Category: Allegory Of The Cave

The Allegory of the Cave and the Stigma of Depression in Society

Introduction

Society today is getting more and more open to new and different opinions, but those who are uneducated cause the greater harm. Due to a lack of understanding, many people are still ignorant of those diagnosed with depression. The small amount of empathy and sympathy connected to depression is what makes the statistics rise. Research, studies, prescription medications, as well as stories tell the tale to be true: depression is a ‘thing’; it is turning into an epidemic that only so many are immune from. The way depression is treated by doctors and medications can only go so far; truly, it is society’s people who will make or break the depression at the end of their battle.

The Misunderstood Reality of Depression

Depression. Commonly confused with sadness, it can be categorized with a negative connotation. Another negative word that begins with ‘D’ is disorder. When the word disorder is used, many will immediately think of messy, unable, and chaos. Sadly, many people do not feel the same when depression is diagnosed as a mental disorder. Holmes describes in her comical article about the stigma behind depression that “only 25 percent of people with mental health issues feel that other people are compassionate and sympathetic toward them”. This statistic is shocking, knowing that “One in four people in the world will be affected by mental or neurological disorders at some point in their lives” (Geneva). One-fourth one-fourth of those diagnosed feel they are irrelevant as an ill person by the so-called ‘healthy.’

Holmes’ “What If” article comically describes the stigma behind those with mental illnesses being maltreated by the ‘normals’ of society. The biggest obstacle for a mentally ill person is connecting to societal standards of living. In her article, she uses depictions from “artist Robot Hugs [who] created a comic that displays what it would be like if we discussed physical illnesses in the same way we do mental illnesses” (Holmes “What If”). The most accurate cartoon illustrated a man with his hand chopped off and a woman telling him, “You just need to change your frame of mind, and you’ll feel better.” Holmes wrote a second similar article, “9 Things Only People With Depression Can Truly Understand,” that explains the chopped hand cartoon and depression being “not the sort of thing you can just wake up and be over one morning — and suggesting such may be sending an unsupportive message” (Holmes “9 Things”). The last thing one with depression needs is unsupportive and unsympathetic connotations.

According to the article “What Is Depression?”, depression is one of the many “disorders [that] belong to the category of mental health conditions known as mood disorders.” Meaning the disorder can severely alter and change a person’s mood and perception. The way this disorder affects mood will be its victim’s saving grace. As a bystander, the best way to help a victim is to be there and watch for the following signs. The simplest of symptoms include: “feelings of sadness, loneliness, or emptiness that last most of the day for several days on end [and] loss of interest or pleasure in activities that used to be enjoyable” (“What”).

There are more symptoms that can be ignored, such as “talking about wanting to die or to kill oneself; talking about feeling hopeless or having no purpose; … being a burden to others; increasing the use of alcohol or drugs; acting anxious, agitated, or reckless; sleeping too little or too much; Withdrawing or feeling isolated; and displaying extreme mood swings.” (“Risk”). These signs can be brushed off as a phase or even a joke to the naked eye and the selective hearing. The scary truth behind such statements is the risk of suicide, while there is “no single cause for suicide[,] suicide most often occurs when stressors and health issues converge to create an experience of hopelessness and despair. Depression is the most common condition associated with suicide, and it is often undiagnosed or untreated” (“Risk”). Keep the warning signs in mind as you converse with anyone; you could ultimately save a life in the end.

The pulsating stigma connected to depression is unnecessary yet so relevant when thought of on a small scale. That scale is so very large and holds around “450 million people [who] currently suffer from such conditions, placing mental disorders among the leading causes of ill-health and disability worldwide” (Geneva). The Healthway article describes that “most people associate depression with an overwhelming feeling of sadness or loss of interest in everyday activities, but depression can be so much more than just that” (Douglass). Douglass provides statistics that depression affects over “15 million Americans every year and is the leading cause of disability in the U.S. for people ages 15 to 45.”

Referring to depression as a disability may be upsetting to some percentage of disbelievers, but there is no better way to describe depression once you hear the wake-up call of symptoms. Surely enough, “many people still don’t get that being diagnosed with a mental illness isn’t something that’s in their control — just like having the flu, or food poisoning, or cancer isn’t in their control” (Holmes “What If”). The main problem is “that depression doesn’t present itself in the same ways in all people. Many people often miss the signs because theirs don’t seem typical.” (Douglass).

