Category: Alcohol

Alcohol is an organic substance that is chemically formed when the hydroxyl group is replaced with the hydrogen seed in the hydrocarbon compound, as indicated above. In addition to fermentation of sugars found in many varieties of potatoes and legumes such as corn, ethyl alcohol acts as a depressant of the central nervous system. It should also be noted that ethyl alcohol is used in the production of solutions that are used in medicine as antiseptics or preservatives, or in some medicines.

It has been proven that the majority of chronic diseases caused by drinking alcohol result from consuming it frequently and for long periods. Also, eating small quantities at intervals that lead to many risks also, and just as drinking alcohol results in many damages such as, Infection with any type of malignant cancer. Regular alcohol consumption increases the level of triglycerides in the blood, can contribute to a sudden increase in blood pressure, increased risk of sudden death for people with certain diseases of the heart vessels, infection with one of all types of stroke. People who drink alcohol feel chronic depression, and feel uncomfortable because they are used to those substances that go to the mind.

And after mentioning the harmful effects of alcohol, we will inquire about its benefits. Alcohol causes feelings of euphoria, warmth and heat when you consume quantities of it, due to the effect of these alcohols on the blood, reducing the incidence of heart disease, reducing the incidence of diabetes. And alcohol is used in medical matters to benefit human treatment.

There are some people who can control the consumption of alcoholic beverages by adhering to certain quantities that are considered few in addition to linking drinking alcohol to certain events such as celebrations or special gatherings. But on the other side, there are a lot of alcohol users who do not have the effective ability to control their drinking, and here the tragedy of alcoholism begins. Where the addict loses the ability to determine the amount of alcoholic drink he will drink and often drinks until he loses the ability to move and raise the cup to his mouth. The alcoholic drink for the addict is a daily or almost daily ritual, and he will feel a lot of turmoil if he refuses from it for compelling reasons, and he may end up giving up essential obligations in his life to obtain his daily share of alcohol.

Abstract

Drinking alcohol is the main risk factor causing health problems, especially for old people. In the United States, cirrhosis is a health issue that is mostly caused by drinking alcohol. However, it is hard to stop drinking alcohol as it causes old people addicted to it and they cannot escape from it. The interventions that will be addressed are television, the Internet, and social campaigns using social psychological theories and concepts such as the elaboration likelihood model, vividness effect, and fear appeal. The purpose of proposing the interventions is to deliver a lesson to old adults that they can lose a precious life from drinking alcohol, so they should get rid of bad health habits. By integrating social psychological theories and social media, old people will be able to maximize their perception of alcohol. As a result of proposing the interventions, the seriousness of cirrhosis in the United States will be reduced.

Prevent cirrhosis in older people by promoting a decrease in drinking alcohol.

Introduction

Even though numerous old people perceive drinking alcohol as causing a serious health matter which is cirrhosis, many old adults do not stop drinking alcohol because they are already addicted to it. The reason why people find alcohol is to forget about things that they regret and have a hard time with. If people continue to drink alcohol, they get many bad effects from it, including anxiety and depression. Because old people have weak physical health and psychological conditions, it should be the old adults who care the most about health among young, middle, and old people.

By continuously drinking alcohol, old people especially men are likely to get cirrhosis. The cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease which makes it perpetually damaged by inevitable scarring. There are several symptoms of cirrhosis. First, if people have cirrhosis, they might feel fluid in the abdomen which is called ascites. In case of not getting treated as soon as they feel uncomfortable about their stomach, it can cause organs damaged and possibly lead to death. The second symptom is jaundice. If red blood gets disrupted, the body produces bilirubin. When the liver no longer functions properly, the liver is filled with bilirubin. If an excessive amount of jaundice happens, it can turn their skin to yellow. The best way to recover from jaundice is to stop consuming alcohol. Lastly, it is gynecomastia, which is the abnormal enlargement of men’s breasts due to hormone imbalance.

In the United States, liver cirrhosis is considered a serious health concern. According to Statista, in 2012, the deaths of males and females were 14.9 and 7.1 per 100,000 population. However, there was a dramatic increase in the number of deaths caused by liver cirrhosis in 2016: 19.7 males and 10 females caused by liver cirrhosis in the United States. Liver cirrhosis is regarded as a life-threatening presence because it can cause spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatic encephalopathy, and ascites.

This paper will lay out the possible ways to inform old people how drinking alcohol is very harmful to their liver. The interventions are based on social psychological theories and concepts to give them attention effectively to change bad healthy behavior. The concepts would be self-determination theory, social impact theory, and dynamical systems theory. Applying these concepts to the interventions would be able to persuade people by showing them multiple ways and to increase the possibility of adopting a healthy behavior. The interventions would include television news, the Internet, and social campaigns. This means that most of the old people have access to connect with the world. These would be able to extend older people’s awareness of health. They will understand the seriousness of cirrhosis caused by drinking alcohol and get an opportunity to learn alternatives to reverse their behaviors on health.

Literature Review

The first social psychological concept is the elaboration likelihood model (ELM) advanced by Petty and Cacioppo in 1980. It defines that people can be persuaded to change perspective in two ways; the central route and the peripheral route. When people have an interest and desire to deal with a problem, they would most likely be characterized by the central route. However, when they think the topic is not directly related to them and not interested in it, they would most likely follow the peripheral route. I think the peripheral route would work for aged people who are addicted to alcohol.

