Category: Alcohol Abuse

In recent years, alcohol related violence has risen in prevalence and so too have the calls for justice. It is the increased public awareness that has, and continues to, make this issue a primary area of concern for the public and government. Legal measures to respond include one punch laws and lockout laws and non-legal responses to achieve justice have been made by interest groups and the media. The responses to this issue have assisted in justice being achieved in many areas, however the gravity of it makes it one of the legal systems greatest challenges.

Alcohol related violence truly gained attention following the Thomas Kelly case (R v Loveridge 2014). In 2012, 18 year old Kelly was punched in the head in an unprovoked attack at King Cross which resulted in his death. Public outrage due to Loveridge’s ‘lenient’ sentencing of 7 years imprisonment gave rise to the need for law reform and the pressure mounted on the courts, Parliament and law enforcement agencies who were held accountable to implement and enforce measures to assist in the achievement of justice. This need for reform was swiftly provided by the justice system in the form of a four phase whole of government response. Another influential case that prompted measures to be made for justice was that of R v McNeil, which involved the death of 18 year old Daniel Christie to one punch.

Being that the protection of citizens to is a primary government role, the NSWs parliament introduction of legislation in 2014 in response to alcohol related violence supports the idea of justice being achieved. The one punch laws and lockout laws presented became legislation under the Crimes Act 1900 and marked the beginning of the necessary steps taken to meet society’s needs, thus to attain justice. In addition this reform, public opinion that Loveridge’s original sentencing of 7 years was “far too lenient” (NSW Crime Library), left many claiming the system had failed justice for Kelly’s family. In response, the NSW parliament introduced the Assault and Intoxication Amendment Act 2014 which included “mandatory 8 year minimum sentences” for perpetrators of one punch. The enactment of these new laws that require 1:30am lockouts and 3am last drinks, led to a notable drop of 7.7% in the number of assaults at licensed premises in 2 years (BOSCAR, 2013), clearly highlighting the immediate effectiveness of the reforms. BOSCAR findings also revealed that the reforms saw a substantial reduction of assault in Kings Cross down 32% and in the Sydney CBD down 26%. Again, this proved to respond to society’s need and the attainment of justice.

Despite this response proving effective, there exists concerns that the mandatory sentences violate the rule of law in the sense that it limits the ability of judges in issuing sentences which fit the crime, also limiting the effectiveness of justice for the crimes perpetrators. Aligning with this idea is the notion that mandatory sentences does not allow defendants access to a fair hearing by an impartial tribunal (UDHR, Article 10). Hence the debate over whether one punch laws are effective in achieving just outcomes for individuals.

According to the World Alzheimer’s 2018 Report, every 3 seconds, there is a patient diagnosed with dementia worldwide. There are currently at least 50 million dementia patients worldwide. And this number is still growing uncontrolledly. Therefore, understanding the causes of this disease is more urgent than ever.

Many studies have previously found some factors that increase the risk of dementia. Among them, some factors cannot be prevented, such as aging. However, other potential risk factors are possible to avoid, such as smoking and drinking. Avoiding these risk factors is important because they help prevent or delay the onset of dementia.

Recently, in a paper published in the JAMA Network Open, a researcher from Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health designed a study to find the link between dementia and drinking. Despite the fact that related research on drinking and dementia already exists, the scientific nature of them is still lacking. For example, in a previous study, the researchers calculated the average daily alcohol consumption per year. However, the average daily alcohol consumption calculated in this way ignores the nuances of alcohol content and drinking frequency, which happens to be very important. Apparently, drinking 7 glasses of beer a day may have an effect different from drinking 1 beer a night, even though the amount of alcohol consumed is the same.

Another study came to the conclusion that middle-aged alcoholics have higher risk of dementia. However, it is unclear whether regular small amounts of alcohol have the same effect. Other studies on the association between alcohol, risk of dementia, and apolipoprotein E4 (APOE E4) complicate the answer to this question. This genetic variation is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease.

An earlier study concluded that drinking increased the risk of dementia, and people with APOE E4 variants had a higher risk of dementia. Another unknown factor is how alcohol affects the risk of dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Scientists believe that MCI is a stage between normal cognitive decline associated with aging and dementia.

This study aims to answer the above questions. The scientists delved into existing data sets and obtained information from 3021 participants with an average age of 72 years. At the beginning of the study, participants provided information on the amount of alcohol consumed, the frequency of drinking, and the type of alcohol consumed (beer, wine or liquor). Then, each participant underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological test consisting of 10 tests that assessed a range of cognitive functions, with participants completing the test every 6 months. The researchers isolated DNA from participants’ blood samples to determine carriers of the APOE E4 gene variant. In addition to genetic data and details of alcohol intake, the researchers also compiled information about blood pressure, weight, height, history of heart disease, and smoking. They also asked questions to estimate the frequency of social activity for each participant.

Of the 3021 participants, 2548 had no MCI and 473 had MCI. During approximately 6 years of follow-up, 512 participants were diagnosed with dementia. It was also found that among those without MCI, the risk of dementia was higher in people who did not drink than those who drank less than one drink a week.

When they analyzed the population with MCI, similar results were obtained and no statistically significant differences were found. However, compared with people who drank less than one drink a week, MCI patients who drank more than 14 drinks per week had a 72% higher risk of dementia. The authors also noted some of the differences associated with drinking patterns: “In the absence of a baseline for MCI, people who drink a small amount of alcohol per day have a lower risk of dementia than those who do not drink often but drink a lot each time.” Although researchers are always enthusiastic about emphasizing the negative effects of excessive drinking on brain health and overall health, they also pointed out: ‘Our findings reaffirm that drinking within the recommended limits does not increase the risk of dementia in older people with normal cognitive ability.” When the researchers analyzed the potential impact of APOE E4, no significant effects were found, as confirmed in several previous studies. The authors speculate that the results suggest that APOE E4 has no significant effect, probably because this association is more pronounced in the young population. Further research is necessary.

In short, current research cannot provide a reliable answer. However, it confirms that the relationship between alcohol and dementia is very complex and more research is needed in the future. As one of the world leading suppliers of chemical reagents and kinase inhibitors, BOC Sciences has directed sincere efforts toward providing customers with high quality small molecule reagents for Alzheimer’s disease research, including the following categories: CaMK-II, Microtubule/Tubulin, γ-secretase, GSK-3, Estrogen Receptor/ERR, DYRK ,Sirtuin, COX, AMPAR, Sodium Channel, Tau, β-secretase, NMDA Receptor, PERK, AChE, Hedgehog, Dopamine β-hydroxylase, Amyloid-β, nAChR, Monoamine Oxidase, and FLAP.

Introduction

Alcohol and drug abuse is one of the biggest problems in our country. It is not only personal problem that dramatically affects the individuals’ lives, but is a major problem that affects society as whole. “Alcohol and drug abuse”, these phrases we see daily on newspaper and television. But what do they mean or what we understand by it? Most of us don’t really view drug or alcohol use a problem, if that includes our friends having few beers on Saturdays night or our parent’s consumption of alcohol during family occasions or our grandmother having two paracetamol tablets when she has a headache.

What we really mean is that some drugs or alcohol are being used by people to feel good, reduces stress, or avoid reality. But actually drug abuse means when you use legal or illegal substances in ways you shouldn’t. You might take more than the regular dose of pills or use someone else’s prescription. Drug abuse refers to use of certain chemicals for purpose of creating pleasurable effects on brain.

TYPES OF DRUGS

Alcohol is also a type of drug that causes many effects on human health.

• Tobacco chewing
• Cigarettes
• Cannabis
• Opium
• Heroin

REASONS FOR DRUG ABUSE

People usually take to alcohol and drug abuse in order to reduce the stress caused due to:

Relationship Problems

Many people have problems in their family. For them, alcohol abuse seems to be easy escape from the stress caused due to those problems. Youngsters, particularly try to tackle their relationship problems by way of alcohol and drug abuse.

Pressure at Work

Pressure at work place and competition at the college and office level is another major cause of drug abuse.

Loneliness

The feeling of loneliness or emptiness can also force a person to turn on to drugs.

EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE

The major impact of drugs is on the brain functioning, which consequently affects every other important aspects of life of the person addicted to drugs. It also affects the communication system of the human brain. Almost all types of drugs use high amounts of dopamine in order to target the brain functioning system. Drugs leads to physical sickness and mentally weak. Severe or excess consumption leads to abuse of drugs. Drug addiction makes the person lose their respect and fame from the society.

