Category: Alcohol

Nature has made lots of molecule and enzyme substrates which are important in various reaction paths.

Yeast alcohol dehydrogenase refers to a group of enzymes that are found in yeast and have a widespread application in the beer and wine industry where they facilitate the process of fermentation. Their basic functioning reaction involves the facilitation of conversion of alcohols to aldehydes or ketones and vice versa. This process is usually accompanied by a reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ to NADH). They are very important in the human and animal body functioning as they facilitate the breakdown of toxic alcohols into less toxic compounds and they also enhance the production of important metabolites that are used in various biosynthetic processes (Branden 1975, p.134).

Characteristically, alcohol dehydrogenases are a composition of several isozymes which catalyze the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones. Primary alcohols are oxidized into aldehydes while secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones. The process is more expressed in mammals as a redox reaction involving the reduction of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and the oxidation of the alcohol. Alcohol dehydrogenase is expressed as a dimer with a mass of 80kDa (Eklund et al., 1976).

The protein structure shows evidence of uneven distribution of the residual proteins. This is characteristically portrayed in arginine in the T-terminal half and tryptophan in the N-terminal half. The same is observed at a higher extent in other residues including cysteine, histidine, and proline. These residues are present in large amounts or rather are found as an over-expression in the N-terminal half (Rossmann 1975, p.78).

Yeast alcohol dehydrogenase has a structural zinc site where the zinc ion plays a vital role in fortifying protein stability. These structural sites are revealed in crystallographic structures by classical molecular techniques and quantum chemistry. The structure portrays four Cysteine ligands which are found in close proximity to each other. They include Cys97, Cys100, Cys103 and Cys111. These ligands are located around the zinc ion in asymmetric tetrahedron orientation. This arrangement is enhanced by electrostatic forces and additional covalence binding forces.

It has also been shown that the protein has non-random sequence patterns. In yeast alcohol dehydrogenase, approximately 60 percent of all valine residues are located adjacent to other branched-chain residues and this usually occurs at five different positions, Val-Val or Val-Val-Val. Other repetitive residuals are also seen to occur with many triple-residual sequences being similar. In this regard, the following identical sequences are common : 21-23 and 225-227; 35-37 and 243-245; 36-38 and 78-80; 45-47 and 143-145; 72-74, (319)-(321) and (337)-(339); 88-90 and 154-156;127-129and188-190;133-135and186-188;202-204 and 214-216; 227-229 and (290)-(292).

It can also be identified that in some regions of the protein, the structure is defined by some small residues or proline that is, at positions 24-28 and 55-61. Also, hydrophobic regions are evident in the structure of yeast dehydrogenase. Long segments which occur without any charged residues occur and can be seen at positions 172-190, 261-274 and at positions 287-297. This orientation of small residues and proline is particularly important during the unfolding process. The same has also been attributed to the tertiary structure that the protein may at times be seen to assume. The presence of glycine and some repetitive structures are particularly important in determining the evolutionary relationships between different proteins. The presence of hydrophobic areas in the protein is the reason why some portions of this protein are insoluble in water. When the protein is digested by staphylococcal protease, the resulting large precipitates of trypsin that correspond to regions 261-298 of the protein are completely insoluble in water. It is for this reason that the T8 forms a precipitate in tubes after its consequent separation through exclusion chromatography. (Branden 1975, p.134).

These hydrophobic areas are important as they may explain other properties that may be associated with the protein. They are especially important in defining the nature of the physicochemical properties of the yeast dehydrogenase enzyme. Gel electrophoresis of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase and horse alcohol dehydrogenase suggests that the carboxy-methylated subunits of the horse protein are slightly small than those of the yeast protein. This is completely contrary to what is provided by native protein sequences that suggest the opposite. The results of gel electrophoresis have been strengthened by the fact that isolated subunits through maleylation show similar evidence. This particular characteristic has been attributed to reversals that occur due to differences in the distribution of hydrophobic residues in these two enzymes. These differences have also been said to be related to the quaternary structure and thus to subunit interactions (Veillon, 1975)

From the mentioned differences, it has been concluded that the yeast alcohol dehydrogenase can bind more sodium dedocylsulphate. It has also been said that different quaternary structures affect the method of determining the relative molecular weights of the monomers (Rossmann 1975, p.78).

References

Branden, C.-I., Jornvall, H., Eklund, H. & Furugren, B., 1975. Alcohol Dehydrogense, New York: Academic Press.

Eklund, H., Branden, C.-I. & Jornvall, H., 1976. Alcohol Dehydrogenase, Journal of Molecular Biology.

Jornvall, H. ,1973. Differences between Alcohol Dehydrogenases. PNAS

Jornvall, H., 1974. Alcohol and Aldehyde Metabolizing Systems, New York: Academic Press.

Leskovac, V.; Trivic, S.; Peri
in, D., 2002. The three zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenases from bakers yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, FEMS Yeast Research 2.

Rossmann et al., 1975. Structure of Alcohol Dehydrogenase,New York: Academic Press.

Sund, H. & Theorell, H., 1963. Alcohol Dehydrogenase, New York: Academic press.

Veillon, C. & Sytkowski, A. J., 1975. The Intrinsic Zinc Atoms of Yeast Alcohol Dehydrogenase, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2010), 11% of alcohol consumed in the USA is drunk by adolescents, and 90% of it is consumed in the form of binge drinking. The main idea of this paper is to define five approaches to qualitative research, analyze them and develop a research problem, research purpose, and research questions. Creswell (2007) has managed to distinguish between narrative research, phenomenological research, grounded theory research, ethnographic research, and case study research depending on the research questions and the purposes of the research. These approaches to the quantitative research may be applied to different aspects of our study devoted to the consideration of the level of alcohol consumption among adolescents aged 12-16 in the West Indies.