The vividness effect can be one of the factors that can help to persuade old people. Because as they get aged, it will not be easy for them to read and understand; therefore, using visualized materials would most likely work for motivation. People tend to remember and understand things better if a presentation is shown vividly with colors and graphs. The vividness effect is theorized that materials presented graphically are likely to be more effective than creating faded messages to catch a person’s attention. As a result, it definitely improves an individual’s motivation to accept a message and change his or her attitude and mind (Stephen Smith & David Shaffer).

The third is a psychological theory called fear appeals. According to Psychology research, it highlights negative results to motivate a person to reduce it. Using this theory, can make an individual’s mind stop adapting a bad behavior and change to a beneficial behavior. The theory is an assessment of the personal severity of the results related to health-damaged behavior. When the threat is applied to an individual, it will be the best motivation to protect himself or herself from that bad behavior. Then, older people who are addicted to alcohol would reduce drinking it and find a way to improve their health rather than leading themselves to death by continuously drinking alcohol.

Overview

The next section will be the interventions that will be outlined for alternative ways to change the bad behavior of drinking alcohol. Also, I will be adding social psychological concepts or theories to put together with the interventions. The reason for proposing the interventions is to persuade the elderly to reduce drinking alcohol and to overcome the addiction.

Intervention

In this section, I will be addressing how old people can stop drinking alcohol and adapt to healthy behavior. The following interventions would be focused on old people through television, the Internet, and social campaigns.

Television

I would use a television medium to persuade and encourage old adults to move their minds from the addiction. On television, a commercial will be broadcast with a story which is well describes the bad effects of drinking alcohol among old people. The purpose of the commercial would be to use social psychology concepts; and fear appraisal in order to attract attention from aged people. The story would be: There would be an aged couple in a hospital meeting a doctor. However, the doctor would tell them that the old man had cirrhosis and that he would die soon. It gives a mental attack to the couple, and they feel desperate for life. As a result, old people who are watching the commercial would realize that they can lose life because of the damaged liver from drinking alcohol.

Internet

The second intervention that I will be using is the Internet. Liquor bottles and an old person will be depicted in a photo. Also, there would be a demographic showing how many old people got cirrhosis in recent years using a scatter plot. It will be posted on Yahoo where a large number of the aged people access frequently. It will work for 50-year-old people than the one who is 20 years old because cirrhosis is the main cause that occurs in aged people. They would be able to react to the vividness effect which helps to persuade and attract audiences easily. Therefore, it will mostly work for old people; they will be motivated by visualized materials and adopt healthy behavior.

Social Campaign

Third, I will be using the social campaign for the intervention to extend the bad perception about drinking alcohol. The social campaign would visit a hospital to meet a patient who suffers from cirrhosis and interview how he got it. The members of the campaign will interview him on how many liquor bottles he has drunk. Then, they will have a movement in the street to report the interview to the public about what will happen to life if they are addicted to alcohol. The people in the social campaign will use the fear appeals concept to persuade people to adopt healthy behavior.

Conclusion

By informing through several interventions, it will be helpful to persuade old people not to drink alcohol as it harms their health and leads to death. It will work effectively to make people aware of the seriousness of cirrhosis. Using the vividness effect is the most effective strategy to induce aged people’s attention because of the function of colors and graphics.

However, there are flaws in the interventions. As there can be audiences who are not interested in the social campaign, it will not be able to spread the campaign throughout the United States. As a result, a message will not be able to convey to the aged people efficiently. Also, it will be difficult for old people to change their habit of drinking alcohol as they have been drinking for most of the years of their lives.

However, proposing the interventions I showed above, will be helpful to persuade people not to get more addicted to alcohol and get cirrhosis. Then, after several years passes, we will be able to see that the number of old people who get cirrhosis decrease. There will be more healthy people than now.

Alcohol can destroy our life; it is our enemies. If you’re addicted to alcohol, it makes us doing bad things than we think. Alcohol has an impact on our life, our health and it can destroy our family. In this essay I will talk about what alcohol is, its effects on health and mortality.

Alcohol in alcoholic drinks we drink is a chemical called ethanol. It is a colorless volatile flammable liquid that is produced by the natural fermentation of sugars and is the intoxicating constituent of wine, beer, spirits, and other beverages and is also used as an industrial solvent and fuel.

“In 2000, total alcohol consumption per capita was 9.5 liters in the European Union countries, 7.7 liters in Australasia, 7.0 liters in Eastern Europe, 6.7 liters in America from the North, 4.1 liters in Latin America and 2.3 liters in the rest of the world” (Poikolainen, 2003).

Alcohol consumption affects the risk of death, different diseases, injuries, and mental illness. Alcohol interferes with the communication channels of the brain and can affect the appearance and functioning of the brain. These disturbances can change mood and behavior, and make it more difficult to think clearly and move-in coordination. By drinking a lot for a long time or too much for one time can damage the heart and cause problems such as cardiomyopathy (stretching and drooping of heart muscle), arrhythmias (irregular heartbeat), stroke, high blood pressure. “Alcohol causes the pancreas to produce toxic substances which can eventually lead to pancreatitis, dangerous inflammation and swelling of the blood vessels in the pancreas, which prevents proper digestion”.