MEASURES TO OVERCOME DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE

Overcoming drug and addiction can be difficult. However, it is not possible. With the help of medication, expert guidance and support from family, one can overcome this problem. Discussed below are some measures to help you overcome alcohol and drug abuse.

1. Exercise. Reducing drug dosage may result in increased level of stress. You can overcome this to a large extent by indulging in physical activities such as jogging, cycling, swimming, dancing and yoga.
2. Consult Doctor. It takes much more than a string will power when it comes to getting rid of drug addiction. If you have taken the plunge to get out of the dark world of drugs then it is suggested to consult a doctor as soon as possible.
3. Eat healthy. Your physical health especially brain deteriorates because of regular intake of drugs and alcohol.it is thus advised to have food that contains all the essential nutrients.
4. Talk to close friends. Instead of keeping yourself your feelings to yourself, it is suggested to vent them out. Talk to your family and friends about your issues. This is a good way to do-stress rather than relying on drugs.

CONCLUSION

Alcohol and drug abuse is a growing problem, especially among the youths. There are many reasons that lead to this problem and the impact it has is extremely damaging. It is essential to spread awareness about the negative repercussions of drugs to discourage their use. Those gripped by this problem must consult a doctor and seek help from those close to them to come out of hellish world of alcohol and drug abuse.

The sensitivity of the issue must be recognized and one must not start this practice in any case. Remember, there are better ways to handle problems such as loneliness, fear, anxiety and heart break.

Introduction

In Australian culture; parties, social activities or even in relaxion alcohol is always available. These drinking practice as part of social customs affects the alcohol consumptions rate in rural areas. Influences through advertisement, marketing and promotion, cost, accessibility and age restrictions. The complex structure of social determinants contributors such as malnutrition, lack of exercise, smoking, drinking and drug abuse may or may not attributed factor to why humans drink at these harmful levels, (Alcohol in Australia)

Invasion and Colonisation

1770 when Cook claimed the East Coast of Australia for Great Britain and again with accounts favoring colonisation at Botany Bay (now in Sydney), New South Wales. Arthur Phillip in 1788, first fleet of British ships arrived at Botany Bay, to established a prison colony, the primary colony on the Australian mainland. Marked the start of ‘white settlement’. (History of Australia (1788-1850) 2005, July 18)

Upon the arrival of the first fleet or also referred to as the white settlers and invaded Australia. First pubs were opened within weeks and in fact white people introduced alcohol to the Aboriginal people to drink. But they didn’t teach about the risks to go along side alcohol consumptions. Significantly after, Aboriginal alcohol used changed. Many aboriginal Laboure’s were paid in alcohol or tobacco. Early 1800s in Sydney, a favorite spectator sport of white people was to ply aboriginal men with alcohol and encourage them to fight each other to death. White settlers also gave alcohol to Aboriginal people to buy for sex. (Jens Korff, Creative Spirits. (2019, November 18). Aboriginal alcohol consumption)

Since colonization heavy drinking was a cultural norm transported to Australia by the British. Aboriginals’ issues with liquor started with invasion. In time rum became a currency of the colony. In 1830s Spirits were known alcoholic beverages widely consumed in Australia, 13.6 liters of pure alcohol per head annually consumption of alcohol an in 1890s it declined to 5.8 liters during the economic downturn. After World War II alcohol consumption per capita rose of 13.1 liters in 1974-75 and 10 liters in 2008-09. (A Brief History of Alcohol Consumption in Australia. 2020, March 2)

Stolen Generations

Between 1910 to 1970 under the policy of Assimilation, Australian Federal and State Government agencies and church missions, separate children of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander from their families by force. The generations of children became known as the “stolen generations” or “stolen children”

Assimilation was based on a belief of superiority and inferiority between white and black people. It was presumed that “full-blood” Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples would soon disappear anyway. It proposed that children with Aboriginal and white parentage, who were termed “half caste” (derogatory term), should be assimilated into white society and adopt white culture. Lighter skin color children believed would be more easily assimilated. Mostly of these children were placed in institutions or foster homes where neglect and abuse were common.

Many of the stolen children were physically, emotionally and sexually abused. Many factors that the Aboriginal people suffer from, social and private problems including mental disorder, violence, alcoholism and welfare dependence. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples were denied of their identity, culture, language, traditions and land. Those who have been affected by the policy of assimilation have a high incidence of post-traumatic stress, depression, anxiety and suicide. (The Stolen Generations 2020, January 12)

Australian drinking culture

1837 laws were made to prevent Aboriginal access to alcohol as binge drinking became problematic. Since alcohol was bought illegally, pattern of rapid consumptions of high liquor content beverages contributed to binge drinking cycle. The right to drink alcohol were given to indigenous Australians between 1957 and 1975 a right for many aborigines represent equality, citizenship and status. (Alcohol in Australia)

From the 2008 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey (NATSISS) presenting the current alcohol consumption statistics. From the 2002 and 2008 NATSISS two specific indicators of alcohol consumption risk was derived: chronic alcohol consumption and binge drinking. The first was designed to capture long-term or chronic risks and was focused on the self-reported alcohol consumption in the previous 12 months. The second measure was designed to capture the possibility of binge drinking in the short term and based on the highest self-reported amount of alcohol consumed during the fortnight before the interview.

In 2008, 17% of 15 years and older of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are reported drinking at chronic risky/high risk levels, 46% were low risk drinkers and 35% had abstained from drinking alcohol; had not consumed alcohol or had never consumed alcohol in the last 12 months. Overall 20% of men were more likely to drink at chronic risky/high risk levels than of women with 14%. 22% among the highest chronic risky/high risk drinking were aged 35-44 years and 10% those aged 55 years and above. 46% rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in remote areas were more likely of risky/high risk drinking compare to 31% of non-remote areas be abstainers. In 2008 NATSISS shows association between alcohol consumption and criminal justice system. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men in particular, who are chronic risky/high risk drinkers (29%) compare than low risk drinkers (15%) to have been prosecuted in the last five years, 55% compared with 36% to whom have been formally charged by police and 18% compared with 7% to have been incarcerated at some point in their lifetime. They were also more likely to have been a victim of violence in the last 12 months (35% compared with 25%) (4704.0 – The Health and Welfare of Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, Oct 2010)

Closing the Gap

Kevin Rudd, the prime minister of Australia formally apologies to the Stolen Generations of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People on 13 February 2008. Closing the Gap, a technique adopted by Australian government from the campaign in 2008 known as Close the Gap. This formal agreement focuses on the improvement of the lives of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, to deliver better health, education and employment and eliminate the gap between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. (Summary /Closing the Gap, 2018)

A target was set by Council of Australian Governments (COAG) in 2008, to achieve life expectancy and health equality by 2030 through the Closing the Gap. The fact that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are likely to experience poorer health outcomes than non-Indigenous. 10 years has passed, Closing the Gap has failed to meet its target. The lack of progress on these targets is complex, in fact, the mortality and life expectancy gaps have widened. In planning and implementation stages of the strategy, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were not included. In the future the need to work in closer partnership with, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people should be involved in the planning, implementation and evaluation of these targets to achieve Closing the Gap. (Partnerships Key to Closing the Gap)

References

1. A Brief History Of Alcohol Consumption In Australia. (2020, March 2). Retrieved from https://www.lifehacker.com.au/2013/03/a-brief-history-of-alcohol-consumption-in-australia/
2. Alcohol in Australia. (2009, October 24). Retrieved from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_in_Australia
3. History of Australia (1788-1850). (2005, July 18). Retrieved from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ausralia_(1788-1850)
4. Jens Korff, Creative Spirits. (2019, November 18). Aboriginal alcohol consumption. Retrieved from https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/health/aboriginal-alcohol-consumption#toc5
5. Partnerships Key to Closing the Gap. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://adf.org.au/insights/partnerships-closing-gap/?fbclid=IwAR1wDTJTt0WgZD3bP80it1hHNmylR2y7lLh89VYPfXmKs1D7xOA_l2X_3H
6. Summary | Closing the Gap. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/reports/closing-the-gap-2018/executive-summary.html
7. The Stolen Generations. (2020, January 12). Retrieved from https://www.commonground.org.au/learn/the-stolen-generationsp
8. 4704.0 – The Health and Welfare of Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, Oct 2010. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/lookup/4704.0Chapter756Oct+2010

Who are aboriginal people? It is generalised that Australian aboriginal peoples originated from Asia through limited Southeast Asia (now Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia and Philippines) and have been in Australia for at least 50,000 years. When the British settlement started dating from 1788, the arrival of carriers of a powerful imperialist culture cost the aboriginal people their independence and the undeniable control of the continent, and forced them into continuous compromise and change as they struggled to accommodate the newcomers. Dispute soon developed between the colonist and the Aboriginal peoples. Communication was minimal and the cultural differences was huge. Once the foreign settlement began to expand inland, it conflicted directly with Aboriginal land occupancy and economic activities demanded the desecration of Aboriginal sacred sites and property. When all situations were pursued with conflicting interests the Europeans viewed Aboriginal peoples as parasites upon nature, discriminating their culture in negative terms. The Aboriginal peoples waged lengthy and effective guerrilla movements until they were finally overcome by force of arms.

