Category: Air Pollution

Mexico City is located in the center of Central America. It is geographically located in the Valley of Mexico. It has an altitude of 2,240 meters. The city covers an area of around 1,485 sq. km. Its coordinates are 19°25′57.85″N 99°07′59.71″W. Mexico is located in the tropical zone. The high altitude determines the climate of Mexico City. It experiences hot summers and mild winters with an annual average temperature of 18°C. It has small seasonal changes and January is the coldest month and May is the warmest month whilst the most rainfall occurs between June and October.

Reasons for Increased Urbanization

From the 1960’s, Mexico has undergone an increase in urbanization and population growth. The reason for population growth is due to less mortality rates and better health care in Mexico City. Pull factors which draw people towards the city is the amount of jobs that are needed and the need for employment as there is a demand for manual labor and manufacturing jobs which require little skill. A push factor and a reason why people are driven out of rural areas is because of the lack of healthcare resources that are supplied in rural areas. People also leave the rural areas to escape the violent struck countryside which is a reason why Mexico City has doubled in size approximately every 15 years. The Mexican countryside has suffered majorly due to the revolution and World War II. In the 1950s and 60s, there was an increase in rural to urban migration because families were in desperate need for employment, housing, schooling and modern healthcare. During this period life expectancy increased from 51.9 to 63.1 years, and infant mortality fell from 116 deaths per 1000 live births to 73. People move to the city for an overall better quality of life.

Air Pollution in Mexico City

A key issue caused by urbanization is air pollution. The air pollution in Mexico City is one of the worst in the world. Their air pollution averages 179mg/cubic meter of suspended particulates which is above the 90mg maximum recommendation. The main cause of pollution is the exhaust gases of the city’s 3 million cars. Auto mobiles account for 90% of the air pollution and this is a result of urbanization as so many people have moved to one place which caused a spike in air pollution because of the amount of vehicles. This problem is especially bad in Mexico City as it is located in a basin which prevents winds from blowing away the pollution which means the smog is trapped above the city. Another contribution to the air pollution in Mexico City is the industrial growth. The pollution caused from manufacturing companies greatly impacts the environment as well as the amount of vehicles.

Mexico City’s Solution to Air Pollution

The air pollution in Mexico City is being somewhat managed by the Mexican government. They have made several innovative proposals for fighting the air pollution. This includes using cleaner fuels in cars and smog control measures. Private car drivers are required to have catalytic converters or refrain from driving one day a week. This strategy bans drivers from using their vehicle one weekday on the last digit of the license plate and if they are found driving on their given day, they are fined. Pollution fighting measures, which were put in place in the mid-1990’s, have already improved Mexico city’s visibility and air quality. Environmental initiatives include having cleaner taxis and small buses which will hopefully reduce urban emissions, improve environmental infrastructure and strengthen the border regions’ environmental planning. In March 2016, Mexico City had an air pollution alert which they had not had in 11 years. During the previous car-reduction trials, cars could earn exemption stickers after passing tests to ensure they were low enough emission, but many people bribed sticker distributors making the program ineffective. Instead of driving bans, the government is encouraging a city-wide program, where drivers are taxed from driving on major roads during peak hours.

The Effectiveness of the Strategy

The car reduction strategy is somewhat effective, but it will be hard for people to not use their cars for one day. People will then use public transport, which will cause large crowds and increase public transport ridership. Public transport in Mexico City is widely-available and cheap but it is very slow and crowded which is why many Mexico City residents choose private vehicles. There is also no evidence that the program has improved the air quality. The strategy is economically viable as it means more people are buying tickets to ride public transport and it is sustainable as it is also decreasing traffic within the city. It’s also cost effective because transport in Mexico City is affordable for all social standings and it doesn’t cost the government much, but it will mean they need to improve their public transport systems to make them more inviting for people travelling on the public transport and they will need to have more public transport to reduce crowding in the stations. This may affect the air pollution though, because more transport will have the same effect as having more cars on the roads. The increase in tolls will help the reduction in air pollution as it makes it less desirable to drive and cheaper to take public transport. Although this is a new strategy and hasn’t got enough evidence to support the statement, it theoretically would decrease the amount of cars on the roads and decrease the air pollution.

Bibliography

1. Air Pollution in Mexico, 2000. Viewed 24 February 2020.
2. Davis, L., 2017. Saturday Driving Restrictions Fail to Improve Air Quality in Mexico City, Scientific Reports. Viewed 24 February 2020.
3. Hinckley, S., 2016. How Mexico City Plans to Fight Air Pollution. Viewed 24 February 2020.
4. McGrath, M., 2017. Car Ban Fails to Curb Air Pollution in Mexico City, BBC News, Viewed 24 February 2020.
5. Mexico City, 2020. Migration into Mexico City. Viewed 24 February 2020.
6. MexicoCity.com, 2020. Mexico Geography. Viewed 24 February 2020.
7. Rural to Urban Migration, 2019. Viewed 24 February 2020.
8. The Guardian, 2019. ‘Just leave’: Delhi, Beijing and Mexico City Residents on How to Cope with Pollution. Viewed 24 February 2020.

Essay Example #1

A herd of animals breaks the silence from the still ambiance within the mild plains. As they roam around the fresh green grass, blossoming with trees and flowers, their mind is escaped from the idea of being harmed by a toxic object that one would dispose of in our Earth, present day. Pollution affects every living thing on our planet, including our plants and wildlife. The selection of the big question “what makes the world safer?” was based on the idea that over the past several years, pollution has not been severely decreasing, as hoped for, and there should be an eagerness to change that. Throughout the extensive research, the question evolved as a result of my understanding that our government is not as focused on pollution laws and problems. The world would be safer if universal governments produced increasingly rigorous pollution regulations due to its several effects on Earth by investing in nonharmful sources, and if the government amended the Pollution Prevention laws which society must obey.