Empathy and Understanding: A Path to Enlightenment

Even the depressed can miss their own signs; it is no wonder that many can brush depression off as if it’s just a fly, temporarily buzzing until shooed away. Geneva reflects that “currently, more than 40% of countries have no mental health policy and over 30% have no mental health program. Around 25% of countries have no mental health legislation.’ This leads to the fact of “science, ethics, and experience point to clear paths to follow. In the face of this knowledge, a failure to act will reflect a lack of commitment to address mental health problems, and it is up to their governments to properly inform the people of the dangers associated with depression and suicide. The lack of knowledge is what causes many of the patients to go untreated.

Using Psych Scene Hubs “How to Diagnose Depression? – Diagnostic Clinical Interview.” I asked my best friend Claire Slaughter a series of questions from this interview.
“Have you felt low or depressed in yourself lately?” (“How”).
“A little bit, not as much as normal today” (Slaughter).
“Have you had problems making decisions?” (“How”).
“I always have a hard time deciding to get out of bed or putting effort into any decision; sometimes it’s just pointless” (Slaughter).
“Since you’ve been feeling low, have you noticed any changes in your appetite? … [Y]our weight?” (“How”)
“Yes, I either forget to eat or I just can’t stop” (Slaughter).
“Yeah, last year I had lost up to ten pounds in one week.”
“Do you find it difficult to fall asleep? … [Or to] stay asleep?” (“How”).
“It takes me absolutely forever to fall asleep, and if I go to bed upset, then I wake up upset in the morning. I like the comfort of my bed – it keeps me safe” (Slaughter).
“How do you see the future? Do you see a future?” (“How”).
“At first, I used to only think short term and just for now, but recently I have been thinking of my future. Now I only want to see my future so it can distract and let me escape my depression” (Slaughter).
“It is not unusual/sometimes when people feel low they may have thoughts of suicide/not wanting to be here… Have you ever felt that way?” (“How”).
“I’ve never really thought or contemplated about it because it’s selfish, and if you love people, you can’t do that to them. But there was one time I was driving on the highway, and I thought if I drove off, I could just end it” (Slaughter).

Claire was clinically diagnosed with depression after Hurricane Harvey, which took away the one place she felt safest – her home. She thus went on medications when she knew it was best for her and those around her. Claire has been my best friend since I was a child; I even attended her baby shower before she was born. I had never met a girl as strong as this one, and when I heard she was broken – it broke me, too. I have never been good with emotions from myself, let alone others.

Claire’s depression opened an emotional portal for me; I knew I had to just be present for her when she needed me. I could not force her to be happy or do things that I thought would make her happy. In all honesty, just sitting and listening to her helped her to get better as well. It was a big step for her to tell her doctor and even harder for her to tell me. Being with Claire through her depression helped me be better at expressing and understanding emotions from all angles while helping her know she would not ever be alone during her rough times and righteous times.

Plato’s Allegory of the Cave: Seeking Truth Beyond Shadows

Plato’s Allegory of the Cave has been interpreted in many ways by many readers; it has a special and different meaning to all the messages touched. The Allegory denotes prisoners “having their legs and necks fettered … so that they remain in the same spot, able to look forward only.” (Plato 747). Behind the prisoners is a fire that helps to cast shadows of the outside world they do not know. Eventually, a prisoner is released from the cave to enjoy the “folly in the course of nature” and see “the dazzle and glitter of light…what do you suppose would be his answer if someone told him that what he had seen before was all a cheat and an illusion… [, but] now he turned toward more real things, he saw more truly” (Plato 748).

When this prisoner arrived back in the cave, his acquaintances from before refused to believe there was any world out there other than the shadows they had seen. Plato wrote this Allegory to describe how he was treated by the traditionalists of society when he had new and scientific ideas that were indeed true. A depressed person feels the same in today’s society as Plato did hundreds of years ago: unloved, disbelieved, misunderstood, a nuisance, and irrelevant. Everyone has their own struggles and caves; it takes someone strong to walk out of theirs to see the light that awaits. It takes someone patient and brave to walk into one else’s cave to show them the truth, love, and light that awaits when the prisoner is ready to be fully unshackled.