Living a life of tribally and linguistically mixed communities went on for ages when they were forced into fringe settlements. Only at the turn of the 21st century where cultural revival was emphasised, a formal apology for past mistreatment of Aboriginal peoples was released by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd. However the stolen generations’ effects and consequences was undeniably drastic for the community. They were left affected in the direction of Relationships, Personal, Economic, Law & justice, Health, Spiritual and Cultural views. Is it something they turned into or were they forced into by the actions of the colonist? Are these effects directly or indirectly linked to their sociological behaviour that class them as a community that is prone to alcohol and substance abuse? If they were, is it a choice of their own or a resort they take up to comfort their situation?

Who assumes that they are prone to alcohol or substance? What aspects are considered to come to this assumption? “One common stereotype of Indigenous Australians is that they all drink alcohol to excess. But the reality is that a smaller percentage of Aborigines drink alcohol than do other Australians”— Mick Dodson & Toni Bauman [1]

Many of the non-aboriginals encounter aboriginals in their own socio environmental areas and see the population of aboriginal people who are using or abusing alcohol and other substances. This is one of the key elements that make them stereotype Aboriginals as a community that is prone to alcohol and or substance abuse. There is a large population of Aboriginals that do live in concentrated communities of their own where their living does not reflect the same as the small population of aboriginals we encounter that we make our judgements from.

While Aboriginal people generally drink less than non-Aboriginal people, those who do are more likely to drink at hazardous levels. Unfortunately, many reports focus on these results rather than the fact that generally they drink less.

Most persons stressed that not all Aboriginals had alcohol problems – many didn’t drink at all, or drank only very lightly, but the problem was that many of those who did drink did so very heavily. – Findings in a 1994 National Drug Strategy Household Survey [2]

Fewer Aboriginal people drink daily or at least once a week than non-Indigenous people do. Many more Aboriginal people consume alcohol once a month or even less frequently. This is in stark contrast to the image the media tries to reinforce when reporting about ‘staggering quantities of alcohol’ (Time Magazine, August 2006) being consumed. [3]

There are numerous reasons of Aboriginal alcohol or substance abuse:

• Collapse of traditional social pedals.
• Traditionally, ceremonies established and ritually passed tribal identity.
• No longer following traditional rules for behaviour around alcohol. Prior to incursion strict rules administered consumption of alcohol-like beverages.
• A culturally pervaded sharing philosophy lets Aboriginal people share resources most of the times (e.g. money, cars).
• Control forced on Aboriginal people (e.g. the Northern Territory Intervention) is met with resistance.
• These require healing, but people use alcohol to ‘deaden the pain and anger’, which follows childhood abuse, violence or bullying. Losing inhibition is an aim when drinking, giving people an outlet for their poisonous rage in yelling, screaming and violence [4].
• There is a lack of procedures for reducing strains and frustrations happening as a result of poverty, unemployment, discrimination, racism, boredom or displacement.

In August 2006 the Australian version of the Time Magazine published the article ‘The Demon Drink’ that suggests that Aboriginal people drink heavily. The article calls Aboriginal drinking in the remote outback town of Borroloola a ‘drinking epidemic’, claiming that ‘most Top End towns’ share this fate and Borroloola is ‘just another community in the queue’ for support plans from the NT government. This article was part of the magazine’s ‘Australian Journeys’ special which was to ‘capture the spirit of the longest road in the South Pacific’, the Highway No. 1. Richard Baker in his book Land is Life, published in 1999, tells the story of the Yanyuwa people, most of whom now live in or near Borroloola. Baker finds an altogether different situation,”The Aboriginal drinking problem in town [Borroloola] is highly visible while the large number of people living on ‘dry’ outstations is invisible. As a result, tourists tend to end up having negative stereotypes of Aboriginal culture reinforced”. – Richard Baker, Land is Life, p.123

The reporters didn’t make the effort to visit one of the outstations (or ‘homelands’) where Aboriginal people control aspects of their life and put up ‘no grog allowed’ signs on the approach roads. This control over alcohol is denied to them in the town of Borroloola. “It should be stressed how different Borroloola is from nearby ‘closed’ Aboriginal communities in

Arnhem Land. For example, the Yanyuwa would like to control the sale of alcohol to Aboriginal people in Borroloola but are unable to do so”. – Richard Baker, Land is Life, p.119

This kind of undeniable biased review of Aboriginals are a critical aspect of the stereotyping of the whole community. One notion claims that the obvious litter of beer cans and wine cartons is a manifestation of resistance towards white management of Aboriginal lives. If we consider just the statistics for the remote and thinly populated Northern Territory, around 25% of Indigenous people consume alcohol which is lesser than the figure for all of Australia.

Strategies Aboriginal people use to avoid alcohol abuse are the declaration of ‘dry zones’ within Indigenous communities, prohibition and restriction in shops and supermarkets, community policing and licensing, replacing alcohol with Kava, an alternative drink from the Pacific Island made from the crushed root of a pepper plant mixed with water. It has to be kept in mind, however, that such projects are in danger of failing until the causes of excessive drinking are removed.

Also communities can take further actions to control the alcohol or substance problems by creating a banned drinkers register, a system of restricting problem drinkers from buying takeaway alcohol or drinking at a pub. Alternatively, communities can issue drinking permits. Nhulunbuy and nearby communities, including Yirrkala, have such a permit system which is seen as an example of community-controlled success. [5]

Designed in 2002 by a women’s group in collaboration with 13 local clans, it requires anyone who wants to buy alcohol across the 5 communities to have a permit, with varying restrictions determined by each community’s committee.

Combining both systems means that individuals must have clearance from both the banned drinkers register and the community permit system if they want to buy alcohol. People can also volunteer to be restricted from alcohol sales. Women in particular are already volunteering to give up their right to buy alcohol to avoid pressure from family to buy it for them. [5]

Aboriginal peoples being prone to alcohol abuse or substance abuse is in the same category as any other community that takes alcohol and substance as a distraction or a form of comfort when they are mentally low on spirit and feel unwanted or unwelcomed. Most people whether Aboriginals or not turn to be alcoholics and substance abusers due to similar state of mind or problems. Hence the statement or question of “Why are aboriginal prone to alcohol and substance abuse?” can be asked about any one from any socio demographic background who seeks for alcohol or other substance as a resort for comfort. Aboriginals do show an undeniable variation of effects in their life from past happenings and current lifestyle or trend in life that make a noticeable percentage of them to turn out to abuse alcohol or other substance. It is only right of us to look at the root cause of the situation than stereotype a group of people and take it for granted that the specific population of people are prone to such habits. It’s a choice made by a particular person and the reason needs to be addressed and the help or direction to help should be provided to control or eliminate this issue.

REFERENCES

1. ‘Aboriginal Australia & the Torres Strait Islands’, Lonely Planet, 2001, p.124
2. Source: Aboriginal alcohol consumption – Creative Spirits, retrieved from https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/health/aboriginal-alcohol-consumption
3. ‘The rage epidemic’, SMH 2/8/2008
4. ‘Tackling alcohol in remote areas: communities plead for local control’, The Guardian Australia 4/7/2017
5. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/alcohol/alcohol-tobacco-other-drugs-australia/contents/priority-populations/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-people
6. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/people/reference/aboriginal-australians/
7. https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/lookup/4704.0Chapter756Oct+2010
8. https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/publications/indigenous/Health-Performance-Framework-2014/tier-2-determinants-health/216-risky-alcohol-consumption.html

We as humans have different genes in our bodies, which led to several responses to different kinds of drugs. So, let’s know more about addiction is a disorder of the brain system due to a number of genetic and environmental factors for developing addiction, multiple stages of addiction are hereditable and react with many environmental sources and genes replications. Addiction is affected by both environmental and genetic factors such as home environment affects and increases the risk of addiction in which family members use alcohol at home breaking the rules.