Excessive alcohol consumption weighs heavily on the liver and can cause various liver problems and inflammation, such as steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Alcohol can cause several types of cancer like head and neck cancer, esophageal cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer. “Drinking too much can weaken your immune system, making your body a much easier target for the disease. Chronic drinkers are more likely to get diseases like pneumonia and tuberculosis than people who don’t drink too much. Drinking a lot at one time slows your body’s ability to prevent infection, even up to 24 hours after drinking” (Niaa, 2019).

Alcohol is an addiction and as we know all that addiction is a disease, we all that people who are addicted to alcohol quitting are hard for them. It is always hard for family and friends to understand how you cannot just quit because it hurting them, every parent does not like to see his son or daughter is addicted to alcohol. The reason it hard for them to quit because it’s a disease when a person takes drugs or drinks alcohol over some time, it can change their brain circuits. Addiction changes the functioning of certain essential parts of the brain so much that it is very difficult for people to stop using drugs or alcohol, even when they want to. “Researchers call this the brain dependence model. They view drug addiction and alcoholism not as a problem caused by a lack of willpower, but rather as a disease requiring treatment” (Abuse, 2016).

I will conclude by reminding you that we talk about three points what alcohol is, what effects it has on our health and how it is addiction. Alcohol is our horse enemies. It can ruin our life, our future. Alcohol kills. It a big issue problem for us and we all know that when you are alcohol-addicted, it been very hard to quit but they’re some who quit with their family support and their contribution.

From juggling deadlines to a part time job student life is not as easy as it seems. Money is in short supply and a considerable number of students leave home and move into student accommodation to get the freedom that adolescents desire. There are many new challenges individuals face when becoming independent for the first time such as experiencing a drug and alcohol culture.

Freshers’ week is the week before university official starts filled with sociable events immersing all years of students to mingle with one and other. During this period there is a pressure on young people to be a part of the drinking culture which also involves drug taking on occasions.

Meeting new people can be a daunting experience thus using alcohol or drugs as a crutch to ease the awkward tension. This habit could then turn into a common occurrence which is when this issue materializes. 60% of students find it difficult not to drink too much and 38%, overall, say alcohol helps them to socialize. New alcohol guidelines by the Department of Health and Social Care suggests that the maximum alcohol consumption for men and women is 14 units a week yet the average consumption for students is over 20 units. Furthermore, a survey by National Union of Students (NUS) shows there is a relationship between students and alcohol with “79% of students agree that drinking and getting drunk is part of university culture”.

Many night clubs target students during the week with low priced drink and free entry leading to impromptu night outs. Yet students fail to see the harmful effects of drinking to their body and their academic achievement. Drinking alcohol has many short and long-term impacts on the body from organ damage, an increase in blood pressure and various cancers. It has also been linked with affecting cognitive abilities from memory impairment, the ability to retain information and the failure of abstract thinking. Moreover, influencing academic achievement negatively.

A study from the Journal of Applied Psychology established a correlation between heavy drinkers and employment. It was reported an 10% decrease in employment following graduation for those who consume a significant amount of alcohol. The average alcohol fueled, hormone induced, blowout will conclude itself at 3am, 4am after the drunken walk home and the take away stop. Studies show the average student needs around nine hours of sleep, per night, to function and retain new knowledge. Adolescents that are sleep deprived are more likely to become absent from university therefore, get unsatisfactory grades due to a lack of attention and dedication.

Additionally, drinking is glorified by a range of university societies, for new students, as these groups plan weekly nights out with a theme attached to every event. Consequently, making some students feel peer pressured into going out and getting intoxicated to be included as part of that society as it is perceived as the norm. A survey, conducted by NUS, was completed by 2,215 university students discovered that “70% of students drink alcohol to fit in with their peers”. Furthermore, societies do not offer alternative activities that does not incorporate alcohol therefore there is no other opportunities to interact and socialize with the team.

A study corelated by Edinburgh Napier University demonstrates an alcohol price comparison of the cost of beer to the average monthly costs. For instance, having three pints in a pub, three times per week is the equivalent of spending £124.92 a month. Thus, exhibiting an expensive lifestyle on a student budget. The average SAAS loan consists of £475 a month budget and with the average student consuming 80 units a month, that’s a total of £160 directly funding alcohol or 33% of the SAAS loan.

A self-evident point to challenge coercion from peers when dealing with drugs is that it is illegal. Although, this doesn’t stop students from using it should be taken into consideration. Being introduced into a drug and alcohol culture at such a young age can be, away from home, can be a dangerous environment to be involved in.

Starting at university and becoming completely independent can be a daunting reality and with it, students will take any opportunity to procrastinate and evade the workload placed upon them. With a new sense of freedom many don’t understand the responsibility that follows from weekly budgeting to attending classes. For some, the step up to university can result in an overwhelming amount of stress and anxiety leading them down the road to stress and anxiety suppressants. Drugs and alcohol.

Alcohol consumption is one of the most significant health concerns around the world. It varies from country to country, but Europe is the heaviest drinking continent in the world with high level of alcohol consumption within United Kingdom and Ireland.