Conclusion

Depression is a misunderstood epidemic that so few have any empathy for. The knowledge and information are out there, but for those opposed to depression being a mental illness – they will not know until affected directly. Remember, everyone has their own caves to trek through; please do not be part of the small percentage of society who tie the figurative noose around a depressed being. Be there for someone, watch for any warning signs, and you too will crawl out of a cave you did not know you possessed until you help another out of theirs.

Works Cited

1. Douglas, Lisa. “12 Common Symptoms Of Depression That Shouldn’t Be Ignored.” HealthyWay, 2 May 2018, https://tinyurl.com/yd7l7ech
2. Geneva. “Mental Disorders Affect One in Four People.” World Health Organization, 4 October 2001, www.who.int/whr/2001/media_centre/press_release/en/.
3. Holmes, Lindsay. “9 Things Only People With Depression Can Truly Understand.” HuffPost, 6 Dec. 2017, www.huffpost.com/entry/depression-frustrations_n_5692649.
4. Holmes, Lindsay. “What If People Treated Physical Illness Like Mental Illness?” HuffPost, 6 December 2017, www.huffpost.com/entry/mental-illness-physical-i_n_6145156.
5. “How to Diagnose Depression? – Diagnostic Clinical Interview.” Psych Scene Hub, https://psychscenehub.com/psychpedia/depression-diagnostic-interviewing/
6. Plato. “The Allegory of the Cave.” Plato: Collected Dialogues. Trans. P. Shorey. Ed. Hamilton & Cairns. Random House, 1963. pp. 747–752.
7. “Risk Factors and Warning Signs.” AFSP, 14 November 2018, https://afsp.org/about-suicide/risk-factors-and-warning-signs/
8. Slaughter, Claire. Personal Interview. 4 December 2018.
9. “What Is Depression?” Resources To Recover, 24 October 2018, www.rtor.org/depression/?gclid=CjwKCAiA0O7fBRASEiwAYI9QAoYPQVp5YDLJEIt6oQHRFvWf3uc5VI6XrIWJ3V3qWt7CXfNctxflARoCDSIQAvD_BwE.

A Comparative Analysis of Plato’s Allegory of the Cave and The Matrix

Introduction

Plato’s ‘Allegory of the Cave,’ presented in (Book VII of the Republic), and The Matrix movie by Lana Wachowski both provide continuing inquiries about the meaning of reality and whether we are living in the real world or the real world of illusion. Both are asking vital questions concerning our reality. I.e., regarding if the world that we see as reality is true? They set up events where our minds are regulated by something that is away from us (whether it is a shadow on cave walls or a computer. In this essay, I will compare and contrast Plato’s Allegory of the Cave and The Matrix, discussing their similarities and differences.

The Metaphorical Journeys

Plato’s Allegory of the Cave is a metaphor in which human beings are shown to be held captive by their bodies and what they observe by vision alone (Republic VII, 515a-d, pp. 193-194). It is an excellent example that shows that all we perceive are defective ‘images’ or reflections of the highest Forms, which, in this case, symbolize reality and truth. In the Allegory of Cave, Plato wished to show us that reality is never what it seems and that we human beings seem not to understand the true reality of our world. The Matrix is a simulated and unreal world that is developed to keep us in check. It discusses how the physical world (the hero of the story, Neo), considered real, tends to be an imagination.

There are many similarities that both the Allegory of the Cave and The Matrix reveal:
I realize that there is a similarity in acknowledging truth concerning themselves, which the freed prisoner in the cave and Neo in The Matrix need to encounter.
Both the freed prisoner and Neo have to conclude that the senses are insufficient and can mislead.

I discovered that they both explain the same account regarding the undependability of the senses as well as the need to concentrate on the senses to obtain real knowledge.
Likewise, I observed that a higher force regulates both the world in the Allegory of the Cave and The Matrix. For instance, Plato’s prisoner lives in a cave or possibly a world that the Form owners govern. While Neo lives in a world that the Matrix governs, they both find a way to get out of the world as they know it and then understand the world as it seems. Of course, Neo recognizes that the life he has been living is merely an enslaved person’s life, formed under the management of The Matrix and guarded by the directors. On the other hand, Plato’s prisoner understands that the shadows he is seeing are not reality; instead, they are merely shadows thrown on the wall by the owners of the forms.

