and the Soviet Union, being allies to North Vietnam, provided advisors, combat troops, weapons, and other military supplies, political direction, and support to assist North Vietnam (Spector, 2022). However, the casualties linked to the growing war forced the US to withdraw its troops and end its support to South Vietnam by 1973. According to Khorram-Manesh et al. (2022), the number of casualties in the Vietnam War is the second highest in the history of wars involving America. Figure 1 indicates that the total number of American casualties in the Vietnam War was 90,220, coming second after World War II in which 405,399 Americans lost their lives (Figure 1).

Additionally, the high costs linked to maintaining the American military presence in Vietnam resulted in the withdrawal of the troops. The Vietnam War was the most expensive in American history, and Figure 2 illustrates the fatality costs incurred by the US ($114.31 billion). The Afghanistan War incurred $38.03 billion in government costs. Post-911 wars cost the American government $95.31 billion. Finally, the Iraqi War cost the government $57.28 billion (Viscusi, 2019) (Figure 2). Therefore, it would be right to state that Vietnam resulted in the second-highest number of casualties realized by America in any war. It was also the most expensive war fought by the US in terms of fatality costs.

Importance of the Vietnam War

The Vietnam War is usually regarded by historians as one of the most important wars that took place in the 20th century. The observation is based on its effect on the social and cultural life of the US, global impact, the geopolitical perspective of the war, and forced reappraisal of America’s capabilities and moral conscience. With regards to the Vietnam War’s effect on the social and cultural life of the US, the conflict took place during the 1960s, which was a turbulent time in US history. In the nation, the 1960s were characterized by the Civil Rights Movement, the Vietnam War, and the counterculture that nearly resulted in heightened tensions among the masses. The widespread high-profile assassinations of key leaders of the Civil Rights Movement led many observers to believe that the country was on the brink of a second American Revolution. Consequently, the US decided to gradually withdraw its military and stop its active involvement in the Vietnam War due to the elevated societal tensions back at home and growing public disapproval of the struggle. The effects of the conflict were also felt beyond the US in terms of the social upheaval that was experienced in Europe, the “Killing Fields” of Cambodia, the discord in Australian society over the country’s involvement in the war, and the cleansing of the Hmong tribesmen in Laos (Wiest, 2002). In terms of a geopolitical perspective, the Vietnam War was a flashpoint in the Cold War. The countries that are found along the geopolitical fault lines are commonly used as pawns in conflicts between rival powers. Consequently, the Soviet Union and the US used the Vietnam War to promote their ideologies and propagate the Cold War (Mateescu, 2018). Finally, the forced reappraisal of America’s capabilities and moral conscience were other important aspects of the Vietnam War since most Americans believed that their country was morally upright and did everything right after the great moral crusade of the Second World War. However, the great social conflict and unrest in the 1960s and America’s defeat in Vietnam forced the country to conduct a cathartic reappraisal of its society. The American military had always won wars and battles, but the loss in Vietnam made the US realize that it could make mistakes, commit atrocities, or war crimes, and most importantly lose (Wiest, 2002). In this regard, the Vietnam War forced America to come of age and reflect on how the world’s greatest superpower could be defeated by a rudimentary guerilla force and the moral capabilities and conscience of the nation. Therefore, the Vietnam War was important since it affected the social and cultural life of the US, had a global impact, involved geopolitics in the war, and showed the need for the US to reappraise its capabilities and moral conscience.

Vietnamization and its Effects on the Cambodia Genocide

The gradual withdrawal of the US. troops from Vietnam, also known as Vietnamization, played a role in triggering the Cambodian genocide. When Henry A. Kissinger, President Nixon’s close advisor, and President Nixon realized that the US could not win the Vietnam War, they concluded that the conflict could be ended peacefully. Increasing pressure from American society and the South Vietnamese army’s surprisingly good performance in the Tet region gave the Nixon administration confidence to withdraw the US troops from Vietnam. Consequently, the Nixon administration decided to accelerate the withdrawal of American troops by providing high-quality training and programs, and weapons to equip the South Vietnamese army to take over military action (Spector, 2022). As the Vietnamization program proceeded, the situation in South Asia, especially Cambodia, became worse. Cambodia, under Prince Noradoom Sihanouk, played a neutral role in the Vietnam War (Bennett, 2018). Sihanouk effectively managed to keep Cambodia away from the negative effects of the Vietnam War by giving the communist side unrestricted access to the Cambodian border areas while also permitting the Allied forces to use the country’s territory. However, a pro-allied forces general, Lon Nol, ordered all North Vietnamese out of Cambodia after overthrowing Prince Sihanouk. Reluctant to relinquish their logistic support areas and safe havens, North Vietnam found a common cause with the Khmer Rouge to overthrow the Lon Nol regime (Wiest, 2002). With Sihanouk deposed and forced to seek refuge in Beijing, he became a great proponent of the communist Khmer Rouge insurgents, and eventually, Cambodia fell to the Khmer Rouge in 1975 (Power, 2017). The occupation of Cambodia set into motion the Cambodian genocide, which resulted in the deaths of nearly three million Cambodians (Eyerman et al., 2017). In this way, Vietnamization led to the strengthening of the Khmer Rouge regime, which resulted in the Cambodian genocide.

Conclusion

All in all, the Vietnam War is considered by historians to be one of the most important wars of the 20th century, and it played a role in the instigation of the Cambodian genocide. The origins of the conflict can be traced to regional struggles linked to the Indochina wars and North Vietnam’s desire to unite the country under a communist regime. Historians consider the Vietnam War to affect the social and cultural life of the US, global effects, geopolitical perspective, and forced a reappraisal of America’s capabilities and moral conscience by American society. In terms of a geopolitical perspective, the Vietnam War was a flashpoint in the Cold War in terms of its location and military powers involved in the conflict. The importance of the Vietnam War was the forced reappraisal of America’s capabilities and moral conscience and Vietnamization, which played a role in triggering the Cambodian genocide. In this way, the Vietnam War is an interesting topic to investigate. It provides many important facts about the geopolitics of that time and allows us to understand the true intentions of the conflicting parties.