Genes are considered one of the most important units for all living creatures. The gene is a fundamental genetic unit; which consistence of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid). We can get DNA from our parents genetically. Each cell has 2 groups of chromosomes, one of these groups is from the father and the other one is from the mother. The sperm which is from the father and the egg which is from the mother each of them carries one group of 23 chromosomes and these chromosomes include 22 chromosomes in addition to the sex chromosome X or Y. Human genes are different from one gene to another in the DNA amount. For example, some genes have 1000s of DNA and however other genes have 100s of it. Average human genes between 20000 to 25000 gen.

Genes determine almost everything about an organism. it is control inheritance from parents to children. One gen or more than one affects a particular feature. For example, genetic genes determine the qualities of each cell in the body like color in the eye or some diseases such as sickle cell anemia and Huntington’s disease are inherited and are affected by genes. but not all of a person’s qualities are from genes only, there are also environmental factors that can affect the person’s qualities. For example, a child may inherit length genes from parents, but during his life does not get enough nutrition that does not show the qualities of length he has. Moreover, genes control the function of the cell by identifying the materials that you install inside the cell. It determines the structures, enzymes, and chemicals that will be created in them. Basically, genes contain basic information for building proteins, enzymes, and biomaterials needed to build body organs and producing substances (proteins and enzymes) in different organs to perform their functions. It also carries the biological clock in which the organism develops from a fertilized egg to organ formation to childhood, then puberty, maturity, and aging.

Many genes influence addiction

Genes affect addiction, but experts could not find any single genetic change that causes this because each of us has different genetic differences. The tendency towards addiction is that unlike some else diseases, no single gene determines whether a person will suffer from alcohol. For example, people with substance use disorder are a complex feature where they are affected by changes in multiple genes .Not only that, but they are also affected by the environmental agents in which an individual lives, and to have multiple genetic causes and there is a study that shows the range of inheritance risk ranges from 40 to 60.

But also, people who have a genetic predisposition only mean that they are more at risk or that their risk factor is higher than others. Therefore, they should raise the level of prevention and awareness in their lives. A study has shown that addiction disorders range from 0.39 for hallucinogen to 0.72 for cocaine.

Addiction as well depends not only on heredity and ecological factors, but there are more serious factors: psychological, cultural, family and society problems, relationships, trauma and financial status. There are two factors that share into the variance of heredity: the stages of addiction and developmental nature.

Mouse models for addiction

Several years ago, researchers tested mice and laboratory mice strains to find specific traits of addiction. Such as the high preference for some drugs or alcohol, where they have found that individuals who are of the same breed, they are almost identical indicates that they have the same addiction profile while individuals from different chains have significantly different addiction profiles .This was one of the initial evidence containing gene component addiction and researchers learned that they could build lines of animals with highly specific addiction profiles by breeding mice with some addictive traits also that mice born with differences in drug preference, tolerance, belonging, sensitivity and others. the researchers will not stop here, but they are still studying most breeds and animals, and one of the researchers is a Dr.Scott Rogers he studies different strains of mice (right) as he varies in the likelihood of their alcoholism. According to all this finding that researchers would like to reach is to identify similar or identical genes in humans that cause the person to be less or more susceptible to alcoholism.

The reward pathway is fundamental

There is a similarity among the reward pathway and the study of addiction through the fact that food, nutrition and social interaction are important for living not only for humans but also for animals, leading to increased breeding opportunities among animals depending on the availability of needs, which is the first reward path, when they arise, genes that form the reward path are transmitted from one generation to another through natural As a result, genetically transmitted over time becomes a major part of the brain even as the rest of the brain increases selection. Moreover, we conclude that humans and animals both share the reward pathway and most of the genes that govern it, so mice are also prone to drug addiction.

Because many organisms are used according to the genome sequence, when a gene is detected in the organism, researchers then search for a similar gene in humans using a DNA database.

Among the organisms that researchers have used in addiction research are:

• Both chimpanzees and mice have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes similar to the human genes.
• Zebrafish has 25,000 genes and scientists regularly transfer human genes to zebrafish in order to study their functions.
• Fruit flies 13,600 genes.
• Roundworms and Caenorhabditis elegans have 19,100 or about 21 percent of human genes.

How do genetics affect alcohol addiction?

Genes are passed to us through an important transporter (parents)to pass to the coming generation of daughter cells, behavioral traits to perform several tasks, and so several genes have multiple responses to different types of additives such as alcohol used nowadays (alcohol use disorder). Addiction results in various physiological effects such as stress, anxiety, or feeling down and depressed as a response to alcohol usage. Human traits are specified by our genetic structure with the help of the replication and duplication process. The development of alcohol usage is not only influenced by genes and other internal organs but also by simple factors such as social media, how many people around the world are sharing the same interests of addictions and being unable to feel resistant towards it but feeling more attracted to it .well the more the risk factors a person has, the greater the chance of developing an alcohol use disorder or addiction, it’s important to look up for a treatment or medication to avoid a worse result.

Several genes may be led to different feedbacks according to diversities of genders. Some genes had been identified and scientists ensured that genes are connected to the transformation of addiction from parents to daughters or the coming generations in the future and in the present. Treating the family and trying to find a suitable medication is good way to decrease the spread of addiction to the coming generations.

What are the treatment modalities?

So, the ultimate goal is obviously is a drug free state for most people. It is an idea situation but unfortunately it is not a feasible one, especially not in the short term for a lot of addicts, so there are medication that we can use safely to prevent these individuals from relapsing into using illicit substance and basically to help them sustain their sobriety. The two most successful so far are methadone and suboxone. Suboxone is made up of two components, the main active ingredient is buprenorphine and the other ingredient in it that prevents abuse of it in the lock zone.

By standing on the maintenance therapy the addicted individuals can continue going to work living their normal, so how do we treat? It is not one size fits all but one thing is for sure studies have shown that detoxification alone without anything else is not a sufficient treatment for addiction. Relapse following detoxification is very common , so what are advised is you start with detoxification to clear the person of the chemical substance and then you either go to an absence oriented psychotherapy counseling which is not devised or you combine that maintenance therapy to prevent patient craving and withdrawal , tendencyn for relapse, that is the most effective treatment system.

Intro to methadone: methadone is synthetic but it full agonist of this receptor the MU , Fda-approved it is tasted, save and it does its problem with overdose , but for the most part if it’s used appropriately by properly trained physicians on the appropriate patients it suppresses withdrawal symptoms, it reduces cravings , blocks the euphoric effects of drugs for over 24 hours that’s why once daily dosing is enough to keep the patient stable however, there is a major difference between methadone taken intravenously if its abused versus methadone administered in . Methadone maintenance clinic for example, in an oral liquid form to swallow it is highly lipophilic, which means it likes to attaches to fat quickly, so if intravenously given it crosses the blood brain barrier quickly and you get the rush on the drug receptor because it is a full agonist,

Pharmacology when taken orally: however if it is swallowed in liquid form must of it gets taken up by the liver about 90% and then over the 24 hours or 36 hours ,the liver slowly in a steady state release it , so therefore you don’t get that rush that high but you get a steady level of activation of the MU drug receptors

That you don’t go into the withdrawal sickness

Morning dosing and methadone clinic: you take your morning dose at 5 or 6 AM and that’s what you do the healthcare dispense it to you and a certified nurse and physician is present as wall and then you get on with your day .tablets are available of methadone and injectable ampules but these are easily diverted and sold on black market and abuse that’s why methadone clinics reduces their use.

Detox versus methadone: when you compare the two you find that methadone maintenance results in greater treatment retention than an absence only counseling session series and lower use of heroin which was in this study.

Methadone cannot be prescribed in your doctor office: problem with methadone is it due to its problem of overdose it cannot be prescribed in your regular doctor’s office in the primary care setting .For example it has to be dispensed at certified centers that specialize in addiction but there are not enough of these centers to treat all the addicts in our society and that’s when we get into suboxone.