Worldwide governments should produce stricter pollution regulations as a result of the variety of effects it has on Earth. Legendary songwriter, Michael Jackson wrote, “The Earth Song”, a deep and meaningful song that brought attention to a serious topic for the world to consider, in 1982. In “The Earth Song,” Michael Jackson emphasizes the life-threatening effects pollution has on not only us but for our land and wildlife. While listening to “The Earth Song”, Jackson emphasized the repeating quote “What have we done to our Earth?” because, with the fate of harming our Earth in our own hands, we are the only source that is able to contribute to the downfall of pollution (Jackson). In addition, the following quote “What about everything, I didn’t do?”, suggests the idea that it takes every individual on Earth to help with the dramatic decrease of pollution, including every nation’s government (Jackson).

To limit pollution on Earth, the government should begin to invest in non-harmful sources that favor pollution. Amelia Womack is the official deputy of the Green Party, an organization that was created to help Earth remain a fresh and suitable home. On March 13, 2018, Womack tweeted about the possible alters the government should deeply consider in order to efficiently use their investments that will help decrease harm to our environment. In Womack’s tweet, she introduces air pollution, a form of contamination that is greatly caused by the use of cars and factories. To help with the decrease of air pollution, she stated, “We need to invest in railways, buses, cycling, and walking instead of more roads” (Womack). The following source suggests that the government could help reduce pollution by implementing the reduction of harmful travel that will continue to pollute our air. If more individuals ride the bus, provided by the government, to work, then the number of harmful substances in the air will be greatly decreased. Air pollution affects our wildlife, and individuals because of the thickening in the air that causes breathing problems in Earth’s life.

In order for society to obey pollution laws, the United States government should consider amending the Pollution Prevention laws and hold them to a much stricter standard. Regulations regarding the benefits of personal health in our environment are controlled by the Environmental Protection Agency in our country’s government. In the Environmental Protection Agency’s Pollution Prevention Act, the government tries to decrease pollution on our planet by making an effort to contribute money to decrease the use of resources that harm our environment, while trying to get society to undergo pollution only if it is necessary (“Pollution Law”). Some people may disagree, although, that the effort from the government in contributing billions of dollars to pollution prevention organizations is acceptable to influence the decrease. However, the laws passed by Congress in 1990 aren’t as harsh as they should be. The EPA states several pollution-related laws in the Pollution Prevention Act, including, “Disposal or other releases into the environment should be employed only as a last resort and should be conducted in an environmentally safe manner” (“ Pollution Law”). The preceding quote, implementing that one could dispose of their waste if necessary still encourages society to be allowed to dispose of waste in our environment.

The EPA should improve its laws by stating that throwing trash into our environment will not be condoned regardless of the situation. The Environmental Protection Agency’s role in controlling the fate of laws regarding pollution in the country is important to encouraging society to decrease the amount of waste in our environment.

Earth is just one planet made up of billions of individuals. When one decides to dispose of waste on Earth, they don’t consider the great effects that their one contribution to pollution has on our wildlife and planet. Without pollution, animals would be safe in their habitat, and our land would be beautiful and absent of harmful effects on our air.

Essay Example #2

Should industrial pollution be reduced?

According to the Cambridge dictionary, pollution is any damage caused to water, air, etc. by harmful substances or waste. So, the term industrial pollution is understood as the same concept except for the fact that the damage is caused by the factory’s own waste. Currently, this is one of the most common ways by which the planet is being polluted. In fact, according to Sonia Madaan who runs a blog called Earth Eclipse, it is likely that about half of the world’s pollution is a consequence of industrial activities. Industrial pollution happens for many reasons. Firstly, companies absent good and efficient policies to regulate pollution. Also, many companies still use antique machinery which generates much more waste than new ones, this happens because industries want to evade paying higher costs and decrease their spending. Moreover, there is a lack of efficiency at the time of discarding. There are only some of the reasons why industrial pollution takes place. However, have you ever considered that industrial pollution goes beyond what they pollute while producing, but that their own products are the ones that most pollute after all? In this research I am going to investigate in what ways industrial pollution affects society, how can it be reduced, the requirements to accomplish reducing it, and if it’s a convenient plan for society’s economy and environment.

There are many ways to achieve reducing industrial pollution yet in order to make those ways effective there are some consequences to face. For example, using recycled materials during working processes, recycling their own factory waste, exploring if the factory´s rubbish can be useful or even recycled by other companies, or recycling the leftovers from employees, are great actions to take. However, all these actions require a change in the company’s system which sometimes may also require economic support. Suppose a company decides to recycle its own waste, it will need machinery to make those processes, machinery which costs money. Moreover, nowadays there are many specialists or even businesses who are hired by companies to help them to plan a recycling or sustainable system for the industry in order to organize what should be done with their waste or how to reduce the amount of it produced. These businesses are called professional waste management businesses and are one of the most efficient ways to lower the company’s pollution. Anyhow, those specialists must be paid and they are definitely not cheap. What’s more, if a company decides to go further with a recycling plan or change in their system, they would have to raise product prices since the cost of production will increase. Many companies are not willing to increase their product prices because they don’t want to reduce their sales. This reality also leaves us thinking about the fact that reducing industrial pollution is not a convenient plan for low-income families. So, reducing it not only is going to affect the company’s economy but the citizens’ economy as well. According to “Actuar Todos Por la Dignidad” which is an international non-governmental organization whose mission is to fight poverty, over 2,800 million people, which is almost 50% of the world’s population, live and survive with less than $ 2 dollars per day. Then, this percentage shows the number of people who would be severely affected by the process of reducing industrial pollution.