One uniquely endangered group is university students mostly young adults aged between 18 and 29 years of age that drink more and more due to binge drinking being an acceptable social norm among students. A vast number of scientific studies has been conducted to reach deeper into the topic of alcohol consumption among students and show how dangerous it is especially for young adults, for example a cross-sectional study conducted in a large Irish university suggests that there is a considerable evidence of a shift towards heavier alcohol use among university students and strong adverse effects of alcohol use (Davoren et al., 2015). Which is a huge problem particularly for young people that are studying to become future professionals. They are endangered the most and it is highly likely that they will suffer from consequences of such behavior, research that investigates adverse effect of alcohol use in adolescent individuals suggests notable neural and cognitive consequences of alcohol consumption specifically alterations in attention, verbal learning, visuospatial processing and memory, beside with changed development of grey and white matter volumes and disrupted white matter integrity however that is not all there are many more functional consequences of alcohol consumption such as cognitive flexibility decrease, behavioral inefficiencies and elevations in anxiety, disinhibition, impulsivity and risk-taking (Spear, 2018).

The question now should be: is there anything that triggers this specific behavior? It is obvious that studying within university is stressful for a lot of students and drinking behavior may be their way to compensate this high-level stress environment. So, this study is focused on the relationship between stress and alcohol consumption within university students.

Participants

There was a wide range of 410 participants that took part in study. Participant’s age ranged between 18 and 49, study analyzed mostly females that make up 74.6 percent of population of the research. The Majority of participants were in their first or second year of study, 48.5 percent were in the first year and 37.3 percent were in second, there was only 11.2 percent of people that studied in the third year and 2.9 percent students in their fourth year.

They were selected using opportunistic sampling technique which consists of the researcher choosing anyone who is available and willing to take part in the study.

Design

This study was based on cross-sectional design which is focused on large data collection for each participant which is carried out in single point in time. This design was selected for this study due to amount of collected information and anticipation that this data is expected to remain static.

Materials

Materials that were used to collect the data consisted of Health Behaviors survey which included several questionnaires. Most relevant ones were psychological stress measurement which was based on 14-item Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen et al., 1983) and binge drinking defined as four or more alcoholic drinks for females and five or more for males (Wechsler et al., 1995) with emphasis on how many binge drinking episodes they had in the previous 7 days.

Procedure

Participants were chosen using opportunist sampling technique so, everyone that was willing to take part in the study. Before the study took place emails were sent to university students asking if they are willing to take part in the study, after enough participants agreed to take part in research, a questionnaire with a series of questions associated to their stress levels and alcohol consumption were sent. Within emails sent there was also a consent form that every participant had to read through and give consent before taking part in the study. The questionnaire was designed to be simple and easy to understand, that way no one will have any problems or difficulties understanding the questions. After receiving response from each person involved the data was collected and compiled based on the cross-sectional study design. Then data was analyzed with the help of IBM SPSS Statistics program which concluded that there is in fact a positive correlation between stress levels and binge drinking.

Results

After collection of data and careful analysis, there is clear relation among stress and alcohol consumption which indicates that binge drinking may be some kind of reaction to high level stress which without doubt is a part of studying in university. Outcome of the study shows that without a question there is a positive correlation between stress and alcohol consumption, and it is significant at the 0.05 level.

Discussion

This study proves that there is positive correlation between stress and alcohol consumption, most likely high stress level which students experience throughout their studies triggers a reaction that makes them more susceptible to high alcohol consumption which supports hypothesis stated in the introduction. It is no surprise that relation exists due to a huge pool of studies based on relation of stress and alcohol that suggested this kind of link. The disturbing fact is the shift towards heavier alcohol use that was observed in Irish university (Davoren et al., 2015) which inferably relates to hypothesis stated in the introduction. It is easy to deduce if students lean more and more towards heavier alcohol use (binge drinking) and alcohol consumption grows proportionally with feeling of stress, this may possibly mean that high stress levels within university students are also on the rise and in consequence they are looking for easy way to ease the discomfort of being frequently under stress.

Limitations

Study was conducted using cross-sectional design which is based on collecting data at one point in time and straight away analyzing it. It is a limitation in itself because information may vary when data collection happens more than once and outcome may prove to be more reliable than it is when data is collected once.

There was 410 participant and 74.6 percent was female, it is a large majority of the group which makes the study less consistent when analyzing male stress and drinking behavior, but also because it focuses more on females it is specialized and more reliable when it comes to research of female student’s stress and alcohol consumption.

The study was under-representative of students at further year of study specifically third- and fourth-years students while first- and second-year students were overly represented.

Conclusion

This specific are of knowledge is constantly evolving but still needs improvement and more long-term research. The main weakness of research in the field is under-representation of certain groups and limited time resources to conduct such research on a large scale and long-term. The problem of heavy alcohol use within universities is a developing problem, with time it may become bigger so, studies conducted in the future are more than certain.

Hundreds of decisions and actions are to be taken during flight operations of an aircraft, ranging from pre-flight processes like weather interpretation, fueling, route selection and checklists, to flight operations such as taxing, take-off, cruise and landing. Proper procedures must be correctly executed to ensure safe completion of flight operations and that no risks are taken or hazards are created that may affect the aircraft, aircrew, passengers, cargo and other airplanes. A pilot’s ability to make decision, and or execute tasks that mitigates the possibility of an accident or incident is believably the most important role in an aircraft’s safety, and anything that impairs this judgement increases the potential for accident/incidents to occur. Consumption of alcohol slows down the message travelling between the brain and body, impairing the ability of a person’s mental and manual operations. Alcohol has been linked to a number of aviation incidents involving pilot error.