Nevertheless, the people in both The Allegory of the Cave and The Matrix discover that they are captive and ignorant that the truth they believe they know is wrong. Also, both works additionally reveal the idea of learning a new thing. The prisoner in the Allegory of the Cave discovers infinite knowledge as soon as he goes away from the cave. Whereas Neo, in The Matrix, discovers he can carry out physical and difficult actions as soon as he finds out how to manipulate the Matrix.

I believe both works ask similar questions; mainly, their method of responding to these questions distinguishes them. However, the significant difference between Plato’s allegory of the cave and The Matrix is that whereas the Matrix reveals the best way directly into the physical world, Plato purely provides the idea that we are deceived or fantasizing and then allows us to ponder how to find out if there is a specific way to get out into reality. Meaning that the physical world we know is not true whatsoever. Also, the two works are equally different in the sense that the Allegory of the Cave has Forms, whereas the Matrix does not. Contrary to Plato’s prisoner, who can discover his outside of the cave with virtually no assistance from other people, Neo in the Matrix is assisted with the help of Morpheus. I think The Matrix appropriately confronted me to reexamine my response to the things of reality, and it causes us, the audience, to doubt our reality and what it is to us.

Conclusion

In contrast, the Allegory of the Cave has assisted me in getting a fresh knowledge of external reality; it even made me understand that I can never tell the things the truth is until I am confronted with the things that are not reality. Lastly, Plato’s Allegory of the Cave and The Matrix both reveal to us ways to understand our very own reality and differentiate between the things that are real and the ones that are not. Undoubtedly, I believe they tell us that we can select our reality under the things we have noticed in our lives and then decide for ourselves what we believe is real or otherwise.

References

1. Plato. (c. 380 BCE). “The Republic” (Book VII). Translated by Benjamin Jowett. [Original work in Greek]
2. Wachowski, L. (Director). (1999). The Matrix [Film]. Warner Bros. Pictures.

 

Exploring Plato’s Theory of Forms through the Allegory of the Cave

Introduction

The Theory of Forms or Ideas, according to the Greek philosopher Plato, is a challenging concept to grasp but represents the truest form of knowledge. To better understand the Theory of Forms, in his work Republic, Plato presented what we now know as ‘The Allegory of the Cave.’ It is written as a dialogue between Plato’s mentor Socrates and his brother Glaucon in an attempt to symbolize the restrictions on our ability to comprehend reality vs. perception.

In this dialogue, Socrates asks Glaucon to imagine a cave. In a dark corner of the cave, there is a group of chained prisoners who have been there since childhood. They are bound in such a way that they are forced to look at nothing other than the wall in front of them. Their only source of light in the cave is a fire, burning and flickering behind them. People occasionally passed by the fire, carrying various objects. The voices and footsteps echoed throughout the cave, and the shadows cast clearly on the wall that the chained prisoners were forced to face. Since the prisoners couldn’t even so much as turn their heads – not to see one another nor the objects, they perceived the shadows as the real objects.

The Allegory of the Cave: Unveiling the Illusion of Reality

One day, a prisoner is freed from the chains. He is dragged out from the cave toward sunlight for the very first time and experiences intense pain from the brightness of the sun. At first, he begins to see shadows, but as his eyes adjust, he begins to see the actual things themselves. When the prisoner is told that the things he is seeing are real and the shadows are nothing more than an illusion, he refuses to believe it. He feels overwhelmed and desperate to return to the cave, the only place he ever knew. But slowly, he began to accept his new reality. He began to enjoy the sights and colors of this new world and one day, he even looked up directly at the sun, the source of everything he had seen.

The sun reminded him of his days in the dark cave and his fellow prisoners. He thinks of their time together, no longer feeling connected to their world. He begins to feel sorry for them and decides to return to the cave to tell them all about this new world that he discovered. When he returns to the cave, he has a hard time navigating and seeing the shadows as he is no longer used to the darkness. As a result, the other prisoners think that his journey outside has made him blind and weak. When he comes closer and tries to free them, they violently resist, going as far as trying to kill the one attempting to free them.