Suboxone: Suboxone was released in 2000 it was the first drug that is FDA approved for the treatment of drug addiction in a physician’s office in an outpatient setting so if the person come to doctor office and decided that they are appropriate for thus treatment the doctor can write a prescription as could for any other antibiotic and they can start their treatment as an outpatient so there is an ease and access more people can utilize this kind of service.

Finally, we see that genes are the main agent that affects and contributes to addiction. The genetics factor varies from one to another and that no specific gene contributes to it. In addition, scientists are still working on a lot of experiments in order for them to know a most of genes, so we should take all the factors of protection by use of treatments and awareness to avoid the risk of addiction, no matter how high in the family tree.

Resources

1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715956/
2. https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/Questions_andamp_Answers_Is_addiction_hereditary
3. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/your-genes-and-addiction-2019012815730
4. https://www.addictionsandrecovery.org/is-addiction-a-disease.htm
5. http://headsup.scholastic.com/sites/default/files/nida16-ins1_downloadall.pdf
6. https://www.jsad.com/doi/full/10.15288/jsad.2016.77.673
7. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2008/06/genes-addict
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction_vulnerability#Three-factor_model
9. https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/genes/
10. https://www.treehouserehab.org/is-addiction-genetic/
11. https://www.nature.com/articles/tp201254
12. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gene-increases-risk-for-pot-addiction/
13. https://www.mentalhelp.net/addiction/does-addiction-run-in-the-family/
14. https://www.addictioncenter.com/alcohol/genetics-of-alcoholism/
15. https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment/symptoms-and-signs/hereditary-or-genetic
16. https://www.verywellmind.com/alcoholism-is-it-inherited-63171
17. https://www.nature.com/article/tp201254

INTRODUCUTION

The issue of alcohol motivation, until 2 or 3 decades past, was seen as Associate in Nursing pleasant issue and a manifestation of social self-confidence. At the reason once the introduction of the refusal game-plan in specific states, it completely was viewed as Associate in nursing unlawful show. licitly, its idea worried by specific bosses an enormous amount of as a puzzled, everlasting and astoundingly misrepresented ailment than a sort of a miscreant lead.

Alcohol are a few things of a stimulant; it’s a depressant or matter on the central generous structure. Alcohol loosens up the standard controls on direct thus the customser is ostensibly less controlled and feels all the phenomenal course of action of possibility. Regardless, taking alcohol even as a rule once in an exceedingly though on these lines each once in an exceedingly though, on occasion, at present and again leaves the nature of a tendency including marvel open and along these lines the customer may start enduring it as routinely as agreeable and in bewildering all out which will have horrendous and horrifying effects. it may affect him physically, pummel his capacity to work and win, ruin his family life, and weaken him completely. A flawless redirection, in like way, may return to wreck the hard and fast separation of the customer.

THE CONCEPT

Alcohol abuse is that the recognize a private loses authority over his alcohol use in that he’s loyally unfit to stop ingesting once he begins. As showed up through creator and Vera, alcohol misuse is outline by framework for the kept using of blended refreshments to a degree that beats the quality use or consistence with the social customs of the comfort which indefensibly impacts the customer’s prosperity or intrudes together with his social or cash associated working.

• Liquor impulse has been depicted by four variables;
• Over the most elevated assertion of mixed refreshments
• Person’s developing stress over his drinking
• Loss of the purchaser’s structure over his drinking
• The upsetting effect in working in his social world
• Richard Blum has implied drinking in 2 settings;

With pertinence upheld social model whereby drinking might be a tad of one’s social practices and it will bar any mental effect.

With significance seeing liquor use, it’s viewed as exhausting for the all inclusive community as people search for totally relish it plentiful of the time sitting higher than once to avert the work. It is, on these lines, seen as a peril to culture and society.

Purchasers are named ‘non addicts’, ‘addicts’ and ‘consistent generous shoppers’.

Wear Cahalan gave a five-overlay depiction of liquor purchasers subject to the rehash of drinking:

Sensational USERS World Health Organization drink once per annum

Phenomenal USERS drink once during various months that isn’t generally once efficiently

LIGHT DRINKERS World Health Organization drink again and again every month

MODERATE DRINKERS World Health Organization drink 3 or on deferred events during a month

Significant DRINKERS World Health Organization drink every day or a bunch of refreshments consistently.

EXTENT OF ALCOHOLISM

India has demonstrated a brilliant increment inside the utilization of liquor in the previous not many years, tho’ the utilizations are still low at the world level. examination in recent years has demonstrated that around one of every 3 male grown-ups drink liquor. Indian made outside alcohol and blend are the popular beverages in more youthful age groups, while nation made alcohol and rum are basic in rustic India. custom made or local mix stay regular in bound networks. Liquor use is associated with training, financial class and occupation. Impoverishment stricken individuals that devour liquor pay a lot of their well deserved money on this that exclusively adds to their poor condition of being. the ordinary period of starting liquor utilization has gone down from twenty eight years all through the Eighties to seventeen years in 2007. Utilization of liquor normally begins as one thing to analyze, opening in with a lot of people or as one thing that acquires joy. Nonetheless, it as a rule at long last winds up transforming into partner dependence. India is typically observed as a ‘dry’ or ‘going without’ culture. Regardless it’s one in everything about most significant liquor nourishment enterprises inside the world. in accordance with the Alcohol Atlas of India printed by the IAPA there has been a steady increment inside the creation of liquor in the nation with the get together expanding twofold from 8887.2 million liters in 1992-93 to 1654 million liters in 1999-2000 and to for all intents and purposes 3 overlay at a couple of300 million liters by 2006-07. Liquor is an essential stockpile of income for the administrations. all through 2008-09 extract income was about 400 billion rupees. About 90% of this was contributed by the nourishment exchange.

CAUSES OF ALCOHOL ABUSE

While analyzing the justification for alcohol misuse, it’s imperative to get a handle on that of the individuals WHO use alcohol, around ninety p.c don’t become alcoholics. The appreciation of alcohol enslavement is inside the idea strategy in exhausting drinking. Therefore elucidative alcohol misuse totally as to such an extent as parts will envision character structure won’t be extra. Clinebell reports four fundamental styles of parental miens that are associated with alcohol maltreatment in adulthood and all of which can typically turn out damage and evangelistic hardship inside the child:

• Fascism
• Plain expulsion
• Moralism
• Accomplishment adore

That these parts are the central ones inside the structure of partner uncertain character transportation concerning surrendering to alcohol, appeared by the methodology that psychological examinations of critical consumers again and again see the related character characteristics:

A raised degree of uneasiness in relative associations

• Excited immaturity
• Instability towards control
• Low discontent obstruction
• Low certainty
• Assumptions of isolation and fault

The psychological characteristics are mainly the clarifications for alcohol dependence. they’re regularly blessing in different noteworthy consumers before they extravagant surplus drinking.

As demonstrated by sure scientists there’s apparently partner unequivocal relationship among alcohol compulsion and character issue. From the outset, a private drinks to show up for cover for his issues with life or to locate a brief rest from his issues. A little bit at a time, he starts drinking additional} all the more each right now and again till he is by all accounts completely subject to that. Regardless, clinicians support that solitary those individuals extravagant visit drinking WHO are truly adolescent and wish boldness.

The major sociology explanations behind taking alcohol are:

• Natural pressures
• Companion pressure
• Prevalent social gathering

The present system is that alcohol misuse is to be acknowledged as to such an extent as character and motivation. An intoxicate could be an incapacitated man. He isn’t to be seen with analysis, judgment and shortcoming. He has fallen prey to stores of structures, outlooks and penchants that brings concerning his implosion.