This case study will analyze the role alcohol may have played in the crash of Aeroflot Flight 821 at Perm International Airport along incidents involving the consumption of alcohol. The report of the subsequent Aviation Accident Database, along with literature relating to alcohol and its effects will form the basis of the analysis. First research findings about alcohol, its effects on a person, and alcohol in aviation specifically, will be examined. A study showing the effects of alcohol on flight operations environment will be examined. An account of an incident and the major finding by the Federal Air Transport Agency (RCAA) will be provided. Next a discussion of the impact of alcohol played in the incident and lessons that can be learnt for the form this. Finally, recommendations will be made on how to avoid such incidents from occurring again.

More than half the global population drinks alcohol, and it has become a cultural and social phenomenon. Alcohol is a depressant drug, which means it effects the central nervous system slowing the messages travelling from the brain to the rest of the body. When alcohol is consumed, it is absorbed into the blood and tissue of the body thought the detoxification process. The liver breaks down the alcohol and metabolizes it through your body, where it then enters the brain and central nervous system directly interacting with dopamine and serotonin receptors; this is where the ‘feel food’ sensation comes from (addictionblog, 2012). Impairing effects of alcohol are present only minutes after it has been consumed, these impairments include: relaxation, trouble concentrating, slower reflexes, increased confidence and emotional impacts (feeling happier/ sadder). When excess amounts of alcohol are consumed, other factors of impairment take place, including: confusion, blurred vision, short-term memory loss, nausea and the possibility of losing consciousness, entering an alcohol induced coma, and even death (BBC, 2014). These impairments pose a risk to pilots as things such as confusion, blurred vision and slowed reflexes have an impact on the ability of pilots mental and manual operations of aircraft. The majority of adverse effects produced by alcohol on the human body relate to the brain, eyes, and inner ear which are three crucial organs to a pilot. Long-term adverse effects of alcohol include high blood pressure, increased stroke risk, increased risk of heart and liver disease, nerve damage and the increased possibility of mouth and throat cancer. This is why the Federal Aviation administration implemented rules for persons who perform safety-sensitive functions (time from the point a driver begins to work or is required to be ready to work until the time he or she is relieved from work and all responsibilities for performing work) must have a blood alcohol concentration of 0.04 or lower, and pilots are banned from consuming alcohol within eight hours or reporting duty (FAA, 2019). Rules implemented by specific company policies may stricken these rules. These factors have been discussed as the main causes of many incidents over the years leading to tests being conducted to see the adverse effects of alcohol on flight operations. Tests have been undertaken to determine the factors of which alcohol effects the ability of a pilot, tests such as one conducted by the Aerospace Human Factors Research Division and Human Research Facility in March of 1991 (NCBI, 2019).

The study included four volunteer carrier pilots, who were studied during eight simulated flights between San Francisco and Los Angeles. Two flights were conducted at four target blood alcohol concentrations (BAC): 0, 0.025, 0.050 and 0.075%. The simulated flights lasted approximately one hour and were conducted with full crews in a simulated ATC environment. The data received for the study was examined from direct observations and videotapes for discrete errors committed by the pilots (NCBI, 2019). During the study it was found that the total number of errors rose in a linear fashion with blood alcohol concentration. Meaning as the blood alcohol concentration of the subjects increased the number of substantial errors made also increased. Planning and procedural errors increased along with failure of vigilance within the subject groups with the introduction of heightened blood alcohol concentrations. Failures in crew coordination were found not to be associated with BAC during the study. The study found that serious errors increased significantly even at the lowest BAC studied (0.025%), compared with control values (NCBI, 1991). The study clearly showed the correlation between alcohol and pilots mental and physical performance.

Aviation provides an environment where mistakes are unforgiving in nature. Correspondingly, impairment of aircrew performance by alcohol can, and occasionally does, lead to a catastrophic mistake. Such is the Case of Aeroflot Flight 821. Aeroflot Flight 821 was scheduled domestic passenger flight from Moscow (Sheremetyevo International Airport) to Perm (Bolshoye Savino International Airport) on a Boeing 737-505 aircraft. Aboard the plane there was a two-member flight team (captain and first-officer), four flight attendants and 82 passengers. The flight crashed on final approach to perm airport killing all aboard on impact with the ground. An investigation into the final moments into the flight was conducted by the Russian Transport Oversight Authority (RTOA) and the Russian CAA (RCAA) after the accident. It was found that the flight was conducted without deviation during take-off and cruise. During the base turn, to heading 210°, approaching landing course at 600m of altitude both autopilot and auto-throttle disengaged. After this the aircraft climbed to 1300m, rolled 360° over the left wing and collided with the ground (Aviation Accident Database, 2008). Eye-witness accounts state the plane struck the ground with an angle of attack approximately 30-40° of attitude. Initial investigations found that the cause of the accident was spatial disorientation of the flight crew: the inability to correctly determine attitude, altitude or airspeed in relation to the earth. Which is why after the autopilot and auto-throttle disengaged the aircraft, the captain (PF) flipped the aircraft to the left and enter a steep descent and crash the aircraft. This was determined due to the night time operation of the flight. Other factors of the crash were determined to be a lack of proficiency in aircraft handling, crew resource management and of skills associated with upset recovery using ‘western’-type attitude indications (Aviation Accident Database, 2008). Later forensic examinations found “an unspecific amount of alcohol in the captains’ bodily tissue”. This was determined by the RTAO and RCAA to be one of the contributing factors in the captains’ total spatial disorientation, that lead to the crash killing 88 people. All contributing factors of the accident as determined by the RTAO and RCAA are listed below:

• Loss of spatial orientation by the crew and chiefly by the captain who was piloting the aircraft during the landing phase.
• Forensic examination found an unspecified amount of alcohol in the captain’s tissue. He also did not have adequate rest before the flight.
• Inadequate practices by Aeroflot-Nord in managing and operating the Boeing 737 aircraft.
• The aircraft had been flown for a long time with a throttle problem (Aviation Accident Database, 2008).

The presence of alcohol in the captains’ blood was determined as one of the leading factors Aeroflot’s 821 demise, along with other human factor issues, such as fatigue and inadequate training and other systematic errors, such as the engine throttling issue (Aviation Accident Database, 2008). A study undertaken by the federal aviation administration (FAA) found that 9% aviation incidents that occurred from 2000 to 2007 were alcohol related. 215 out of 2391 pilots of incidents that occurred during this time frame, had a history of alcohol offenses. Further study into toxicity levels found that 11% (23 of 215) of the pilots with previous offenses were found to have ethyl alcohol within their system prior to a fatal incident (FAA, 2008). For example, an investigation was undertaken by the FAA into the case of a 48-year-old male, who died after his Piper PA-24-180 aircraft colliding with the ground. Toxicity tests taken show that alcohol was present in the pilot system at concentrations of 0.054% in the blood, 0.106% in the vitreous, and 0.095% in the muscle (all being over the legal limit in America: 0.04%). “The NTSB determined a contributing factor in the incident to be the pilot’s impairment due to alcohol” (FAA, 2008). Many other cases were studied and found that most cases where the pilot had alcohol in their system, confusion and over-confidence in their piloting abilities lead to the crash.

This case study examined the role alcohol may have played in the crash of Aeroflot 821 at Perm International Airport on September 13, 2008. Studies of human factors in aviation have shown that alcohol influences the perception and behavior of a pilot. If a crew member has the presence of alcohol in their system, it is likely their reaction time performance, and overall physical capability will be adversely affected. This appeared to be the case for Aeroflot 821 where the captain had the presence of alcohol in his system during flight operations. As a result, of the positive BAC, the captain’s judgment appeared to have been impaired, resulting in complete spatial orientation. This case highlights the need for an effective alcohol risk management procedure (FRMS) and a special issuance (SI) program, along with focused training to ensure crew are fully aware of the impact of sleep inertia on performance, particularly decision making.

Based on the main findings of this case study, recommendations are proposed. First, as alcohol impairs alertness and performance, through the use of an effective alcohol risk management procedure (ARMP) and CRM training, aircrew should be trained to identify an UAS (Unsafe Aircraft State) when a flight crew member is intoxicated with alcohol and other drugs. Strict no alcohol parameters have been in-place in airlines for some time, though through ARMP and CRM training, the effective power distance is diminished and flight members can feel free to speak up if they believe someone is intoxicated. Through the use of ARMP and CRM pilots are able to identify the symptoms of heightened BAC both in themselves and others. Furthermore, a special issuance (SI) program should be implemented to monitor pilots suffering from alcohol dependence, to ensure a balance of safety and productivity in the aviation industry.

References

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5. Faa.gov. (2008). Alcohol-Related Aviation Accidents Involving Pilots with Previous Alcohol Offenses. [online] Available at: https://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oamtechreports/2000s/media/200822.pdf [Accessed 18 Sep. 2019]. In text: (FAA, 2008).
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7. Skybrary.aero. (2018). The Effects of Alcohol and Drugs on Pilot Performance – SKYbrary Aviation Safety. [online] Available at: https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/The_Effects_of_Alcohol_and_Drugs_on_Pilot_Performance [Accessed 18 Sep. 2019]. In text: (Skybrary, 2018).

When I was a sophomore, I got invited to go to a party with my friends during our Christmas break. We were all having a good time until an older male came and offered us a drink, and because we didn’t know what it was, we accepted it. As I took my first sip from the cup, I felt the bitter taste of the liquid flowing down my throat, causing me to throw up. I did some research the following morning and found out that alcohol has many disadvantages on the teenage body. Drinking alcohol while you’re still in high school can lead to health problems and drug addiction.

I think students in high school shouldn’t drink alcohol because it can lead to health problems. Alcohol is a depressant, which means that it slows down the function of the central nervous system. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 7.1 million young people between ages 12 and 20 reported that they have drunk alcohol in 2018. During this age range, the brain is still developing. By drinking alcohol, there is a significant impact on long-term thinking and memory skills. Elevated liver enzymes have also been found in some adolescents who drink alcohol. Drinking alcohol during puberty, a period when hormonal changes occur in adolescents, can affect the critical hormonal balance necessary for normal development of organs, muscles, and bones (‘Underage Drinking’). This means that the effects of alcohol on high school students between this age range can lead to mental and physical health problems, and it is not a laughing matter. These changes are permanent and must be taken seriously, especially if you don’t want other health problems to develop when you’re older.