Narrative research is used for describing the results of individual discussions or an interview with several people. The main idea of this approach is to collect necessary information for each subject and analyze it. Polkinghornes (1995) analysis of narratives should be used for the following research question, what are the main reasons for alcohol consumption of students aged 12-16 in the West Indian public school according to their personal point of view are. Being aimed at analyzing the information considered from individual communications, we are going to apply this method for understanding the personal reasons of those who consume alcohol at age of 12-16. The narrative approach to qualitative research is used in this case because of the peculiarities of the method. To understand the personal reasons for alcohol consumption, it is not enough to make students fulfill the questionnaire. Detailed and passionate discussion should be led. Personal diaries or the parts from those diaries related to the alcohol consumption problem may be used as the documentation for analysis. Only on the basis of this documentation and detailed interviews, a researcher can make the analysis of the gathered information to meet the stated purposes. Having chosen this approach to the research, a researcher should pay much attention to the situation of the individual stories within participants personal experiences (their jobs, their homes), their culture (racial or ethnic), and their historical contexts (time and place) (Creswell, 2007, p. 238).

Phenomenological research is aimed at considering the experience of each student separately without using generalizations. Therefore, using this approach for qualitative research, we are going to show that many students aged 12-16 in West Indies have problems with alcohol on the basis of the individual study. The research question should sound as follows, whether alcohol consumption is a significant problem for students aged 12-16 in the West Indian public school or not. This approach for qualitative research is taken because it helps understand the spread of the phenomenon. The main purpose of the research is to develop strategies or policies on the basis of the received information. Phenomenological research helps gather many specific answers to the most problematic issues. It is significant to ask only those who have experience in the researched problems. Therefore, we are going to refer only to students aged 12-16 who have problems with alcohol, in opposition to the narrative approach where other people related to the subjects could be used as the interviewees. The phenomenal approach is an ideal method for discussion of the problem of alcohol consumption as it has already been stated that it is directed at individuals. The possibility to consider the problems each adolescent has may help the researchers to create the general picture of the problem, get some particular reasons and barriers adolescents face and develop a strategy for battling those barriers. A phenomenological approach to qualitative research may be used as the basis for grounded research devoted to the identification of the reasons for adolescents alcohol consumption in the West Indies.

Grounded theory research is aimed at generalizing the research results and may be used for discussion in the groups of many people (Clarke, 2005). Using the grounded application to qualitative research, we may interview those adolescents aged 12-16 in West Indian public schools who consume alcohol regularly. It may be informative for understanding the reasons for alcohol consumption and the spread of the problem. Thus, it is important to interview students aged 12-16 in West Indies about the reasons, situations and the consequences of alcohol consumption from their personal point of view and to offer the results which may be applied to other regions due to the similarity of the problems after a thorough analysis of the data. Therefore, the solution to the problem may be offered on the basis of this data. The purpose of this research is to understand the reasons for adolescents alcohol consumption in West Indies and to create a program for combating the problem. The peculiarity of the grounded research is that the researchers select the most frequently used answers and use those for modeling the situations.

We are going to consider the problem of alcohol consumption among adolescents aged 12-16 in the West Indies. The ethnographic approach to qualitative research may be chosen for consideration as the issues discussed within this framework perfectly fit the purpose of our study. Beliefs and behaviors of the ethnic group, their power and domination perfectly fit the problem of the reasons for alcohol consumption among adolescents aged 12-16. The main research question we are going to consider is based on the seriousness of the alcohol consumption of youths aged 12-16 in the West Indian public schools. Having chosen the ethnographic approach to the qualitative research, we are going to focus on collecting data concerning age, sex, religion, level of education, and family problems which may impact the increase of alcohol consumption among students aged 12-16 in the chosen region. Ethnological research perfectly fits the purpose of the research as considering the relationship between social and environmental factors and alcohol drinking of students aged 12-16 in the West Indian public school we are eager to understand the reasons for consuming alcohol and to develop the strategies for reducing the level of the disaster with the further elimination of the problem. Having chosen the ethnological approach to quantitative research, we are going to refer to realist ethnography as the most objective type of research with the reference to participants views (Van Maanen, 1988).

Case study application for qualitative research is research that is based on the experimental situation considered within a bounded system. According to Creswell (2007) case study research is a case or a number of cases that last for some time and the data is collected by means of involving multiple sources of information. Having chosen the case study methodology for our research, we are going to consider the following research question: what is the relation between social and environmental factors and alcohol drinking of students aged 12-16 in the West Indian public schools? The subjects of the research should be offered specific conditions, they are to be provided with the cases they are to follow. Additionally, it is important to predict the level of the relation between social and environmental factors and alcohol drinking of students aged 12-16 in the West Indian public schools. When using the case study research type, it is important to refer to many different sources of information which should be gathered and analyzed applying to the case under discussion. The main purpose of this application is to check the hypothesis applied to practical experiments.

Therefore, it should be concluded that the various purposes of the study require many specific approaches to quantitative research. As it has already been stated, the choice of the research method depends directly on the purposes of the research and the research questions which are going to be considered. Therefore, having set the research purposes and having defined the research questions it is possible to select the most appropriate method which may help draw the fullest conclusions and create an appropriate program, policy or standard aimed at solving the problem of the research. Each of the five approaches to qualitative research may be used for considering the reasons for alcohol consumption of adolescents aged 12-16 in the West Indian public schools depending on the stress of the purposes and research questions. The means for gaining the desired result may be also taken into account.

Reference List

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). Alcohol and Public Health. Web.

Clarke, A. E. (2005). Situational analysis: Grounded theory after the postmodern turn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design: choosing among five approaches. New York: Sage Publications.

Polkinghorne, D. (1995). Narrative configuration in qualitative analysis. Qualitative Studies in Education, 8, pp. 523.

van Maanen, J. (1988). Tales of the Field. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Introduction

The destructiveness of alcohol has been proven by multiple studies for the past decades. The damaging effect this substance has on people is immense, and sometimes the outcomes are fatal. Not only is it a devastating impact on ones physical health, but also mental performance and cognitive skills. Having completed an educational workshop dedicated to the topic of alcohol consumption, I have received several vital insights.