On the other hand, even though reducing pollution can be expensive, our environment needs something to be done. Currently, it is a known issue of how gases or wastes industries release while producing are very harmful to the planet. It affects land, water, and air. Factories usually emit harmful gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, ozone, nitrogen oxides, and chlorofluorocarbons. These gases pollute air since they accumulate in the atmosphere and are responsible for changes in weather. Global warming is another very dangerous outcome produced by this type of pollution. It is an extremely negative sense that is responsible for the loss of polar species and glaciers, natural disasters, and the increase in water levels. Plus, a high concentration of “greenhouse gases” (the pollutant gases emitted by factories mentioned before) can cause diseases such as cholera or malaria and even death to living beings in the area. They also end up in the food or drinks we consume and the air we breathe since they are in our whole environment. Another very dangerous consequence of the emission of these gases is acid rain. When industrial buildings emit harmful gases and those contact with the water in the atmosphere, they mix up with it and form very harmful substances that precipitate. This precipitation is called acid rain, and it can happen as snow or water. The acidification brought by the rain damage living beings, soil, and structures. Additionally, pollution brought by factories pollutes water as well. This is because many factories dispose of their wastes into the water. This causes water to be polluted by chemicals or other materials which could be metals or radioactive. All these materials damage water life. Also, take into account the fact many companies manufacture products that are pollutants themselves. These products can be plastic bottles, plastic bags, snack wrappings, etc. If these are not reused or recycled and instead are tossed into the ground or oceans, in the long term they are the ones who pollute the most our planet. In fact, nowadays there are huge quantities of plastic materials accumulated in the ocean injuring marine life. Yet, land can be polluted by factories too. Think about all the employees factories have, employees who have lunch inside the industry every day. Therefore, the company discards leftovers constantly and when they are thrown on land, they emit methane gas while decomposing.

As regards the cultural approach, industrial pollution is a very present conflict in people’s current life. This is because it can affect the quality of life and health of many individuals. For example, as mentioned before gases emitted by factories can harm people’s health or end up in their food and breathing system. Humans are constantly exposed to those dangerous gases and when they inhale them they inhale all the dangerous particles those gases contain. Those particles cannot be released due to their size or shape, meaning they stay inside the human body, and in the long term accumulating them can cause many diseases. For example, many of those particles are carcinogenic so they can cause cancer. Imagine how affected a person’s health can be if they live near those polluting buildings or even work in them. In addition, water pollution caused by industrial wastes can harm a person as well. When greenhouse gases are released, water is polluted by chemicals that later enter our bodies when we drink water or any other drink. However, humans are the only ones responsible for reducing this problem. With perseverance and order, society can find many ways to achieve this goal. For example, the consumption of plastic objects can be decreased if they are used more than once or recycled and therefore production will decrease as well. In fact, the plastics industry is still present due to human consumption. No consumption means no production and therefore no pollution. Moreover, one of the reasons why industrial pollution exists is because factory owners prefer to expose their workers to bad working conditions and old machinery rather than changing their system to a more sustainable one. This is only because they want to earn as much profit as possible but they also want to put cheap prices on their products. Amancio Ortega, one of the co-founders of Zara is on the list of the top 10 richest people in the world. It isn’t a surprise that Zara demanded polluting and appalling working conditions in their factories. The lack of sustainability in their factories is what makes them earn such profit for their production, their cost of production is very low since they do not get new machinery and they pay very low to their workers. These facts allow the brand to sell its products at very low prices and earn a lot of profit anyway. So, Amancio Ortega is one of the richest people in the world partly because of its lack of sustainability.

In conclusion, after all the research I have done and the new information I’ve got to know, I believe industrial pollution should be reduced but an equilibrium must be imposed in order to consider low-income families and their tight budgets. I used to believe industrial pollution should be reduced by 100 percent, but I was only considering the environmental view. Once I got to investigate about how industrial pollution affects the economy and people’s life, I now know it is much more complicated than I thought. This is why, now that I got more informed and able to think outside the box, I believe that the environment is not the only variable at stake with this problem. Industrial pollution should be reduced, but if it means prices will raise, maybe it should be done little by little in order to avoid a sudden raise and affecting the capacity of people to purchase things. What’s more, industries are not the only ones who could make a change to reduce industrial pollution. If society starts to reuse plastic materials, for example, there would be less demand for them and fewer plastic objects would be manufactured in a day. For example, according to Greenpeace Organization, 500.000.000 plastic bottles are produced in a year, and a great percentage of this ends up in the ocean or ground. If they were used, much fewer bottles would be produced in a year, and if they were recycled none of them should end up in the ocean or ground.

Furthermore, once those plastic materials were reused several times, they can be recycled instead of tossed into the ground or water. If citizens adopted this new way of use, much fewer plastic objects would be manufactured, and therefore they would be polluting the planet. What’s more, if this plan is carried out much fewer people would get sick. This will beneficiate not only families but the economy. If fewer people get sick, fewer people go to the hospital which will lead to a decrease in public expenses. The money saved could be used to invest in new machinery for companies or to plan how to clean the oceans from such amount of plastic materials. I strongly believe society must change its way of using plastic materials and factories should implement new sustainable policies without raising their prices. However, it must be pointed out that my research was done with limited information and more facts can be studied.

1. Problem Statement:

Air pollution is one of the most serious problems in the world. It refers to the contamination of the atmosphere by harmful chemicals or biological materials. It may cause diseases, allergies, and severe health problems in humans and other living organisms and may damage the natural environment. Health problems have been growing at a faster rate, especially in urban areas of developing countries where industrialization and the growing number of vehicles lead to the release of a lot of gaseous pollutants into the environment that causes damage to human health and makes the air quality poor. According to the World’s Worst Polluted Places by Blacksmith Institute in 2008, two of the worst pollution problems in the world are urban air quality and indoor air pollution.

Pollution is becoming a serious issue so there is a need to build a flourishing system that overcomes the problems and monitors the parameters that are affecting environmental pollution. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) collects air pollution statistics. It’s important to study these statistics because they show how polluted the air has become in various places around the country. So there is a need to monitor air pollution levels in an area and the statistics of parameters that affect air quality so that the level can be minimized and certain actions can also be taken.

Another problem that can be taken into consideration is the use of traditional air quality monitoring systems. These systems are generally expensive and provide low-resolution sensing, large bulk, and unstable operation.

High cost and large bulk make it impossible for a large-scale installation. This system can only be installed in key monitoring locations of some key enterprises thus system data is unavailable to predict the overall pollution situation. To overcome defects of traditional monitoring systems and detection methods and to reduce test costs, a work proposes a method combining IoT technology with environmental monitoring.