Drinking alcohol can lead to alcoholism. Alcoholism is an addiction to the consumption of alcoholic liquor (‘Alcoholism’). Alcohol is the most commonly abused substance globally, including individuals under the age of 21. There are many reasons why teenagers in high school drink and some of these are: thinking it’s cool to drink, wanting to fit in, feeling pressured to drink, or even battling anxiety or depression (Murray). This means that the person may want to fit in with their friends by drinking. They may get influenced or pressured to drink because others around them are doing it. They may also be dealing with anxiety or depression and feel that their only solution is drinking. As the person grows older, their dependency on the drug may increase, and they may develop an addiction to the drug.

Many may argue that drinking is good for you. They may think drinking relieves boredom and stress, or it may make them feel happy for a short period of time because of the effects of the drug. They feel this way because the substance causes the brain to release high levels of chemicals associated with pleasure or reward (‘Addiction as a Disease’). They may also resort to drinking as an escape from the problems in their daily life. However, these shouldn’t be the reasons why you should drink. Drinking has negative effects on your body, and these changes are permanent. They are dangerous to your health especially because the brain is still developing at this time. You shouldn’t put your life in danger because it’s so important. Since drinking is so addictive, it may even lead to death. You may even encounter accidents such as car crashes, fights, and even death.

In conclusion, health problems and addiction can develop from drinking while you’re in high school. You shouldn’t feel pressured to drink. It is not the only solution to your problems in life. Drinking causes permanent damages to your mental and physical health. These can be grave and deadly, so don’t drink. Refraining from drinking will only benefit you and your body. These are reasons why you shouldn’t drink.

Alcohol is an organic substance that is chemically formed when the hydroxyl group is replaced with the hydrogen seed in the hydrocarbon compound, as indicated above. In addition to fermentation of sugars found in many varieties of potatoes and legumes such as corn, ethyl alcohol acts as a depressant of the central nervous system. It should also be noted that ethyl alcohol is used in the production of solutions that are used in medicine as antiseptics or preservatives, or in some medicines.

It has been proven that the majority of chronic diseases caused by drinking alcohol result from consuming it frequently and for long periods. Also, eating small quantities at intervals that lead to many risks also, and just as drinking alcohol results in many damages such as, Infection with any type of malignant cancer. Regular alcohol consumption increases the level of triglycerides in the blood, can contribute to a sudden increase in blood pressure, increased risk of sudden death for people with certain diseases of the heart vessels, infection with one of all types of stroke. People who drink alcohol feel chronic depression, and feel uncomfortable because they are used to those substances that go to the mind.

And after mentioning the harmful effects of alcohol, we will inquire about its benefits. Alcohol causes feelings of euphoria, warmth and heat when you consume quantities of it, due to the effect of these alcohols on the blood, reducing the incidence of heart disease, reducing the incidence of diabetes. And alcohol is used in medical matters to benefit human treatment.

There are some people who can control the consumption of alcoholic beverages by adhering to certain quantities that are considered few in addition to linking drinking alcohol to certain events such as celebrations or special gatherings. But on the other side, there are a lot of alcohol users who do not have the effective ability to control their drinking, and here the tragedy of alcoholism begins. Where the addict loses the ability to determine the amount of alcoholic drink he will drink and often drinks until he loses the ability to move and raise the cup to his mouth. The alcoholic drink for the addict is a daily or almost daily ritual, and he will feel a lot of turmoil if he refuses from it for compelling reasons, and he may end up giving up essential obligations in his life to obtain his daily share of alcohol.

Drunk driving has been proved to be one of the major causes of road accidents consuming thousands of lives. Driving under the influence of alcohol makes many people fail to obey the traffic rules accordingly or even fail to see the road signs at all. The large numbers of deaths resulting from drunk driving indicate the seriousness of the problem to society. However, despite the seriousness of the problem, there exists viable marketing solutions for Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW (RTA) that when implemented could result in lower frequency of alcohol-related accidents (Kubacki et al., 2015).

According to the research data above, the features of RTA’s target audience should be mostly men, who lived in a rural area, between 25 to 40 ages, may have a divorce issue, or people who families are split. The problem of driving under the influence of alcohol is closely related to all Drivers. Not only limited to the target audience. And also, it should be for people who are preparing to get a driver’s license in the future. So in order to reduce drink-driving, it is better for RTA to develop a series of advertising that circulates on TV or radio broadcasting. This media promotion can influence positive behavioral changes among the targeted audiences. It is an efficient tool for educating people about the risks associated with drinking and driving (Lee & Kotler, 2015).

When RTA creating an attention-grabbing advertisement, it requires knowledge in marketing or advertising, the development of specific objectives, communication of the message, stipulating a timeframe for implementation as well as an approach for evaluating this initiative (Who.int, 2007). In most cases, mass media campaigns have high social relevance to the targeted population. Individuals need to be persuaded for them to positively change their attitude of the behavioral component in such as drink driving is concerned. Persuasive public education through the use of media campaigns is one effective way of addressing such kind of issues since it is designed to reinforce the road safety advocacy so that the desired goal can be achieved among the targeted population. In carrying out such a media campaigns, the media is strongly used and marketing principles are also utilized (Kubacki et al., 2015).