CONSEQUENCES OF ALCOHOLISM

socially important contemplations.Alcohol has at present gotten essential in Indian culture. With the aftereffect of monetary procedure, urbanization, industry, media sway and developing ways that of life, alcohol has entered the lives of Indians in a significant and boundless technique. The aftereffects of alcohol maltreatment as route as on the purpose of home despondency, family defrayment mastermind, family dispute, loss of wages, frustration of eudaemonia, accidents and cost in watchman treatment in prison, cash hurt in courts, and impelling to bad behavior are a lot of astonishing. Social aberrance and social issues get up out of the utilization and abuse of alcohol. An elevated level of admissions to therapeutic facilities, especially mental crisis centers, is known with people with ‘alcoholic issue’s or a ‘drinking issue’. distinctive socially degenerate acts known with alcohol are robberies, fixes, better half slamming, and suicides. Since genuine consumers foursquare impact four or 5 very surprising people, the issue impacts an outsized scope of individuals inside the country. groups of genuine consumers perseveres through the principal. To be sure, even family remorselessness, family trouble and division is brought about by alcohol misuse. Drinking impacts the business, the work adequacy and mechanical office creation what is more. The shopper envisions that alcohol can reduce his weight, fault, uneasiness and frustration. Regardless, the truth of the issue is that it reduces his operational efficiency to at a lower place the base level significant for social nearness or in any occasion, for partner revealed nearness. A customer harbors the requested idea that alcohol will assemble alliance and relative development less confused inside the open field. Be that since it may, if in all honesty, alcohol isolates an individual’s enthusiasm for affiliations and on these lines socially weakens the individual. It debilitates

TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLICS

The following treatment measures are mainly used to treat drinkers and alcoholics:

• Detoxification in hospitals
• Role of family
• Alcoholic anonymous
• Treatment centres
• Changing values through education

CONTROL ON ALCOHOLISM

With the dissatisfaction of the confinement model, government the board has come back to be focused round the rule of the liquor trade. The state governments, underneath the open permit structure, leave the liquor trade to non-open undertaking underneath permitting and rule, the apparent open targets being to shed individuals with criminal or deficient financial reserve accounts and to deal with the physical space of authorized liquor retailers. each administration picks up crores of rupees deliberately once it trades the understandings. Radicals battle that as long as our plan and cash structure continues making imbalance, joblessness, destitution, injustice, and employment strains and weights, alcohol habit can endure. Since the present social systems working in our social society turn out a ton of occupations, permit modest com petitions and lessen lack of sanitization and bias in courses of action and progressions. inside the occasion that the lives of individuals are made essential, satisfying and satisfying, the requirement for alcohol wouldn’t exist or it’ll be limited. Additionally, guidance concerning the damage and hurt that alcohol will awaken a person’s life and to society can encourage the board the utilization of alcohol. Watchmen will offer guidance on the hazards of transforming into a critical consumer even as rebuke the monstrosities and make significant fear. Watchmen’s training should be troubled concerning framing the airs and lead helpful for non-drinking. Eventually, resources and colleges will in like manner instruct understudies concerning the psychological and sociology effects of alcohol and alcohol fixation.

It is really a calamity our organizations and philosophical groups haven’t had the decision to seek after the measures we tend to esteemed all through our fight for opportunity. Gandhiji couldn’t put trust in a free Bharat while not preclusion. For him disallowance was a basic bit of the opportunity advancement.

PROHIBITION

Gandhiji viewed the utilization of alcohol as a genuine social shrewd and favored total disallowance in Bharat. With this noticeable , the constitution of Bharat encased Article forty seven inside the Directive Principles of State Policy, that expresses, ‘the state will try to deliver preclusion of utilization, beside medicative capacities, of inebriating beverages and drugs that are damaging to wellbeing’ After freedom, a few states took up the program of denial decisively and a couple of apathetically. inside the most recent 5 decades around, a large portion of them have surrendered denial regardless of whether most pioneers pay lip-administration to the program.

ROLE OF WOMEN

Ladies activists, women associations and even ordinary housewives in each urban and rustic regions is lead the battle to convince men against alcohol utilization and power governments to present preclusion. they’ll request the ideological groups to join preclusion in their survey statements. it totally was in 1993 once alittle bunch of neo-proficient women in Dabbagunta town in Nellore region in Andhra Pradesh, exhausted to death with the intoxication of their men, assaulted an alcohol look, drove away its home proprietors and obliterated the loads of autochthonous wines. The flash gave by the sloppy women of alittle unclean town got the creative mind of the womenfolk wherever Andhra Pradesh, from any place the unsettling unfurl to elective states inside the nation.

CONCLUSION

According to me, alcoholism has become a very important part of people’s lives in today’s world. But alcoholism is treatable.It may be thus concluded that the problem of alcoholism calls for a concerted attack which may embrace treatment, social measures, education and research.

REFERENCES

1. Clinebell, Howard J., understanding and counselling the alcoholic, Abingdon Press, New York, 1956
2. Keller, Mark and Vera, Efron, ‘The Prevalence of Alcoholism’, Quarterly journal of studies on alcohol, vol. 7 , June, 1946
3. Waskin Richard (ed.), social problems, McGraw Hills & Co., New York, 1964
4. Landis, Paul H., Social Problems, J.B. Lippincott Co., Chicago, 1959

Introduction

This is the main thing which is facing by Muslims in current social challenges. Muslims are facing now many of problems but it is first and main problem around them. The Holy Quran which is the book of Allah and only Muslims read this book. According to Muslims all the things which are written in this book is all of Allah and we took Islam so we are Muslims and we all about of Allah. Allah asks in this book to avoid drugs and alcohol , but Muslims in 21st century drink alcohol and taking drugs. Also Muslims government prepare drugs and sold it . They do not banned it in their country. So due to this topic related to main topic current social challenges confronting the Muslims in Islam. In Islam it is very bad habit and this is also a very un lucky to now that at that time now a days this bac habit is present in all Muslims community. It came from British because they again take all options on Muslims and it is very bad idea. But the Muslims are also against them and they abuse them also in second way they can’t release there made things and also took drugs and drinks alcohol as they can in a day.

In Islam smoking is makkruh and alcohol is considered haram . Some strict Muslims nations banned it in their country but some Muslims countries make it and making money from it which is very dangerous and also said about to avoid this in Holy Quran. Allah said in Quran that every drugs and alcohol is haram for Muslims but Muslims do it and lost their lives by these drugs , so this is the current social challenges facing to the Muslims. About the hundred years ago there is no any sign of drugs and alcohol but as the world became more latest they make drugs alcohol and other harmful substances which give pain to body and then person became die. Now in all countries and regions there is a much of alcohol and drugs which are selling to Muslims non Muslims and others persons so it is very harmful substances which are selling in all parts of world. People became dying from this slowly it is very harmful substances which has all bad effects on it. In all Muslims areas where Holy Quran is based and Islam is present there is an idea of un use of alcohol and drugs because they spend there lives according to Islam and take there guidance from Holy Quran.

Findings and discussions

The one of the big and social challenges was facing to Muslims is drug and alcohol addiction. Much of the Muslims take drugs. First the alcohol was not made in Muslims community and countries, at that time these drugs bring from British countries . Because the British want to decrease Muslims and want to remove Islamic nations from world so they transfer drugs and alcohol to the. Now a days Muslims nations make this in their own countries and sold it. However this is all to is against to Islam and Quran. In Quran Allah says these all things were haram on Muslims but Muslims not stop. British mission was accomplished and they want to remove Islam slowly. Although , narcotics abuse was not so important during the time of honourable prophet Mohammad and innocent imam, we don’t have any verse or narration in this regard. In the Holy Quran these all the things are haram and makruh but now a days Muslims came behind British or non Muslims and take drug addiction and alcohol consumption first they bring this from out of country but now they make their own. According to Quran there are many hadith and verses present in Quran that easily clear that there is no permission of drinking of alcohol and addiction of drugs in small or in large amount. Our Islam clear this in very easy word in the term of hadith and verses. In our Quran this is also present that no one can be punished by prophet of Islam in case of alcohol consumption and taking of drugs but our prophet Muhammad very clearly tells of prohibited of these un-useful and toxic things to take it. Alcohol in Quran is prohibited by a specific text of Quran. In these lines we can specify that it is very clearly that no one a Muslim person can drink alcohol in small amount or in large amount so iy is strictly prohibited in Islam. But when our prophet Muhammad saw never punished a one in case of drinking of alcohol but they only told with strictly to abide by these things and also clear the next person about their works. During the days of our Holy Prophet the alcohol was made by wheat, barley, dates and fruits but now the days it was made by many toxic and harmful substances which destroy the body organs slowly and after it one day a person should die due to this addiction. Now the days in many areas Muslims persons are more than the British.