Discussion

Alcohol is the most popular and affordable drug on the planet. The toxic effect is manifested by gross problems in the brains work. In particular, depending on the individual characteristics of the body and the dose of alcohol, people may experience increased aggressiveness, problems with orientation in space, memory lapses, sexual preoccupation, or depression. This fact made me realize that the majority of individuals consuming rubber-based drinks are not in control of themselves, and their cognition slows down due to drinking too much. As a consequence, even when sober, a person becomes unable to control and express their own emotions fully. Therefore, I realized that after a party night, everyone is hyped up as their neurons are still susceptible to alcohol.

Conclusion

Having listened to substance abuse and recovery services providers, I was petrified to find out that 99% of the population is affected by alcohol recovery at least once in a lifetime, while the total recovery comes only in a few weeks. The specialists demonstrated the cases of severe consumption and the outcomes it leads to. Since then, my attitude to alcohol has altered towards keeping sobriety. The only way to consume alcohol wisely is to reduce the dosage to one glass of wine and sip it slowly to savor the fruitiness of the drink.

Alcohol consumption is a widespread and often controversial in many countries, including the United States. Earl Rochester suggests a national system of licensing to combat this public health crisis in his proposal. In this essay, I will evaluate Rochesters argument and discuss the extent to which I agree or disagree with his analysis, providing reasons and examples from my own experience, observations, or readings. I will also discuss counterarguments and refute them to provide a well-rounded perspective.

Earl Rochester argues that a large portion of American adolescents and adults drink alcohol, and a significant portion of them become alcoholics or problematic drinkers, leading to a major public health crisis. He suggests fighting this problem by implementing a national system of licensing for alcohol consumption, where applicants would have to study a manual on alcohol and the law and pass a written test before receiving a drinking license.

I partially agree with Rochesters analysis. Implementing a licensing system for alcohol consumption could be one way to reduce the number of problematic drinkers, as it would require education on the responsible use of alcohol. However, there are several potential drawbacks to this approach.

Firstly, this licensing system may require more work to enforce. It would need significant resources to monitor and create the restrictions on alcohol sales to unlicensed drinkers, and the penalties for violations may need to be severe enough to deter these types of sales. Additionally, those who are determined to abuse alcohol may obtain it through illegal means, bypassing the licensing system entirely. For example, research has shown that simply reducing the availability of alcohol is not necessarily effective in reducing harm (Degenhardt et al.). Additionally, the enforcement of the licensing system and the penalties for violations may not be sufficient to deter problematic drinking.

Secondly, the licensing system may also be seen as intrusive and paternalistic, infringing on the rights of individuals to make their own choices about alcohol consumption. It could also perpetuate the idea that alcohol is a dangerous substance that requires government control rather than promoting responsible use (Duffy, 2). Finally, this licensing system may not address the root causes of problematic drinking, such as mental health issues or poverty, and may punish those who struggle with addiction rather than provide them with the support they need.

One counterargument to Rochesters proposal is that it would infringe on individual rights and freedoms. It is arguable that individuals should be able to make their own choices about alcohol consumption without government intervention. Additionally, implementing a licensing system could be seen as an excessive government regulation that would burden individuals and businesses. Another counterargument is that the licensing system may not be effective in reducing problematic drinking. Additionally, the enforcement of the licensing system and the penalties for violations may be difficult to enforce and may not have an impact on problematic drinking.

However, this counterargument can be refuted by considering the deterrent effect of the licensing system and the penalties for violations. While it may not be perfect, the licensing system could still contribute to a reduction in problematic drinking. Additionally, the enforcement of the licensing system and the penalties for violations could be improved over time to increase their effectiveness.

In conclusion, while Earl Rochesters proposal has some merits, it is not a complete solution to the problem of problematic drinking. Instead, a multi-faceted approach that addresses the underlying causes of problematic drinking, along with education and support for those who struggle with addiction, would be a more effective way to reduce the harm caused by alcohol. While it may have some benefits in terms of education and responsible alcohol use, there are also potential drawbacks and limitations to this approach. A more comprehensive solution that addresses the root causes of problematic drinking, provides support for those struggling with addiction and promotes responsible use through education is likely to be more effective in reducing the harm caused by excessive alcohol consumption.

Works Cited

Degenhardt, Louisa, et al. Global Patterns of Opioid Use and Dependence: Harms to Populations, Interventions, and Future Action. Lancet (London, England), vol. 394, no. 10208, 2019, pp. 156079, Web..

Duffy, Robert. Alcoholism: The Essential Guide. Bx Plans Ltd, 2019.

A number of investigations conducted to define what prevents people from having happy and healthy lives. Money, drugs, unemployment& Each issue has its own value and effect. However, David Nutt admits that the idea of alcohol is missed in this list. The representatives of the government failed to define that true danger for human lives was connected with alcohol but not with various illicit drugs (Boseley 2010). To succeed in improving the living conditions and understanding the threat of alcohol, it is crucially important to focus more attention on alcohol and its spread. There are so many interesting aspects in human life, and people are free to use any beauty. Still, people choose the worst and the most dangerous ideas even without considering what harm they could produce to themselves.

Why is there still a necessity to litter the world with such harmful things like alcohol or drugs? What can be done to improve the situation and define the essence? Students could give answers to the questions or, at least, throw light on alcohol and the reasons of its use.

Alcohol is one of the most dangerous drinks which are available for people. The vast majority of citizens in any country are eager to spend money and neglect their health to enjoy the amenities of alcoholic state. So, why do many people prefer to drink? One of the first stages when people make decisions to use alcohol is observed in student hostels. Young people get chances to live far from their parents and do everything they find interesting. One of the British hostels citizens, Cameron Smith, admits that his first attempt to try alcohol was at the first days of his college life. Actually, there were no special reasons to get drunk, still, there was a kind of interest to taste an adult independent life.