Based on the theory of Elaboration likelihood model (ELM), (PPT) When RTA decided to create a series of ad, the final goal for RTA should be to influence cognitively based attitudes of the target audience successfully. People with a high or low effort should adopt completely different marketing strategies. Based on the target audience and most drivers in NSW, it is better for RTA to develop a credible communication source and strong arguments in the ads. Because they should consider that some drivers who have suffered accidents are not the first time for drunk driving. But after getting through many times of drunk driving, they became more and more careless and eventually, accidentally involved in an accident. This kind of target audience can be regarded as the audience who have a high effort on this problem. For them, they always leave the accident to chance and feel confident when they drive under alcohol. In this situation, RTA should consider central-route processing. For example, RTA can design an ad based on a real event and includes a narrator who has experienced a drunk driving accident but was eventually successfully rescued. And when we want to influence cognitively based attitudes when the effort is low, follow peripheral-route to persuasion. For example, designed advertising with a clear and straightforward message which can be impressive and easy for people to remember. And it is the key that RTA should repeat the advertising over and over in a period on TV or radio broadcasting, in order to let people keep in mind the seriousness of drunk driving. Moreover, use an emotional appeal of fear in the ad to create anxiety is also a way to make people remember the message. Besides, RTA should also develop ads with an emotional appeal of love in order to improve the sense of self-caring of the target audience. It can be a very different ad compare with the fear one, which intended to attract their interest and their attitudes become more positive toward the ad. Generally speaking, the goal for the series of ads is to raise customers’ awareness and improve attitude so that they truly realize the harmfulness of drunk driving behavior (Huang & Preston, 2004).

Every year loads of teens across America receive their license to drive and join the thousands of other people already traveling the roads. For teens, it is necessary that they understand the importance of driving safely as it is a huge responsibility that they are being trusted with. In order to ensure that teens are properly trained on how to handle themselves on the road, all teens have to go through some type of program, be it online classes, or a traditional classroom setting, before being allowed to legally drive a vehicle. Most of these new students learning how to drive are teens so the main goal for this program is to help teeangers from 15 to 22. With that in mind, teens need to take these classes seriously and learn about the right way to drive to make sure they understand all the laws involved with driving. Not only do they need to know that important information, but they also need to be wary of the dangers of driving. According to studies conducted by Driver Knowledge, there are an average of six million car accidents a year, a good amount of them involving drivers who were under the influence of alcohol at the time of the collision. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that “every day, 29 people in the United States die in motor vehicle crashes that involve an alcohol-impaired driver.” (CDC). Information like this brings to light the severity of problems like drunk driving out in the open and gets everyone looking. It has become more and more of an issue lately in the recent years, and with newer drivers joining the road each year, there comes a point where there needs to be a whole new look at how to solve these accidents caused by driving under the influence. The big solution this will be over is to help decrease the number of drunk driving collisions by increasing awareness through mandating drunk driving to be included in driver’s ed courses.

Context

There have been many different attempts at solving the issue with drunk driving. For example, the American Public Health Association had brought up the introduction of “[reducing] the legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit from 0.08 to 0.05.” (AJPH). They thought this would be a good solution “We concluded that BAC 0.05 laws are not only ethically defensible but desirable. States and Congress should work to promote them.” Yet the only problem that occurred with this solution was there seemed to be a restriction to liberty in their article: “Critics objected to these laws because they restrict individual liberty and fail to consider that individuals value social drinking.”(AJPH). When adding more restrictions to something that is never planned to be bad surely makes it seem the people of America have less freedom in simple things. Instead, the most logical solution of addressing the problem would to make it part of a new program, or add it to the already existing programs for driver’s education courses. By increasing awareness on the severity of the problem before the person even enters a vehicle, the number of damage drunk driving accidents occur each year will eventually become lower.

Another solution that was implemented was from the National Highway Traffic Safety Admissions where they applied ignition interlock requirements in 18 states and 32 did not require it. From the results they found some interesting information. “The adjusted rate of alcohol-involved crash deaths was 4.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.0, 5.4) per 100 000 in states with the universal interlock requirement, compared with 5.5 (95% CI = 5.48, 5.53) in states without, an absolute reduction of 0.8 (95% CI = 0.1, 1.5) deaths per 100 000 per year.” (AJPH) This all came to an interesting solution that it did help stop drunk driving but only a small percent was changed so this solution could still be implemented to the whole nation but will never be a big impact to stopping drunk driving.

Not only is there information about ways people have researched on finding solutions but researchers have found that some teens are now adding alcohol to energy drinks and making it worse when they are in a car and sometimes not even the driver. In an article in the journal “Substance Use & Misuse” called “High-Risk Driving Behaviors Among 12th Grade Students: Differences Between Alcohol-Only and Alcohol Mixed With Energy Drink Users” they did a study to find out teenagers in 12th grade that engaged AmED-use, which is alcohol mixed with energy drinks, and students that only used alcohol and found some interesting research, “12th grade AmED users were significantly more likely to be in a motor vehicle accident (p