2. Literature survey:

Air pollution is a defilement of air by various pollutants produced in the environment. These pollutants which make the air dirty will also cause serious health and environmental threats. In the last decades, the pollution level has incremented to 20% to the statistics. According to WHO (World Health Organization), air pollution leads to the death of nearly 5.5 million people globally every year. Considering the significance of air quality on human lives, the World Health Organization has developed guidelines for reducing the health effects of air pollution on public health by setting limits on the concentrations of various air pollutants. [1] According to statistics by the Lancet, India topped the list of countries with pollution-related deaths in 2015, with 2.51 million people dying prematurely in the country that year due to diseases linked to air, water, and other forms of pollution. Air pollution presents a serious threat to human health, especially in densely populated urban areas where pollution levels continue to increase above safe limits. Statistics also show that about 30% of air pollution on average is attributed to pollutants from automobiles. [2]

The various air pollutants can be Carbon Monoxide (CO) which is a gas that originates from the consumption of burning of fossil fuels. It affects human beings feeling dizzy and tired and giving them headaches. Some toxic air pollutants are also created in chemical plants and they are the causes of cancer. Ozone (O3) is a secondary toxin framed by the synthetic response of unstable natural compounds within the sight of sunlight. The level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is responsible for the greenhouse effect in the environment. [3] Traditionally, the concentrations of air pollutants are measured using air quality monitoring (QAM) stations that are highly reliable, precise, accurate, and able to measure a wide spectrum of pollutants using standardized analyzers. However, these stations have main drawbacks as the significant infrastructure needed for installation due to their bulky size, and the complicated operational requirements. These drawbacks reduce the number of installations and result in sparsely distributed QAM networks with limited spatial. Recently, the landscape of traditional QAM networks is being changed due to advances in sensing and monitoring technologies.

[4] A low-cost wireless monitoring system, that enables air quality referential parameters measurements based on a multilayer distributed model with an Arduino platform was developed. This is an Internet of Things application, in which a physical object is embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and wireless connectivity to allow monitoring of air pollution in real time. The electronic device is equipped with sensors and Arduino board Wi-Fi modules. Researchers at the University of Mauritius in 2010, proposed a system of a technological innovation called the ‘Wireless Sensor Network Air Pollution Monitoring System (WAPMS)’, resulting to be an area of current active research due to the potential applications. [5] A framework is proposed which is based on a combination of distributed sensing units, information systems, reasoning, and context awareness which involves IoT. To monitor pollution levels in an industrial environment or particular area of interest, the wireless embedded computing system is proposed. [6] By using IoT, the system can reduce the hardware cost to 1/10 as compared to the conventional system used earlier. The use of Neural Network technology can also be used for monitoring purposes. [7] Traditional methods for air pollution measurement are expensive and have a spatial constraint which makes monitoring not feasible. However, the use of modern low-cost sensors in conjunction with a wireless sensor network (WSN) creates an opportunity to collect real-time data from different locations and provide detailed pollution stats. [8]

3. Objective:

The list of project objectives is listed below:

1. To measure and display temperature, humidity level, and various gas levels like carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), NH3, and smoke in the environment and a particular area using the latest technology in trends. o, combine advanced detection technologies to produce air quality sensing systems with advanced capabilities to provide low-cost comprehensive monitoring.
2. Involvement of various technologies like the Internet of things and open sources platform like Arduino for the easier monitoring of the gases in the environment.
3. To display the sensed data in a user-friendly format in an LCD display panel for effective monitoring process and beeping of the buzzer when the detection process crosses the threshold value indicating risk.
4. To make this monitoring process cost-effective with quick response, low maintenance, and the ability to produce continuous measurements using the Internet of things and a Wireless sensor network.

4 Methodology

It involves monitoring the air quality over a web server using the Internet and hardware applications. The data of air is recognized by the MQ135 gas sensor and MQ6 LPG gas sensor. The MQ135 sensor can sense NH3, NOx, alcohol, Benzene, smoke, and CO2. So it is a dynamic gas sensor for an Air pollution monitoring system. When it will be connected to Arduino then it will sense all gases, and it will give the pollution level in PPM (parts per million).

MQ135 gas sensor will give the output in the form of voltage levels and we have to convert it into PPM. So for converting the output in PPM, we have used a library for the MQ135 gas sensor and MQ6 sensor.

It is giving us a value of 90 when there is no gas near it and the air quality safe level is 350 PPM and it should not exceed 1000 PPM. When it will exceed the limit of 1000 PPM, it will cause Headaches, sleepiness, and stagnant, stuffy air. If it exceeds 2000 PPM then it will cause increased heart rate and many different diseases. When the value will increase from 1000 PPM, then the buzzer will start beeping and the LCD and webpage will display an alert when it will increase to 2000, the buzzer will keep beeping and give an alert message on the smartphone through GSM. For temperature used an LM35 sensor and for humidity SY-HS-220 sensor. LCD and Buzzer are the output devices. LCD shows the data of the gases in ppm (parts per million) and Buzzer is used when ppm crosses above a threshold limit.

Therefore, the system will trigger an alarm when the resultant values of the parameters and the concentration of gases go beyond a certain threshold level. This system can also be deployed to the main roads and automobiles to monitor various gases causing pollution.

5 Proposed solutions:

The desired monitoring process will involve the combination of hardware and software with the major sensors performing their specific roles. The data from the sensors will be taken on the Arduino board and output is generated on the LCD and buzzer which can be controlled via a web server. When it will be connected to Arduino then it will sense all gases, and it will give the Pollution level in PPM (Parts Per Million). The sensor will give the output in form of voltage levels and we have to convert it into PPM. Combining these monitoring processes with the new technologies in trends that have made things easier along with some open sources to meet the desired requirement. It involves the development of a platform for monitoring various parameters like temperature, humidity, and air pollution level by examining various gases levels and their concentration level present in an environment via gas sensors and showing the results comparing it with the threshold values indicating a red flag if it goes beyond threshold via buzzer. A Hands-on Arduino board, WI-FI module, and various sensors with the major involvement of the Internet of Things (IoT) make this monitoring process reliable. This technology also provides a replacement for the traditional monitoring process making it less costly and more reliable and accurate.

6 Plan of remaining work:

Week 1

• 2/9/19 – 6/9/19
• Discussion of ideas and information among the group members.