Young students who cannot define the priorities of college life make numerous mistakes when they choose to try something bad but still available instead of waiting for something better but not available right at this moment. Students are still weak to find some reasonable solutions but able to make some fast decisions. For example, to find new friends and enjoy their college life, students prefer to visit some night clubs or parties where the impact of alcohol promotes communication and freedom.

In fact, it was hard to understand when it was better to stop, this is why all students decided to drink as long as the opportunities allowed, Cameron said. The first alcohol experience is not as successful as it could seem: some students are bothered with the outcomes of drinking. The outcomes are probably one of the most unpredictable sides of alcohol usage as they can be observed in the mornings only: terrible headache, giddiness, the desire to drink again because the feeling of hangover is overwhelming, the necessity to remember what has happened yesterday because you can hardly realize where you are and what you are doing in here.

Though Camerons first alcohol experience was not successful, it was not convincing enough to understand how terrible alcohol use is. It is the threat number one: alcohol does not seem to be dangerous for people, this is why they do not find it necessary to stop drinking. Cameron agrees that the vast majority of his friends like drinking just to hang out, spend some time together, and enjoy communications which they can develop. Another terrible truth discovered by Cameron was connected with the way of how he befriended with people. He explains that he managed to find his friends at the alcohol parties when the borders between what is allowed and what is forbidden are destroyed.

Many students and adults truly believe that the use of some low-alcohol beverages like Cafe Royal, Bellini, or beer promotes less harm. This decision is wrong and dangerous. Alcohol dependence and outcomes are the same for those who drink vodka, brandy, or beer. The actual decision that has to be made lies in the evaluation whether it is necessary to drink and what the volume of beverage could be.

Nowadays, Cameron finds it appropriate to drink some beer to take a rest, enjoy the company, and have good mood. Of course, there are some situations when the use of alcohol is obligatory for a person to decrease pain, forget something or someone, and make yourself unable to do something more harmful, tells Cameron. One of Camerons friends had to face a terrible loss in his life. One of his close relatives fell ill with cancer that could not be treated anymore.

There were no chances to save this life, and the only decision to be made was to wait and believe. It was very important for him to be strong and to be confident in every single word pronounced. Still, it was so hard to cope with pain that fulfilled the body and the mind. Some portion of drinks made his friend forget about the danger, believe that something good could happen, and help other family members become stronger. Though it is hard to justify the decision made, Cameron thinks that it is better to get drunk instead of get into tears and curse everything around including destiny.

Of course, it is hard to control the use of alcohol specially if you are a 20-years old student who wants to try as many things as possible in this life. One of the biggest alcohol threats is that people cannot say NO to stop alcohol use. Camerons experience shows how various the reasons to start drinking are, and even if some of them could be justified, there is no right to believe that alcohol contains something good. People cannot admit that they are under the power of alcohol. They prefer to believe that they can control everything, still, it is alcohol that controls human lives.

To solve the problems which are raised because of alcohol, it is necessary to attract the attention of the government and make each representative believe how dangerous alcohol could be. Only in case some steps are taken by the government, it is possible to explain citizens the threats of alcohol drinks and blind alcoholic dependence of the vast majority of people. And now, it is time to underline the most crucial point connected with alcohol and human fast decisions. Alcohol has a variety of face, and people cannot even guess how they can be dependent on alcohol. It is a kind of evil fate that people themselves produce alcohol to make themselves dependent, less protected, and weak in the face of truth and dependency.

Reference List

Boseley, S 2010, Alcohol More Harmful Than Heroin or Crack, The Guardian. Web.

Introduction

Alcohol use can increase our risk of suffering minor and significant mishaps, including slips and falls, drowning, poisoning, and other unintended injuries. In reality, accidental damage accounts for slightly under one-third (29%) of all alcohol-related fatalities (World Health Organization). Alcohol is a depressive; it slows the brain and impacts how the body reacts. Alcohol also slows inhibition-related brain activity, making it less likely that any warning signs that could activate if a person were sober would be effective. Accidents are more likely to occur after one very intense drinking session that leaves a person intoxicated and impaired, such as when someone is drunk and unable to respond or perform as they would while sober. This essay, therefore, discusses who should be held accountable for the accidents resulting from overconsumption of alcohol by a customer served at a club, bar, or restaurant.

Parties Involved

Numerous institutions, including government agencies, for-profit organizations, and NGOs, are devoted to improving public knowledge of alcoholism and its effects. Each one has contributed significantly to the development and comprehension of disorders related to alcohol use, such as alcohol addiction, as a medical disorder, and assisted in the identification of the various therapies and drugs currently available for use in the treatment of alcohol-dependent people. The National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) is a well-regarded resource for alcohol research. The NIAAA, one of the 27 institutions that make up the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the U.S., has been financing and carrying out studies on the effects of alcohol on health and well-being for over 40 years (Solomon). In actuality, the group contributes the most funds to alcohol research worldwide. Its primary objectives include epidemiological and genetic study emphasizing the treatment, prevention, and understanding of addiction, as well as disseminating the findings of global alcohol research to the general public, decision-makers, and other interested parties.

Additionally, The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Inc. (NCADD) is a group that supports people who are attempting to recover from alcoholism or another drug misuse issue. In addition to connecting individuals in need to local options where they may receive the in-person treatment required to beat alcoholism and addiction, NCADD provides those in need with access to the knowledge they need. They operate under the tenet that they can heal all alcoholics and that alcohol recovery programs can help alcoholics get sober and have whole happy lives.