In this allegory, the cave represents our everyday life and reality. We (the people) represent the prisoners. For the entire course of our lives, we consider what’s being projected in front of us as the absolute truth. Living in a material world of constant change and impermanence, our present constantly deceives us. Even our own sensory perceptions oftentimes deceive us. Things come and go, live and die. In such a world, it is almost impossible to find absolute, eternal, concrete truth. We mindlessly conform to whatever society dictates, mesmerized by the shadows, interpreting them as real. Since we know nothing else, the chains that hold us bring us comfort. We never stop to question the fact that the shadows we see can be manipulated or changed in some way. And much like the prisoner who was freed from the cave and saw sunlight for the first time, leaving our comfort zone can be an incredibly painful and scary experience; after all, the truth always hurts.

Plato’s Theory of Forms: Beyond the Material World

Plato claims, however, that behind this world of deceitful, unreliable, and temporary world of appearances lies a world that is absolute, reliable, and permanent – the world of Forms or Ideas. He divides the two worlds into two categories: The Visible World and The Intelligible World. The Visible World, the material/physical realm of our experience, is the world that surrounds us: the things we see, feel, and experience every day; it is a tangible world of change and uncertainty. Beyond the world that we experience every day is the Intelligible World, a non-physical realm that consists of the products of reason: things such as mathematics and abstract definitions, where we assume hypotheses to reach final conclusions.

The Intelligible World is also the one in which the Forms exist. Forms are abstract, unchanging concepts or ideals that transcend space and time. They are the perfect, non-physical essence of all things, of which objects and matter in the physical world are just mere imitations. The Forms are superior to any particular thing or mental image of that thing because they’re perfect, and they never deteriorate, nor do they ever cease to exist. Plato also noted that while the physical realm, The Visible World, is perceived through our senses, The Intelligible World can only be perceived through intellect and contemplation. He argued that it is only the intuitive knowledge of the Forms that enables us to identify things for what they truly are.

In addition to material objects and matter, there are also moral Forms, including things such as Justice, Beauty, Truth, and Goodness. Since Justice, Beauty, and Truth are all good things, they all participate in the Form of Goodness; therefore, the Form of Goodness (represented by the sun in the allegory) is superior to all other Forms. Since all things and objects aspire to be good, it is the Form of all the Forms. Much like the sun in the allegory, the Good illuminates all other Forms. According to Plato, the Forms, though non-physical, represent the most accurate reality. He believed that true knowledge does not come from the temporary, material things and imperfect intellect that we come across throughout our daily lives; rather, it comes from contemplation and investigation of the perfect models after which all things in existence are formed. This further concludes that, according to Plato, the Forms are the ultimate source of true knowledge.

Conclusion

I do believe that there is another realm of existence superior to the one we live and interact in as we go on about our lives. There definitely must be a source of all things, but I question the validity of the Form of Goodness as being the source. To me, it seems as though the Form of Goodness is too subjective to be a standard for all goodness, thereby being the cause of all that exists. The problem is that there is no ideal sense of goodness in isolation from actual goodness – how do we know that the Form of Goodness isn’t, in reality, a reflection of actualized well? Furthermore, although the Form of Goodness is the source of all things, the Form of Goodness must have its own source. As Plato says, the Forms, more so the Form of Goodness, is “the essence of all things, distinct from the physical world,” it more aptly seems to be a placeholder term for God. I lack the standards by which to judge Plato’s theory, but if that’s the case, then I agree with the notion.

References

1. Plato. (n.d.). Republic. Project Gutenberg. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1497
2. Cohen, S. M. (2000). Plato’s “The Allegory of the Cave”: A Pedagogical Model for Teaching Philosophy. Teaching Philosophy, 23(1), 23-34.
3. Reeve, C. D. C. (2018). Plato on the Value of Philosophy: The Art of Argument in the Gorgias and Phaedrus. Cambridge University Press.
4. Fine, G. (1993). Knowledge and Belief in Republic V. Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, 11, 43-85.
5. Taylor, C. C. W. (2001). Plato: Protagoras. Oxford University Press.
6. Nehamas, A. (2010). Virtues of Authenticity: Essays on Plato and Socrates. Princeton University Press.
7. White, N. P. (2000). A Companion to Plato. Wiley-Blackwell.
8. Shields, C. (2011). Aristotle. Routledge.
9. Szaif, J. (2013). Plato’s Theaetetus as a Second Apology. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 44(4), 562-570.
10. Sedley, D. (2018). The Philosophy of Antiochus. Cambridge University Press.
11. Taylor, C. (1997). The Atomists: Leucippus and Democritus. University of Toronto Press.
12. Smith, N. D. (2018). Plato’s Introduction of Forms in Republic 5: Two Key Texts. Phronesis, 63(2), 150-169.