Since Islam is universal region and have completely provided all needs of society to all ages . In Quran it is strictly prohibited to not offer prayers when you are taken drug and drinking alcohol. It was strictly forbid from these things and I took this and it was not to say prayer in that condition drug addiction and alcohol consumption is forbidden in Islam and numerous in numbers of Muslims do these drugs and go mosque for after prayer. Drugs and alcohol will be drink and taking before the prophet came. Al the people which are Muslims or non Muslims drink it , but when the prophet came and they told to all people that these things are haram in quean for Muslims they remove this from their life so it is drinking about many years ago but now a days according to Quran and Allah it is haram for Muslims and Muslims don’t drink or take drugs so it is forbidden in Islam. In now a days there are only name of Muslims any one can’t offer prayers and not go to the mosque and it is only of this that is Muslims facing current social challenges now the days. In all the Muslims countries there is no drugs and alcohol at the time of prophet but now the days it is present in all countries and regions of there that Muslims generations are sitting in different areas. This is very clearly asked by our prophet (PBUH) prohibited this toxic agents in small and large amount of quantity , so it is the order to remain away from these things. Most of the hadith and verses of Holy Quran are based upon them.

Conclusion and recommendations

In conclusion and recommendations we concluded that the alcohol consumption and drug addiction is considered as haram and this is also ordered by Allah almighty in Quran. So Muslims should abide by these things which is forbidden for them. Muslims not keep of orders. Muslim communities and countries should banned these drugs and alcohol bottles in their country and also open different centres for which the Muslims taking drug. They treat them, but in now the days our Muslim countries make their own drugs in their countries and sold it to the addict Muslims. There is no tasks for them. Islam completely banned the use of alcohol about the 14 centuries ago and according to this the Arab countries also banned these toxic chemicals but the British countries don’t saw that they again supply the much and large amount of alcohol and drugs in Muslims countries and due to this the Muslims addict these harmful and toxic substances. The one of the conclusion is now the days there are different centres make by Muslims government in there countries and totally banned these alcohol and drugs in there country. Those persons who are the addicted of drugs and alcohol caught them and admitted to the different rehabilitation centres and keep their proper medical treatment of them by different scientific methods , because that persons don’t taking drugs and alcohol again. The Muslims should abide these toxic chemicals like drugs which produce a well being at one time and consumption of alcohol is clearly told by Allah in Quran. Alcohol is not only the waste of money but it also causes skin cancer , ulcer and other many disease . It also cause digestive disorders and causing different cancers so it is very harmful to us. We should leave away from it as we can. And also abide by it.

Islam does not asked us to do alcohol consumption and taken drugs but also in Quran there are many verse and hadith on alcohol consumption and on drugs. When our prophet came they asked to prohibit of alcohol consumption and other toxic chemicals. According to the verse our prophet not punished any person who were taking drugs and drink alcohol. But our prophet asked to leave them because it is called as haram for Muslims in Quran which is the book of Allah. So we can’t do these things and it is also very harmful to our body. Also in one more verse if there a drop of alcohol spread on cloth then with that clothes we can’t go in mosque for offer prayer and if one drop of alcohol is put on tongue then about thirty days prayer can’t be accepted by Allah. So according to this we can stay away from these haram substances and toxic chemicals. It is necessary for us in our lives. We should recommend that all the Muslims who are the addict of alcohol and other toxic chemicals they should abide by them personally. If they have difficulty to abide or leave them, them our Muslim government should make different rehabilitation centres and all the addict Muslims keep in those centre and give them a complete treatment of addiction. And also strictly banned alcohol and drugs in their country and also act upon them very strictly. So due to this their country should be clean from these things. So in all Muslims areas this is the one of the big current social challenges confronting them. It is not easy to complete removal of alcohol consumption and drug addiction from their country. If we should remove these all addictions from Muslims countries then first their government should banned all these things in their country and also apply much strictly rules for selling and drinking both of them , only this is the way from we should clean Muslims countries.

References

1. https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/a-secular-muslims-guide-to-drinking-alcohol-during-ramadan/2018/05/31/5b2fdf80-6449-11e8-a69c-b944de66d9e7_story.html%3foutputType=amp
2. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamr
3. https://sunnahonline.com/library/fiqh-and-sunnah/747-the-prohibition-of-alcohol-in-islam.
4. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/009145090603300401?journalCode=cdxa
5. https://www.dar-alifta.org/Foreign/ViewFatwa.aspx?ID=9400
6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318924573_The_Prohibition_of_Alcohol_in_Islam_Religious_Imperatives_and_Practices_in_Seventeenth-_to_Nineteenth-Century_Dagestan
7. https://www.google.com/amp/s/islamqa.info/amp/en/answers/20037
8. https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2014/12/147921/nothing-in-the-quran-says-alcohol-is-haram-saudi-author/
9. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws
10. https://www.quora.com/What-verse-in-the-Quran-clearly-states-that-drinking-alcohol-is-strictly-forbidden
11. https://www.utrujj.org/where-does-it-say-that-alcohol-is-prohibited-in-the-quran/
12. https://www.learnreligions.com/why-is-alcohol-forbidden-in-islam-2004329
13. https://www.google.com/amp/a/s/bible-quran.com/jesus-death-pakistan/amp/?ampru=https://bible-quran.com/jesus-death-pakistan/amp/?gclid%3DCj0KCQiAh4j-BRCsARIsAGeV12B_qmXpszpAJCECAV1BJLVXXzICzYqzVe4rejnnRrVswyBxYGtkfpwaApMMEALw_wcB&s=AFO-QzP6ROLTjeNelpOEbCfQAMnNqtmmpQ

Alcohol abuse effects people of all ethnicities, genders, and socioeconomic statuses and can silently cause serious issues in the human body. Mainstream alcohol consumption is common throughout the world due to easy access, low cost and the variety of beverage choices available. In the United States alone, it is estimated that 1 out of 10 people are categorized into consuming at-risk quantities of alcohol. The overall cost is billions of healthcare dollars spent and premature death.1 Although, reducing alcoholism is a top priority across the board, the treatment and management of this disease is very complex and difficult to control. Treatment plans must be individualized with a multi-faceted approach focusing on pharmaceutical detoxification protocols involving withdrawal symptoms, mental health, potential relapse, and more importantly metabolic and organ health for optimal outcomes.123

During detoxification, it is crucial for clinicians to use all tools and resources at their disposal especially when dealing with liver-associated abuse. Checking metabolic panels and blood plasma levels are an easy way to understand the disease-state associated with alcohol abuse. One common area of concern is ammonia levels in the blood. According to Liu et al, ammonia is a common byproduct within the blood and relatively safe in low numbers (>50 µmol/L). Ammonia is produced by the gastrointestinal tract, muscles and kidneys and catabolized by the liver before elimination as urea.2,4 However, with chronic alcohol abuse the hepatic system loses the ability to act as a filter breaking down these toxins within the body. It is essential that pharmaceuticals be used used to help lower potential risks associated with excessive ammonia levels in the blood.

Primary Hyperammonemia can lead to acute encephalopathy causing seizures, coma or death. Another issue that arises with hyperammonemia is that is can cause a massive production of the amino acid glutamine within the brain effecting the central nervous system’s ability to control and fire neurons appropriately. This can lead to a secondary or chronic neurodegenerative condition effecting the central nervous system, such as Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s.2 Pharmaceutical intervention is one of the best ways to approach the reduction of ammonia to avoid these conditions. There are many drugs that counter hyperammonemia but no gold standard or thorough algorithm that delineates the most appropriate care has been set. Understanding pharmaceutical options and literature available will assist in determining the best approach to reducing blood plasma levels providing better outcomes.

Research suggests that Lactulose or Rifaximin are the most studied and widely used antibiotics to reduce hyperammonemia to date.2,4,5 There are many differences between the two drugs such as the mechanism of action, side effects and consumer reports. Lactulose is usually the first line choice and is broken down into lactic acid which helps with the production of normal flora of the of the gastrointestinal track while reducing pathogenic bacteria. The osmotic pressure within the colon is increased drawing out the ammonia before it can be absorbed by the body.2 While, Rifaximin has been shown to bind to bacterial DNA causing a cascade effect eliminating the steps needed for transcription of pathogenic bacteria in the human gut.2,5 Lactulose is generally cheaper and has far less adverse side effects than Rifaximin. The elimination of ammonia from these drugs usually comes from excrement from soft stool or diarrhea so clinical education on what to expect and nutritional advise is very important, so all parties are on the same page.