Scale and Scope of the Issue

Alcohol is a psychoactive drug with addictive qualities that has been used for ages in many cultures. Alcohol abuse has severe social and economic repercussions and a high illness burden. Alcohol abuse can hurt not just oneself but also friends, family, coworkers, and strangers. More than 200 illnesses, injuries, and other health issues are caused by alcohol use (Ishmael et al. 18). Alcohol consumption is linked to an increased risk of non-communicable severe illnesses such as liver cirrhosis, several malignancies, cardiovascular diseases as well as mental and behavioral disorders, and alcohol dependency. Unintentional and intentional injuries, such as those caused by car accidents, acts of violence, and suicide, account for a sizable amount of the disease burden linked to alcohol intake. Younger age groups are likely to experience fatal alcohol-related injuries. There is evidence linking problematic drinking to the occurrence or consequences of infectious illnesses, including HIV/AIDS and T.B. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), and pre-term birth issues can arise from a pregnant woman drinking alcohol.

Relevant Issues

While the entertainment business is seeing an explosion of ground-breaking innovation, it is crucial that the sector not lose sight of the risks connected with what is, after all, an intoxicating substance. It is presently unlawful in several nations, including the U.K., the U.S., and Australia, to sell alcohol to intoxicated and, conversely, to purchase an alcoholic beverage for someone you know to be intoxicated (Hamilton et al. 754). Numerous high-profile tragedies involving the alleged over-serving of alcohol have made headlines recently, some of which have had disastrous outcomes. According to media reports, bartenders are frequently held accountable for these intoxications, for which the restaurant may face heavy penalties and revoke its operating license.

In the US, Alcohol-related regulations are not federal; they are local and differ significantly between areas. A business is at risk if it does not control the commercial sale of alcohol since it exposes itself to more criminal and legal liabilities. The Dram Shop Act, for instance, is in force in 38 states (Hamilton et al. 760). The Dram Shop Act may enable third parties or others to seek compensation for losses brought on by claimed excessive alcohol service. In addition to Dram, certain states permit the prosecution of servers on criminal charges when it harms people or property. Failure to abide by your businesss relevant rules and regulations may incur penalties such as fines, imprisonment, license revocation, and negative publicity.

Tactics and Strategies

Partnerships and public health advocacy are required to reduce the accidents associated with alcohol intoxication. According to Witkiewitz et al., partnerships and international public health advocacy are required to increase the commitment and capacity of governments and other relevant parties at all levels to reduce the harmful use of alcohol globally. In most countries, the government uses enhanced capacity and competence to develop, uphold, and implement the required policy and legal frameworks. By creating long-term processes and supplying the essential technical tools and normative direction for efficient technical support and capacity-building, it assures support for national action.

Monitoring changes in alcohol use, alcohol-related damage, and social reactions, analyzing this data, and allowing timely distribution are essential areas for worldwide action. The amount of information that is currently known about the extent of harmful alcohol use, the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of preventive and treatment interventions, information on the epidemiology and the effects on economic and social development, and the spread of infectious diseases in developing and low- and middle-income countries, should all be systematically expanded and consolidated at the global level.

Consequently, the general level of hazardous alcohol consumption can be decreased by public health methods that aim to control the commercial or public supply of alcohol through laws, rules, and programs. Such tactics offer crucial defenses against vulnerable and high-risk groups simple access to alcohol. Alcohol availability on the market and in the general population can reciprocally affect each other, affecting social and cultural norms that support hazardous alcohol consumption (Maani & Petticrew 93). The degree of control over alcohol supply will be determined by local conditions, including cultural, social, and economic factors, as well as by currently in force international responsibilities.

Outside Influences

The outside factors that influence vulnerability to alcohol intoxication that might result in accidents include genetics, gender, lifestyle and diet, exposure to medications and toxins in the environment, and co-morbidities. Variations influence the individuals reaction to alcohol consumption and illness consequences in the genes that encode the metabolic pathways for triglycerides or alcohol, as well as a variety of additional genes that may be implicated in the pathogenesis or protection against alcohol-induced toxicity (Maani & Petticrew 96). Additionally, alcohol misuse-related morbidity and mortality are also influenced by dietary variables, including excessive drinking habits, fat intake, lifestyle choices like drug abuse, smoking, and environmental factors

Ethical Viewpoint

Justice as a concept presupposes fairness and equality. It implies that the law will treat all parties fairly and give them a fair share of judgment if an accident results from excessive alcohol consumption. Both an individual level and a more general social level are affected by this idea.

Consequently, many nations have passed laws allowing for prosecution and civil actions against commercial enterprises that offer alcohol to people who are inebriated or children to guarantee that bars, clubs, and restaurants are treated fairly. Businesses may be particularly susceptible to the legal repercussions of providing excessive customer service. While bartenders can be especially helpful in reducing the harm that an intoxicated individual may inflict by cutting them, they might also be held accountable for overserving and face legal and civil penalties.

The Success of the Resolution

From the Resolution, if a bartender keeps bringing drinks to a patron who is blatantly intoxicated to the point where they might endanger themselves or others, the establishment may be held accountable for overserving. A bartender should decide to cease supplying beverages to a patron if, for instance, they are speaking slurred, seeming bewildered, or having problems getting up and moving around. If the bartender keeps serving that individual alcohol, they deliberately raise the risk of an accident, particularly if the customer intends to drive home from the bar.

Furthermore, if one thinks the bar staff should be held accountable for an accident resulting from overserving a customer, it might be challenging to establish who was to blame. Bartenders may claim that they only gave a couple of drinks but that the customer had already been drinking, was hungry, or had a low alcohol tolerance. The bar will probably not be held responsible for any accidents or injuries caused by a patrons intoxication if the personnel can show that they could not have been expected to know that person was intoxicated.

Proposed Plan

The initiatives listed below involve plans to prevent alcohol problems, restrict access to alcohol, increase alcohol taxation, and forbid serving alcohol to intoxicated customers. First, it makes sense to assume that restricting alcohol availability would lead to less drinking, leading to fewer alcohol-related issues. Despite lifting Prohibition, states still have the authority to control how alcohol is sold. Second, regulation of the sale and service of alcohol by laws and policies. These policies include selling alcohol and educating alcohol servers, usually created by bar and restaurant owners.