The Power of Allegory of the Cave in Shaping Perceptions and Knowledge

Introduction

An allegory is a story or a visual image to interpret a message differently. We use allegories for several reasons, for example, to avoid social or political controversies and to go around an idea that is controversial so the other side can be more understanding. The last reason why we use allegory is to paint a picture in your head by showing a visual image or demonstrating something for a better understanding. A perfect example of this is when a physician tells you where or how a virus attacks a body. They tell you by demonstrating it with a model of a specific body part.

Allegory as a Gateway to Understanding

The “Allegory of the Cave” is a theory in which Plato presents his idea on human knowledge. Plato states that sensory knowledge, which is knowledge gained from our senses of sight, touch, smell, hearing, and taste, is a matter of opinion, and in order to gain real knowledge, we need to make sense of things like verifying facts and having logical reasonings. In the allegory, Plato presents a story between people who use sensory knowledge to know the truth and people who use their own experiences to find out the truth.

There are three prisoners in a cave, and the prisoners are tied up to rocks with their arms and legs tied up. The only thing they see is what’s in front of them, which is a stonewall. These three prisoners have never seen anything beyond the cave because they were born in the cave. Behind them is a fire, and in between is a walkway. They can’t see behind them, but there are people outside carrying things such as plants and wood on top of their heads, and the prisoners see their shadows along the stonewall in front of them. The prisoners have never seen the actual person but instead the shadow of it, so they think that the shadows are “real.” The prisoners started to play a game, and if one of them was correct, they would praise him for being clever.

One of the prisoners found a way to escape, and he left the cave, where he discovered the world outside the cave. And he was astonished about what he found. He couldn’t believe the things he was seeing and how he intercepted the world from inside the cave were all wrong. He discovered that the Sun was the source of light, not the fire from the cave. When he returned to the cave to tell the other prisoners about his discoveries, they didn’t believe him and even threatened to kill him. In Plato’s theory, the cave represents the people who use sensory knowledge to intercept the truth and use empirical knowledge to make sense of things.

The shadows represent the people who use empirical knowledge to find the truth, and they believe it’s the truth because they believe what they see. The game the prisoners played was a representation of how the winner doesn’t actually know the real truth, and it’s laughable how others are calling him clever. When the prisoner escaped, that shows us that he was a philosopher who sought knowledge other than from his senses, and the Sun, which was the light, represented the real truth. The other prisoners were scared to know the real truth, so that’s why they threatened to kill the escaped prisoner.

This brings me to the false accusation of Socrates. Socrates was charged with corrupting the minds of the youth; he talked about god that wasn’t in the state practices, and it went against their beliefs. The jury, which consisted of the “wisest” men, sentenced Socrates to death because they were scared of the truth, which created embarrassment and made them look foolish since they were the “wisest” men. Socrates was found guilty, but he didn’t fight back since they were the ignorant ones who were struck in the cave.

Conclusion

In a way, philosophers are persuaders because they seek out new knowledge and present it to us, hoping we believe the information and then pass it on to newer generations. Philosophy could even help us pursue a career such as law. Philosophy changes our way of thinking and intercepts things differently.

References

1. Plato. “The Allegory of the Cave.” Plato: Collected Dialogues. Trans. P. Shorey. Ed. Hamilton & Cairns. Random House, 1963. pp. 747-752.
2. Pandey, S. K., & Ahsan, M. T. (2020). The Allegory of the Cave: A Perspective on Knowledge and Reality. The European Journal of Social & Behavioural Sciences, 3(1), 2380-2387.
3. Gombrich, E. H. (1960). Art and Illusion: A Study in the Psychology of Pictorial Representation. Phaidon Press.
4. Orwell, G. (1945). Animal Farm. Secker and Warburg.
5. King, M. L. (1963). Letter from Birmingham Jail. In Why We Can’t Wait. Harper & Row.
6. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2018). Plato on Rhetoric and Poetry. Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-rhetoric/
7. World History Encyclopedia. (2021). Socrates. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/socrates/