In conclusion, hyperammonemia is a condition where excess ammonia in the blood is caused by the malfunctioning ability of the liver to filtrate toxic waste. Hyperammonemia is common among chronic alcohol abusers. Liver disease associated from alcohol abuse is generally unremarkable.2 This can be difficult for clinicians to diagnose, treat and manage since not all chronic abusers present to detoxification for help. Usually when manifestations of the liver disease are present it signifies that the patient’s body is starting to fail. The clinician is now up against the clock in providing appropriate care. Therefore, it is vital for all clinicians to get a through history to better understand the patient’s current status before it is too late. Finally, when dealing with chronic alcohol abuse whether in clinic or a detoxification facility the management of each person should be on an individualized approach with a multi-faceted protocol including pharmaceutical intervention, mental health, dietary and social support for optical outcomes.

Substance abuse and addiction is a major problem across the United States and in almost all juvenile correctional systems, jails, and prisons. Substance abuse is such a serious problem because it can lead to both significant mental health problems and physical health problems. Just over forty percent of inmates in state prisons and forty-seven percent of inmates in jails are dependent on drugs while over fifty-five percent of inmates in state prisons and over sixty percent of inmates in jails had abused drugs (Bronson, Stroop, Zimmer, Berzofsky, 2017).

Drug and alcohol treatment specialists are placed in both prisons and jails to treat inmates for their drug and alcohol addictions. These drug and alcohol treatment specialists are experts on substance treatment and rehabilitation. Drug and alcohol treatment specialists determine what type of treatment courses inmates should go through to properly and effectively treat and rehabilitate an inmate’s addiction. Some drug and alcohol treatment specialists can teach classes on substance abuse. In these classes, inmates can learn about triggers, activities to do to keep the cravings at bay and learn about self-care and their potential future life without substance addiction. Some drug and alcohol treatment specialists also offer counseling/therapy to substance-addicted inmates. During counseling, the specialist will evaluate the inmates and determine the severity of their addiction and plan an individualized plan based on that inmates needs. Drug and alcohol treatment specialist also provide prerelease planning and aftercare to make sure they have treatment and counseling after their release from prison. According to Correctional Officer Education, “Their daily activities often include writing drug treatment plans, developing aftercare plans for soon-to-be-released inmates, and conducting interviews to determine treatment eligibility (2019).”

There are a variety of requirements for being hired as a drug and alcohol treatment specialist. One requirement is to get a four-year degree from an accredited college or university in a behavioral or social science such as psychology, psychobiology, sociology, criminal justice, social work, or counseling. Many candidates have a better chance of getting the job and advancing from the entry-level position to a management position if a Master’s Degree is obtained by the individual. Another requirement for becoming a drug and alcohol treatment specialist is completing a mandatory number of hours of counseling experience and passing a counseling exam to become a certified counselor. It would really help to understand human behaviors, empathy, the ability to really listen to the patient and needs of the patient, and to understand how to set boundaries but these are not requirements needed for the job.

The average drug and alcohol treatment specialist hired under the U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services Office can earn anywhere between sixty-five thousand and one hundred and six thousand a year varying on different aspects and circumstances. During their career, a drug and alcohol treatment specialist can interact with a major variety of people within and outside of the prison or jail. A drug and alcohol treatment specialists first and foremost interaction should go to their clients. Their clients can be anyone within the prison or jail that has a substance abuse problem.

Alcohol and drug abuse problems in the prison and jail systems are rapidly growing due to the high criminal activity involving drugs and alcohol. When a criminal is caught and convicted on drug or alcohol-related charges they often times have some type of substance abuse problem and need care and rehabilitation while in the prison or jail systems. According to the Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, their study shows that “Of the 2.3 million inmates crowding our nation’s prisons and jails, 85% were substance-involved; 1.5 million met the DSM-IV medical criteria for substance abuse or addiction. Another 458,000 had not met the strict DSM-IV criteria but had histories of substance abuse and were under the influence of alcohol or other drugs at the time of their crime, committed their offense to get money to buy drugs, were incarcerated for an alcohol or drug law violation, or shared some combination of these characteristics (2017)”. This data shows that drug and alcohol treatment specialists have their work cut out for them each and every day as the prison gets new inmates and they continue to medicate, treat, and counsel their regular inmates.

Drug and alcohol treatment specialist must also work with correctional officers, nurses, behavioral clinicians, correctional teachers, and correctional release coordinators as part of their job. Drug and alcohol treatment specialists must work with correctional officers to keep an eye on their patients and report any signs of relapse, depression, anxiety, or troublemaking, that could create an unsafe situation for the inmate himself/herself or the inmates around him/her. Drug and alcohol treatment specialists must also work with behavioral clinicians and nurses to coordinate treatment plans for their inmates and make sure they are progressing psychologically. If the drug and alcohol treatment specialist chooses not to work as a correctional teacher they may have to work with the correctional teachers to make lesson plans based on substance abuse, consequences, and treatments. And finally, drug and alcohol treatment specialists must work closely with correctional release coordinators to determine their eligibility for release and make sure they transfer into treatment programs provided within the community. The purpose of all prisons is to hold convicted felons, serving a sentence of a year or more, and ensure that they remain safe and secure inside while serving their sentence.

The mission of the Federal Buera of Prisons is “To maintain secure, safe, and humane correctional institutions for individuals placed in the custody of the U.S. Attorney General; to develop and operate correctional programs that seek a balanced application of the concepts of punishment, deterrence, incapacitation and rehabilitation; and provide, primarily through the National Institute of Corrections, assistance to state and local correctional agencies (Federal)”. But not all prisons are the same. Minimum security prisons have lower staff numbers, less security, and shared rooms. Medium security prisons have more staff, more security, and cells for rooms. High-security prisons have the highest staff member to inmate ratio with the most amount of security measures, and cells for rooms. But all prisons “provide services and programs to address inmate needs, provide productive use-of-time activities, and facilitate the successful reintegration of inmates into society, consistent with community expectations and standards’ (2018). This is where drug and alcohol treatment specialists fit into the prison staff system as they try to provide counseling, treatment plans, and education lessons to the substance abusing inmates to help them transfer successfully back into the community.

Prison culture is an influence of values and norms that prisoners learn from other prisoners and transition to while in the prison system. The Inmate Code, also known as the Convict Code, is a part of this prison culture. Inmates follows this culture and set of codes to keep on the good side of other inmates and serve their time as peacefully as possible. The Convict Code of Conduct, written by a former convict outlines the Convict Code as ten simple rules that all convicts must follow to be a true convict. These ten rules are “A true convict is incapable of snitching. No convict is ever a bully. A convict’s word is more binding than any contract. It is a convict’s nature to seek out peaceful compromises whenever possible. A convict would rather die fighting than live running. Convicts stand by their friends unto death. You’ll never see a convict trying to impress anyone; he just does. Never does a convict choose to lead, others just choose to follow. Convicts buy what they need before they buy what they want — and what they don’t have, they do without. And finally, all convicts are polite and courteous. They have nothing to prove to anyone’ (Harris, 2017). This code is what separates a man from a convict. This code keeps the peace between inmates and rallies them up against the correctional officers. The Inmate Code is essentially a system within the system. The Inmate Code differs from the Organizational Code in a variety of ways. The Organizational Code are values, norms, and rules that correctional officers follow for their job. The Organizational Code is also a part of prison culture but instead its part of the correctional side instead of the inmate side. The Organizational Code values that correctional officers must follow include going to the aid of an officer when needed, never making another officer look bad in front of the inmates, supporting other officers, never smuggling items in for inmates or showing them sympathy, and never snitching on other officers if they are corrupt or brutal (Clark). This code may differ from the Inmate Code but it is also very similar in some aspects. Both codes do not tolerate snitching or fighting and emphasize courteousness.

Drug and alcohol treatment specialists deal with inmates in a very close setting. They have to learn about each inmates background, criminal history, substance history, how they are currently feeling and what they are doing. Each inmate is a different person with a different story to tell. They come from all walks of life and need different treatments based on their needs. Drug and alcohol specialists have to understand each and every inmate they see and treat to come up with the right plan based on education, medication, counseling, and rehabilitation. The role of drug and alcohol treatment specialists are so vital within the prison system. They are one of the many key roles within prisons that help rehabilitate criminals and put them back into the community as better parents, better siblings, better relative, better friends, better neighbors, and better citizens.