Week 2

• 9/9/19 – 13/9/19
• Going through various articles and resources and selecting the best possible idea suit.

Week 3

• 16/9/19 – 20/9/19
• Study of the terms which are prerequisites to the project and involvement of deep study of the topic.

Week 4

• 23/9/19 – 26/9/19
• Understanding various monitoring methods which are already implemented and are in use and studying their effective working.

Week 5

• 30/9/19 – 4/10/19
• Working on the technologies being used for the monitoring process along with the other requirements to be used.

Week 6

• 7/10/19 – 11/10/19
• Implementation of the technologies (IoT) over the desired module and hardware.

Week 7

• 14/10/19 – 18/10/19
• Working on Arduino board and assembling various hardware components.

Week 8

• 28/10/19 – 01/11/19
• Connection of hardware with the software implementation and its working

Week 9

• 04/11/19 – 8/11/19
• Conclusions to be drawn on the basis of outcomes of the proposed system

Week 10

• 11/11/19 – 15/11/19
• Submission of the project.

7 Current challenges:

The current challenges for air quality monitoring systems include data delivery in real-time. Pollution characteristics through the integration of multi-sensory data. Also, the use of traditional air quality monitoring systems is generally expensive and provides low-resolution sensing, large bulk, and unstable operation.

High cost and large bulk make it impossible for a large-scale installation. This system can only be installed in key monitoring locations of some key enterprises thus system data is unavailable to predict the overall pollution situation.

8 Project outcome -achievements:

This project describes the implementation constraints and attributes or measures of the various pollution monitoring system. This system has an advantage such as low power consumption, in order to monitor pollutant quantity in different sites. The proposed wireless air pollution monitoring system provides real-time information about the level of air pollution in these regions, as well as provides alerts in cases of drastic changes in the quality of air. This information can then be used by the authorities to take prompt actions such as evacuating people. The proposed system will show the simulation output of sensing the humidity level, temperature, and presence of other gases in the environment. The sensor output is then pushed to the cloud and can be viewed through the internet. Anyone sitting in any corner can monitor the air quality and can perform actions over it. The Arduino will sense the input from various sensors and output will be generated on the LCD and buzzer indicating a value.

9 Applications of the project:

1. Indoor Air Quality Monitoring
2. Industrial Perimeter Monitoring
3. Site Selection for reference monitoring stations
4. Making the data easily available for the users

10 Future scope of work

1. Interface more sensors to know the detailed content of the gases present in the air.
2. Designing webpages and uploading the data on the web page making it user accessible easily.
3. Interfacing of SD Card to store the data can be done
4. Interfacing of GPS Module to monitor the pollution at the exact location and upload on the webpages.

References:

1. G Spandana, Mr. Shanmughasundram R, “Design and Development of Air Pollution Monitoring System for Smart Cities”, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS 2018) IEEE Xplore Compliant Part Number: CFP18K74-ART; ISBN:978-1-5386-2842-3
2. S.Muthukumar, W.Sherine Mary, W.Sherin, Jayanthi.S, Kiruthiga. R, Mahalakshmi.M, “IoT-based air pollution monitoring and control system”, Proceedings of the International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (CIRCA 2018) IEEE Xplore Compliant Part Number: CFP18N67-ART; ISBN:978-1-5386-2456-2
3. Temesegan Walelign Ayele, Rutvik Mehta, “Air pollution monitoring and prediction using IoT”, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Inventive Communication and Computational Technologies (ICICCT 2018) IEEE Xplore Compliant – Part Number: CFP18BAC-ART; ISBN:978-1-5386-1974-2
4. Khaled Bashir Shaban, Abdullah Kadri, EmanRezk, “Urban air pollution monitoring system with forecasting models,” IEEE Sensors Journal Volume: 16, Issue: 8, pp. 2598 – 2606, April 15, 2016.
5. Walter Fuertes, Diego Carrera, César Villacís, TheofilosToulkeridis, Fernando Galárraga, Edgar Torres, and HernánAules, “Distributed System as the Internet of Things for a new low-cost, Air Pollution Wireless Monitoring on Real Time,” IEEE International Conferences on Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real-Time Applications, 2015.
6. ShwetalRaipure. Deepak Mehetre, “Wireless Sensor Network Based Pollution Monitoring System in Metropolitan Cities,” IEEE on International Conference, 2015.
7. Chen Xiaojun, Liu Xianpeng, XuPeng, “IOT- Based Air Pollution Monitoring and Forecasting System,” IEEE Conference December 2015.
8. Bhavika Bathiya, Sanjay Srivastava, Biswajit Mishra, “Air pollution Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor” 2016 IEEE International WIE Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (WIECON-ECE) 19-21 December 2016, AISSMS, Pune, India.

Essay on Air Pollution 1 (100 words)

Air pollution is the presence of harmful substances in the Earth’s atmosphere, causing damage to human health, animals, and the environment. It is primarily caused by human activities such as industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, and the burning of fossil fuels. These activities release pollutants like carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter into the air. Air pollution can lead to respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, and even premature death. It also contributes to global warming and climate change. To combat air pollution, it is crucial to adopt cleaner technologies, promote renewable energy sources, and implement strict regulations on emissions. Public awareness and individual efforts are also essential in reducing air pollution for a healthier and sustainable future.

Essay on Air Pollution 2 (200 words)

Air pollution is a pressing environmental concern that poses significant risks to both human health and the planet. The detrimental effects of air pollution have gained increasing attention due to its adverse impacts on various aspects of life.

Air pollution primarily stems from human activities such as industrialization, vehicle emissions, and burning of fossil fuels. These activities release pollutants into the atmosphere, including particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and volatile organic compounds. As a result, air pollution deteriorates air quality, leading to a host of problems. The release of fine particulate matter, for instance, is linked to respiratory diseases, while nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds contribute to the formation of harmful ground-level ozone.

Furthermore, air pollution not only affects human health but also harms the environment. Acid rain, caused by the deposition of nitrogen and sulfur compounds from air pollutants, damages ecosystems, including forests and aquatic habitats. Additionally, it contributes to global climate change by increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, exacerbating the phenomenon of global warming and its associated consequences.