In conclusion, accidents that occur outside drinking establishments must be the responsibility of the involved party. It is by virtue that individuals are allowed to drink in a bar or any alcohol outlet. The individual is responsible for accidents or destruction after leaving the drinking place. Bartenders and other bar personnel are not to be held accountable for anything outside the drinking place. Several issues related to negotiations surrounding alcohol abuse should be approached with appropriate strategies that ensure fairness and justice to satisfy all parties involved.

Works Cited

Hamilton, K., Keech, J. J., Peden, A. E., & Hagger, M. S. (2018). Alcohol use, aquatic injury, and unintentional drowning: A systematic literature review. Drug and Alcohol Review, 37(6), 752773. Web.

Ishmael, Chad R., et al. An Early Look at Operative Orthopaedic Injuries Associated With Electric Scooter Accidents. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, vol. 102, no. 5, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), 2019, p. e18. Web.

Maani Hessari, N., and M. Petticrew. What does the alcohol industry mean by Responsible drinking? A comparative analysis. Journal of Public Health 40.1 (2018): 90-97. Web.

Solomon, Carl. Is a Restaurant or Bar Responsible for Its Drunk Customers? Solomon Law Group, 2018, Web.

Witkiewitz, K., R. Z. Litten, and L. Leggio. Advances in the science and treatment of alcohol use disorder. Science advances 5.9 (2019): eaax4043. Web.

World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. World Health Organization, 2019.

Drinking and Driving Essay: Abstract

Driving under the influence of alcohol is a common practice in all countries where alcohol consumption is legal. This behavior has emerged as an important issue affecting road safety over the past few decades. This free drinking and driving essay discusses the issue of drunk driving and its effects. It begins by highlighting how drinking impairs the driver, therefore making him unfit to drive. Further, this Dangers of Drinking and Driving essay shows how drink driving leads to road accidents that may result in fatalities. It also has a negative economic impact on the individual and the country as a whole. The drunk driving essay proposes public awareness campaigns and clear laws and penalties for drunk driving as solutions to the problem of driving under the influence.

Drunk Driving Essay: Introduction

Driving under the influence of alcohol has emerged as an important issue affecting road safety over the past few decades. Approximately one of our every five driver in the US involved in a fatal accident is found to have some alcohol concentration in his/her blood (Yadav & Miwako, 2015). In spite of the obvious danger that drink-driving poses, people continue to engage in the dangerous habit of drinking while under the influence.

Wolff (2013) notes that drink-drivers continue to drive even when they have very high Blood Alcohol Concentration levels. This behavior exposes more people to the risks associated with a DUI. This paper will discuss the issue of driving under the influence of alcohol with a focus on the effects of alcohol on the driver, the effects of drink-driving and how drink-driving can be stopped.

Effects of Drinking and Driving: Essay Body

Alcohol is an enjoyable substance that serves an important role in the society. People use it for enjoyment purposes and it is often consumed to help in relaxation and in celebrations. However, this substance has many toxic effects on the consumer. It might lead to intoxication and reduce the ability of an individual to reason properly. The WHO (2015) documents that alcohol leads to impairment by either depressing or stimulating the brain. The negative effects of alcohol on a driver increase with the increased consumption of alcohol. Wolff (2013) reports that there is a clear relationship between increasing alcohol consumption and risk of a road traffic accident (p.42). This has some significant implications for a driver.

Alcohol consumption can cause the person to make poor judgment on various road related issues such as sticking to the speed limit. Sonja (2006) reveals that most of the individuals charged with drink driving are not even aware that their BAC is above the legally accepted level.

They feel sober and are unaware that the alcohol will have an adverse effect on their driving. Alcohol also increases the reaction time of the driver causing him to take more time to engage in various driving operations such as braking or turning to avoid hitting an object. The visual sharpness of the driver is also decreased and his/her vision is poorer than that of drivers who have not consumed alcohol. Drunk drivers often drive at high speeds due to the poor judgment caused by alcohol and they are likely to run off the road or crash into fixed roadside objects.

Dangers of Drinking and Driving: Essay Body

The most devastating effect of driving under the influence of alcohol is that it increases the risk of being involved in a fatal car crash. A report by the World Health Organization (2015) acknowledges that driving while drunk is an important factor influencing the risk of a road traffic crash in all countries that allow alcohol consumption. People who drive while under the influence of alcohol have a significantly higher risk of being involved in a road accident than sober drivers. Research indicates that in developed countries, including the US, over 20% of drivers who die in car crashes have excess alcohol in their blood (WHO, 2015). Drinking while under the influence has a worse impact on the road safety of low-income and middle-income countries. Yadav and Miwako (2015) document that 33-69% of fatally injured drivers in these countries have some alcohol content in their blood.

The accidents caused by drivers who were on the road while under the influence of alcohol also have an economic impact. The loss of life causes the country to lose valuable taxpayers. In case a person survives the crash, high medical costs might be incurred. The crashes also lead to the damage of property, including the vehicle involved in the accident. The WHO (2015) estimates that drink-driving crashes in the US cost the country $1.1 billion each year. Countries therefore incur significant financial losses due to drunk driving.

Essay on Drunk Driving: How to Stop the Issue

Considering the significant negative effect of driving while under the influence of alcohol, it would be important to come up with ways to reduce incidents of driving under the influence. Drunk driving can be reduced by increasing public awareness on the dangers of this habit. In most societies, alcohol consumption is a socially acceptable behavior. Campaign efforts should be engaged in to show the public why drinking under the influence is an anti-social behavior that should be avoided. Public awareness can be raised using mass media campaigns. According to Yadav and Miwako (2015), media campaign that emphasized the consequences of alcohol-induced driving led to a significant decrease in the number of alcohol-related road accident.

The government should come up with laws that clearly define what level of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is illegal and the penalties to be imposed on drivers who are drunk. Most drunk drivers engage in this behavior since the consequences are not severe enough to serve as a deterrent (Kimler & Humphreys, 2013). Law enforcement officers should be vigilant in identifying and arresting individuals engaged in drunk driving.