In conclusion, air pollution poses a grave threat to our environment and well-being. It demands urgent attention and effective measures to curb pollution sources, promote cleaner technologies, and raise awareness among individuals. By collectively addressing this issue, we can strive towards a cleaner and healthier future for all.

Essay on Air Pollution 3 (300 words)

Air pollution is a significant environmental issue that poses a threat to the well-being of both humans and the planet. It occurs when harmful substances, such as particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds, are released into the atmosphere. These pollutants are mainly emitted from industrial activities, vehicle emissions, burning fossil fuels, and improper waste management.

The consequences of air pollution are far-reaching. Firstly, it has detrimental effects on human health. The inhalation of polluted air can lead to respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, and even cancer. Children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of air pollution. Moreover, italso has ecological implications. It contributes to the deterioration of air quality, leading to smog, acid rain, and the depletion of the ozone layer.

Furthermore, air pollution significantly impacts the climate system and contributes to global warming. Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to the greenhouse effect and the subsequent rise in global temperatures. This phenomenon has far-reaching consequences, including the melting of polar ice caps, rising sea levels, and extreme weather events.

To mitigate air pollution, various measures need to be implemented. The adoption of cleaner and renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, can reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decrease emissions.

Additionally, stricter regulations and enforcement of emission standards for industries and vehicles are crucial. Public awareness campaigns should be conducted to educate individuals about the importance of reducing air pollution and adopting sustainable practices.

In conclusion, air pollution is a pressing issue that affects human health, the environment, and the climate system. Taking immediate and effective measures to reduce emissions and promote sustainable practices is essential to combat this problem and create a cleaner and healthier future for all.

Essay on Air Pollution 4 (400 words)

Air pollution is a pressing global issue that poses significant threats to human health, ecosystems, and the environment as a whole. It arises from various sources, both natural and anthropogenic, releasing harmful pollutants into the atmosphere. This essay examines the detrimental effects of air pollution on human health and the environment while emphasizing the urgent need for collective action to combat this pervasive problem.

Air pollution poses severe risks to human health. Inhalation of pollutants, such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and volatile organic compounds, can cause or exacerbate respiratory diseases like asthma, bronchitis, and lung cancer. Prolonged exposure to polluted air can also lead to cardiovascular problems, allergies, and compromised immune systems. Vulnerable groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions, are particularly susceptible to these adverse effects.

Beyond its impact on human health, air pollution also wreaks havoc on the environment. It contributes to the formation of smog and acid rain, which damage crops, forests, and bodies of water. Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, are significant contributors to global warming and climate change. The resulting shifts in temperature and weather patterns have far-reaching consequences, including rising sea levels, more frequent and intense natural disasters, and disruptions to ecosystems and biodiversity.

Addressing air pollution requires a multi-faceted approach involving individuals, communities, industries, and governments. Adopting cleaner energy sources, such as renewable energy and phasing out fossil fuels, is crucial for reducing emissions from power generation and transportation. Encouraging sustainable practices, such as promoting public transportation, biking, and walking, can help mitigate air pollution from vehicles. Implementing and enforcing stringent regulations and emission standards is necessary to hold industries accountable and limit their environmental impact.

Air pollution poses a significant threat to human health and the environment, necessitating immediate and concerted action. Raising awareness about the detrimental effects of it is essential for individuals to make informed choices that reduce their contribution to the problem. Governments must prioritize environmental protection, investing in clean technologies, and implementing policies that incentivize sustainable practices. Collaboration between nations is critical, as air pollution knows no borders. By addressing air pollution collectively, we can pave the way for a cleaner future, ensuring the well-being of present and future generations while safeguarding the planet we call home.

Essay on Air Pollution 5 (500 words)

Air pollution, an ever-increasing global concern, poses a significant threat to our environment and human health. It occurs when harmful substances, including particulate matter, gases, and chemicals, contaminate the air we breathe. The consequences of air pollution are dire, ranging from climate change and ecological damage to respiratory diseases and premature deaths. This essay will delve into the causes, effects, and potential solutions to combat air pollution, shedding light on the urgency of this issue and the need for collective action.

The causes of it are multifaceted. One of the primary sources is the combustion of fossil fuels, which powers transportation, industries, and electricity generation. Emissions from vehicles, factories, and power plants release significant amounts of pollutants like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide. Additionally, deforestation and agricultural activities contribute to air pollution through the release of smoke, dust, and chemicals. Indoor air pollution is another concerning factor, resulting from the use of solid fuels, such as coal and wood, for cooking and heating in many developing countries.

Air pollution wreaks havoc on both the environment and human health. Ecologically, it disrupts ecosystems, damages crops, and contributes to climate change. Pollutants like carbon dioxide act as greenhouse gases, trapping heat and causing global warming. This leads to adverse weather patterns, rising sea levels, and the melting of glaciers. It also harms human health, especially the respiratory system. Fine particulate matter and toxic gases can penetrate deep into the lungs, triggering or exacerbating conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, and lung cancer.

Furthermore, air pollution is associated with cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, and adverse birth outcomes. The economic consequences of it are substantial, including healthcare costs, productivity loss, and damage to infrastructure.

Addressing air pollution necessitates a comprehensive approach involving governments, industries, communities, and individuals. One crucial step is transitioning to clean and renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Implementing stricter emission standards for vehicles and industrial facilities is vital to curbing pollution levels. Encouraging sustainable transportation options, such as public transit and cycling, can also make a significant impact. Additionally, promoting afforestation and sustainable farming practices helps mitigate air pollution by absorbing carbon dioxide and reducing the use of chemical fertilizers.

Furthermore, raising awareness about the detrimental effects of air pollution and encouraging behavioral changes is crucial. Individuals can contribute by reducing their energy consumption, adopting energy-efficient appliances, and practicing responsible waste management. Governments should prioritize the development of environmental policies and regulations, along with investing in research and technology to find innovative solutions. International collaboration is necessary to tackle transboundary air pollution issues.