At the same time, the legal system should be swift to enforce penalties on people charged with DUI. In addition to this, police should maintain high visibility enforcement of drink-driving laws to deter offenders. Research by Sonja (2006) indicated that when drivers perceived the chance of being stopped by the police and charged for DUI as being very small, they were likely to continue driving while under the influence. However, when the drivers are aware that the law enforcement system is strict and dedicated to imposing heavy penalties for drunk driving, they are less likely to engage in this activity.

Implementing these measures will lead to a decrease in the number of people driving under the influence. This will have a positive impact on road safety. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011) declares that the deaths caused by drink driving are preventable. By keeping drunk drivers off the roads, these deaths can be stopped and the safety of millions guaranteed annually.

Drunk Driving Essay: Conclusion

This paper set out to discuss driving under the influence of alcohol, its effects and how this risky behavior can be stopped. The paper began by noting that alcohol drinking is a socially acceptable habit that has some positive benefits. However, drinking has some effects on the individual. The paper has shown that drinking renders the individual unfit to drive. Drinking under the influence increases the risk of engaging in a road accident and this can lead to fatalities. Road accidents caused by drink drivers have a negative impact on the economy of the country. Safety conscious people should therefore avoid drinking while under the influence and encourage their friends to avoid this risky behavior.

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Policy Impact: Alcohol Impaired Driving. Web.

Kimler, B., & Humphreys, K. (2013). Losing Your License to Drink: The Radical South Dakota Approach to Heavy Drinkers Who Threaten Public Safety. Brown Journal of World Affairs, 20(1), 267-279. Web.

Sonja, F. (2006). Motives behind risky driving  driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs.

Wolff, K. (2013). Driving under the influence of drugs. London: Her Majestys Stationery Office. Web.

World Health Organization (WHO). (2015). Why is a drinking and driving programme necessary? Web.

Yadav, R., & Miwako, K. (2015). A systematic review: effectiveness of mass media campaigns for reducing alcohol-impaired driving and alcohol-related crashes. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1-17. Web.

Abstract

This laboratory report examines the relationship between environmental parameters and ethanol yield as a product of yeast metabolic fermentation. Yeast is microscopic fungi that produce alcohol from glucose under the influence of enzymes. This is an essential biochemical reaction that is often used in science, industry and cooking because the ethanol produced has valuable properties for communities. In addition, the product ethanol is a pure substance of natural origin, for which reason it is often referred to as bioethanol. In the present virtual experiment conducted in a Labster environment, variables such as temperature, pH, stirrer, and airflow were manipulated to investigate their ultimate effect on alcohol yield.

The fermentation process took place in a nitrogen atmosphere. It was shown that the yeast was very sensitive to changes in pH, as its decrease or increase resulted in a lack of reaction initiation. The highest yield was possible only under initial initiation conditions  later, this was compared with scientific data. A good correspondence was found between the detected parameters and the reference figures, which means that the current work agrees well with the scientific information.

Introduction

Under natural conditions, yeasts of the genus S. cerevisiae can produce ethanol as a product of metabolic activity. Complex carbohydrates, which are carbon sources for yeast, undergo alcoholic fermentation, resulting in the formation of monatomic alcohol. Because of its natural origin, ethanol is often called bioethanol, emphasizing the mechanism of molecule formation. Obviously, the ethanol yield is highly dependent on the environmental conditions under which the yeast is active. This laboratory report examines the dependence of bioethanol production on temperature, pH, stirring, and gas composition.

Methods

Labster, an academic online service, was used to perform the virtual experiment. In this environment, independent variables, including temperature (°C), pH, stirrer (%), and airflow (L/min) were manipulated using a dedicated interface. The initial settings were set as shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Parameters of the different experiments that were used in the work.

Results

Running the fermenter at the given plant parameters resulted in the curve plots shown in Figures 2-3 below.

Discussion

A key feature of yeast is the ability of micro fungi to produce ethanol produced by the metabolic fermentation of glucose. More specifically, under the influence of glycolysis, glucose inside yeast cells is converted into pyruvate, which produces two molecules of acetaldehyde when carbon dioxide is stripped off. In turn, acetaldehyde is converted to ethanol by enzymatic action; the entire process is accompanied by the release of ATP energy (Guglielmo, 2018).

Figure 1 clearly shows that the glucose and ethanol concentration curves are almost reversible: over time, the amount of glucose decreases sharply, and the amount of alcohol increases during the first day, after which it gradually decreases. The maximum ethanol production, in this case, is reached only at the 36th hour and does not exceed 7-8 g/L. Figure 2 shows that an increase in temperature by five °C corresponded only to a shift in the time of maximum yield, increasing it by 5-6 hours.

Figure 3 shows that changing the pH to two while maintaining other parameters does not trigger the enzymatic reaction. Consequently, it is reasonable to assume that the optimal temperature for ethanol production is 30°C, and the pH should be 4-6. This fits well with publicly available data indicating the need for 26°C at a pH of 4-4.5 (Brooke, 2021; Hamel, 2019). Thus, suitable conditions were found to be relatively reliable.

References

Brooke, C. (2021). Which pH is optimum for yeast fermentation from 4-8? The Whole Portion. Web.

Guglielmo, T. (2018). Fermentation. Microreviews in Cell and Molecular Biology, 4(2), 1-3.

Hamel, P. J. (2019). Where to put dough to rise. King Arthur Baking. Web.

Appendix A

Alcohol use is related to a high number of health problems in the United States. The reason is that half of Americans consume beverages that contain ethyl alcohol. In terms of prevalence, university students are the ones who drink alcohol the most. Current statistics show that more than 80% of college students drank on one or more occasions (Weiten et al., 2018). There is a variety of reasons why college students are the most frequent drinkers. On the one hand, alcohols main effect that lessens tension and anxiety is attractive for students that want to relax. On the other hand, alcohol use may indicate the presence of psychological problems, such as low self-esteem.

The impact that alcohol has on the human body and cognitive functions primarily depend on the consumers mood, background, whether or not he or she has food in the stomach, and consumption experience. However, the most notable effect of alcohol is a temporary increase in self-esteem and a decline in anxiety, depression, and nervousness (Weiten et al., 2018). Student alcohol consumption, therefore, is mainly associated with their desire to rest and forget about their issues and challenges (Weiten et al., 2018). College life is not only classes and homework but an entirely new environment for students. It takes time to assimilate into university dynamics, and certain challenges accompany this acclimatization.

The majority of adolescents start smoking because of their desire to look more mature and cooler. A similar tendency exists in alcohol consumption  alcoholic beverage companies spend millions of dollars building an image that portrays alcohol as a way to look cool (Weiten et al., 2018). In turn, college students are convinced that by drinking alcohol, they improve their representation. It is interesting to see that college students spend more money on alcohol than they do on books (Weiten et al., 2018). To decrease the impact of marketing strategies on students, affected groups need to become more aware of the health implications behind frequent alcohol consumption.

Scientific evidence suggests that issues with self-esteem and other self-discrepancies are significant determinants of alcohol use among college students. For instance, the majority of high-school graduates come to college with the hope of achieving academic excellence or social recognition. When reality starts to discord with their expectations, students start looking for solutions to dull their adverse feelings (Weiten et al., 2018). One way students cope with discrepancies is through regular consumption of alcoholic beverages (Weiten et al., 2018). Such a student reaction to their internal psychological problems was evidenced informal research (Weiten et al., 2018).

Students that were told they received low test scores consumed more alcohol when students were asked to taste wine. External factors can also influence students into frequent alcohol use. Besides classes, college life is known for parties and other entertainment events. Peer groups may encourage individual students to drink, and most young people do not resist such encouragement.

Frequent and excessive use of alcohol is a common problem among college students. Driven by their wish to become a part of a certain peer group or their desire to look more attractive, many students acquire the habit of regular alcohol consumption. In some cases, psychological issues may be the reason behind alcohol use. Student awareness of adverse health outcomes needs to be increased to decrease the level of drinking.

Reference

Weiten, W., Dunn, D. S., & Hammer, E. Y. (2018). Psychology applied to modern life: Adjustment in the 21st century. Cengage Learning.

Alcohol was invented as a beverage drink just like the others such as soda and juice. Of late alcohol has been abused because people are consuming it excessively. In ancient times alcohol was reserved for special occasions such as feasts but today most people have turned it into their hobby. This paper focuses on the effects that result from excessive consumption of alcohol and why it is important to incarcerate and treat people who commit crimes under the influence of alcohol.

When one drinks alcohol and does something stupid we dont say that alcohol is bad but rather its the drinker who is irresponsible because when one consumes a lot of alcohol his/her judgment becomes impaired thus he/she does not know what is wrong or right. In a family setup alcohol can affect the entire family and in deed it has been the major cause of domestic violence in most homes (Parsons, 2003).

This is how it happens. Most drunkards can hardly take a large portion of their money especially husbands; money is spent on alcohol hence they dont take care of family needs such as paying water/electricity bills and school fees for their children and when they are confronted by their wives they ascend on their wives with blows and kicks. Most people argue that alcohol helps one to forget his/her problems but that is not true because the only thing it does is to postpone ones thoughts until when they are sober again.

Jacoby and Youngson (2004) argue that besides the effects concerning violence alcohol has also been found to be a major influence of incest in many families because when fathers get drunk the see all females as equal thus they dont reckon that they should not be having sexual relationships with their daughters. Such crimes need imprisonment and at the same time treatment in regards to behavior and control. A crime is a crime, whether small or big. It is therefore important to charge people who are found committing crimes under the influence of alcohol.

Alcohol also fosters poverty because drunkards dont spare a single penny and most of them are normally unemployed. It is obvious that some are fired by their employers because they report to work while they are drunk. Children who are raised by drunkards tend to be rude because they imitate the behavior of their parents. In addition to that alcohol contributes towards absenteeism among parents because they spend their leisure time in drinking dens while they should be with their children. This calls for treatment which is normally administered at rehabilitation centers. People need to be taught about the effects of alcohol and how they can be responsible to their family duties.

When drunkard parents dont meet the needs of their children they make them look for alternative ways of getting money to cater for their needs. Spielberger (2004) explains that at this point some become prostitutes while others become gangsters. When children get used to seeing their parents fighting they dont look forward to starting families because they think all women and men are like their parents. Again the same violence affects the education of children because an environment where one of the parents arrives home while shouting at the top of their lungs is not favorable to children. The conflicts that take place at home continue to haunt them even when they are at school hence they can not concentrate.

According to Parsons (2003) alcohol impairs the drunkards mind thus when they get drunk they have sex with the females that are most convenient to them without using protection which puts them at the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. Additionally, alcohol affects the society at large because when a drunkard drives while under the influence of alcohol he/she may cause accidents which may result in deaths of innocent people. This is why traffic officers are equipped with an alcohol detector device to help them identify drivers that are drunk.

In conclusion, those who are addicted to alcohol should be taken to rehab centers early enough and parents should not expose their children to alcohol by drinking alcohol in the presence of their children. When a drunkard is convicted in a court of law he/she should be sent to a rehab centre where he/she can be assisted to stop drinking alcohol because jailing them does not solve the problem because when a convict finishes his/her sentence he/she will walk out of the correctional facilities but will continue to do the same thing. However, some crimes such as incest and battering are severe and require criminal justice to take control

References

Jacoby, B.D. & Youngson, R.M. (2005). Encyclopedia of Family Health. 3rd Ed. New York: Marshal Cavendish

Parsons, T. (2003). Alcoholism and Its effects on the Family. AIIPsych Journal. Web.

Spielberger, D.C. (2004). Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology. Indiana: Academic Press.