Air pollution stands as a global crisis that demands immediate attention. It threatens our environment, health, and socioeconomic well-being. To protect our planet and future generations, we must prioritize sustainable practices and adopt measures to reduce it. The concerted efforts of governments, industries, communities, and individuals are essential to achieving cleaner air. By transitioning to clean energy, implementing stricter regulations, and promoting sustainable lifestyles, we can pave the way for a healthier and more sustainable future. It is our collective responsibility to act now and ensure that the air we breathe remains pure and uncontaminated.

Essay on Air Pollution 6 (600 words)

Air pollution is a significant environmental problem that affects both human health and the planet’s ecosystems. It refers to the presence of harmful substances in the Earth’s atmosphere, resulting from various human activities and natural processes. As industrialization and urbanization continue to grow, the issue of air pollution becomes increasingly concerning. This essay discusses the causes, impacts, and possible mitigation strategies for air pollution.

Air pollution is primarily caused by human activities, including industrial processes, transportation, energy production, and agricultural practices. The combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and gas, releases harmful pollutants into the atmosphere. Vehicles, power plants, and industrial facilities are major sources of emissions, releasing pollutants like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter. Additionally, deforestation and agricultural practices, such as burning crop residues and excessive use of fertilizers, contribute to air pollution through the release of greenhouse gases and other pollutants.

The impacts of air pollution are widespread and detrimental to both human health and the environment. The inhalation of polluted air can lead to respiratory problems, including asthma, bronchitis, and other chronic diseases. Fine particulate matter and toxic pollutants can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing lung damage and increasing the risk of lung cancer. Prolonged exposure to air pollution has also been linked to cardiovascular diseases and impaired immune function.

Air pollution not only affects human health but also has severe consequences for the environment. Acid rain, a result of pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides reacting with water in the atmosphere, damages forests, soil, and bodies of water. Pollutants can also contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer, resulting in increased ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth’s surface. Moreover, air pollution plays a significant role in climate change, as greenhouse gas emissions trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to rising temperatures and altering weather patterns.

Addressing air pollution requires a multi-faceted approach involving both individual and collective efforts. Here are some key mitigation strategies that can help alleviate air pollution:

• Transition to Clean Energy: Promote the use of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. Encouraging the adoption of electric vehicles and supporting the development of sustainable transportation systems can significantly reduce emissions from the transportation sector.
• Improve Industrial Practices: Implement stricter emission standards and regulations for industries, requiring the use of advanced pollution control technologies. Encourage companies to adopt cleaner production methods and invest in research and development for innovative solutions.
• Enhance Waste Management: Encourage recycling and waste reduction initiatives to minimize the release of pollutants from waste incineration and landfill sites. Proper disposal of hazardous materials and the promotion of circular economy principles are crucial in reducing pollution levels.
• Reforestation and Green Spaces: Planting trees and creating green spaces in urban areas can help absorb pollutants and improve air quality. Urban planning should prioritize the incorporation of green infrastructure, including parks, gardens, and rooftop gardens, to mitigate the effects of air pollution.
• Raise Awareness and Education: Educate the public about the impacts of air pollution and promote sustainable lifestyle choices. Encourage individuals to reduce their carbon footprint by conserving energy, using public transportation, and practicing eco-friendly habits.

In conclusion, air pollution is a pressing global issue that demands immediate attention. The causes of air pollution are predominantly linked to human activities, making it crucial to adopt sustainable practices and implement effective mitigation strategies. By transitioning to clean energy, improving industrial practices, enhancing waste management, promoting reforestation, and raising awareness, we can mitigate air pollution’s detrimental impacts on both human health and the environment. It is essential for governments, industries, and individuals to work together to create a cleaner and healthier future for generations to come.

Essay on Air Pollution 7 (1200 words)

I. Introduction

Air is important for all humans, animals or even fish and alternative organisms. Its importance may be realized by the fact that humans will survive without food and water for a couple of days, however, without the air, it is not possible to survive. For that, any creature on the planet can not live 30 seconds without breathing. Adults breathe around 17,000 to 23,000 times a day at 12 to 16 breaths per minute (www.reference.com, 2019). So, air clarity has a relation with everything, Starting from the first day of the new baby to global warming. Moving to the next point, air pollution can be defined as the presence of liquid, gaseous, or solid in the air in quantities that result in many vital damages. Air pollution is one of the most salient environmental issues. Air pollution has existed continuously for many eras since people lit a fire to eat or to infer their way. For that, there is an urgent need to develop plans to reduce it as much as possible. Air pollution has a significant effect on the atmosphere, and it can be reduced by three main methods.

II. Effects of Air pollution

In terms of the effects of air pollution, people face many influences which lead to many diseases without awareness and these influences can be divided into short- and long-term effects. First and foremost, short-term results, which are interim. Such as respiratory diseases. They also result in constant itching of the nose, eyes, and sore throat, which may cause difficulty in breathing. Another one is that it causes a headache and dizziness by its bad smell which is made by smoke or car emissions. As long as there are short-term effects there are long-term effects. When we say long-term, we mean it can last for years or an entire lifetime. They also can result in death’s person. Air pollution is the main cause of many diseases including lung cancer, and heart attack, and these diseases can lead to death if the situation develops. Air pollution can even cause long-run harm to people’s arms, brains, skin, and different organs. The health effects of pollution are serious, one-third of deaths from stroke, carcinoma, and heart condition are because of pollution (www.who.int, 2018). Some people, such as children and the elderly, are strongly affected because their immune systems are weaker than young people and therefore, they are more likely to face those symptoms. Similarly, Air pollution has a noticeable effect on the environment like animals, plants even sand. Haze, such as smog, could be a visible sort of pollution that obscures the view. Furthermore, air pollution will directly pollute the surface of bodies of soil. this may kill crops or cut back their yield. This could kill young trees and different plants. Many of the chemicals emitted by automobile and factory emissions gather in the open air and then come down to the ground in the form of acid rain which destroys the soil, agricultural environment, and natural water quality. Likewise, when we speak about air pollution one thing that would come to our mind is global warming. Global warming is an environmental issue that has a direct relation with air pollution It is the result of the high proportion of fumes and chemicals polluting the atmosphere and most of these fumes are caused by oil and coal, which leads to a huge rise in temperature, which may lead to the death of some organisms, including humans.

III. Methods to Reduce Air Pollution

An urgent solution to reduce air pollution is needed due to the previous effects. Therefore, some ways here are recommended. Firstly, clean energies, these types of energies have important implications for both human and the natural environment; it does not lead to long-term or near-term health damage, because it is inspired by clean nature and does not need to be burned to produce energy like fossil fuels. Also, it does not produce any emissions that affect the basic composition of the land or even the atmosphere of the earth, since if there is a huge amount of emissions that will lead to global warming, so we can say that air pollution and global warming are to sides of the same coin so no one can separate them. Polluted air has decreased in varying and noticeable proportions in several sectors since renewable energy started working (as cited in Eurostat, 2019). Another method to reduce air pollution is to stop desertification. Any Kind of plant such as a huge tree or even a small flower helps the environment’s air to last clean. Because all of these plants inhale CO2, which is one of the most main reasons for air pollution and producing Oxygen that makes the air go back to its original composition. Moreover, desertification causes huge atmospheric dust. To make the idea clearer, a few months ago California had wildfires, the air has become heavily polluted in part of the state, in terms of that, the government called the most sensitive residents to stay home and not leave until they were told to (France24, 2018). Besides, one idea is as important as the previous ideas which are how well people know air pollution. The above ideas are worthless if humans do not know the importance of the air pollution problem and therefore people’s awareness is also one of the most important reasons to mitigate this problem. And that could happen by various methods, one is to publish the idea of air pollution and its effects on magazines and social media to catch their followers, which are mostly young teenagers. Another is to make advertisements in streets that also show the air pollution issues, to bring the attention of the because they do not use social applications. The last one is to add an extra minute to classes in schools to explain how air pollution is affecting us without feeling that and how can we reduce it by simple methods.

IV. Conclusion

To summarise, air pollution plays an enormous role in the environment, it exists since the ancient eras since people there were using materials that affect the quality of the air. As a result of these acts, there are many effects on every organism living on this earth, People’s health is most prone to pollution diseases which can lead to death if the situation developed followed by the effects on the environment that can kill the crops the soil, and the water. Also, air pollution affects directly the atmosphere which directly results in global warming since they are dependent on each other. Luckily, there are some ways to reduce those effects. First is to use neat energy which does not affect the natural environment. And stop cutting down the trees since they are very helpful to produce fresh air and make it stays in its original composition. Finally, raising people’s awareness is also an important method and its importance is not more than others. We should do our best to reduce air pollution to make our life clean and healthy.

Particle pollution, also known as particulate matter, is a major cause of death in cities like Kanpur, India, known as the world’s most polluted city, the industrial hub’s annual PM 2.5 average was 173 microgram per cubic meter (ug/m3) which has about 600 people visiting hospitals which respiratory diseases every month, mostly children and people over 50. [7]

Effects of air pollution

Air pollution has negative effects on the environment as the production of acid rain, eutrophication, ozone depletion, reduction of plant growth, haze, and global climate change.

Rainwater is naturally acidic (pH 5.6) because of the presence of CO2 within the atmosphere. However, the combustion of fossil fuels emits acidic substances into the atmosphere. Both of those air pollutants react with airborne water molecules and reduce rainwater pH, resulting in the formation of acid rain. And acid rains lead to the Acidification of water bodies, Water acidity leads to body deformities, and gill damage and lowers the success rate of reproduction. It also damages plant leaves and needles, reducing the power of plants to photosynthesize, and changes of soil chemistry, which affects plant metabolism and nutrient cycling – making plants (especially trees) nutrient deprived and susceptible to diseases.

Eutrophication occurs when an overabundance of plant nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) accumulates in freshwater bodies and causes an overgrowth of algae in the water. The algae growth is dangerous for other aquatic organisms, as once the algae die; their decomposition depletes oxygen from the water. The affected water body then can’t support other life and turns into a dead zone.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons, and halons, used as refrigerants and in aerosol sprays since the 1930s, were later identified as the main ozone-depleting chemicals with harmful effects of ozone depletion are available in many forms that are negatively damaging to all life forms. Exposure of living organisms to ultraviolet radiation increases the incidence of skin cancer, cataracts, impaired immune system, and metabolic disorders.

Affected plants are weak and don’t grow well. In line with the scientific research in the Great Smoky Mountains national park, trees exposed to great ozone levels grew only to 60 % of their full potential. Reduced growth is usually accompanied by lower yields and high mortality levels among plants.

Haze is produced when sunlight hits concentrated particles of airborne pollutants, like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, emitted from power plants, and industrial facilities or produced by the smoke from wildfires.

Due to the excessive burning of fossil fuels and extensive changes within the land cover by deforestation in large areas to form space for cities or farms, immense quantities of greenhouse gases like CO2 and methane are released into the air. Greenhouse gases facilitate a rise in global temperatures by trapping the warmth within the atmosphere, and their ever-increasing concentrations have gradually begun to change the planet’s climate. Global climate change is manifested through many negative events, including stronger storms, floods, searing summer heat, droughts, destructive wildfires, increased risk of disease and pest infestations, sea water level rise, and ocean acidification. These events are disturbing for the natural balance of ecosystems and affect living organisms that should promptly adapt to sudden changes and weather extremities. [8]

As air pollution has a negative effect on the environment, it also has negative effects on humans, such as accelerated global warming, human respiratory and heart concerns, wildlife endangerment as well as acid rains.

Global warming refers to the rise in the earth’s temperatures that continues to experience. These higher temperatures cause the melting of the polar ice caps and icebergs, which then elevates sea levels and creates concern for humanity.

Air pollution causes irritation within the eyes, lungs, nose, and throat. It creates respiratory problems and exacerbates existing conditions like emphysema and asthma. When exposed to air pollution, humans become at higher risk for cardiovascular diseases. Air full of toxins can have a number of negative effects on the arteries and has even been a contributor to heart attacks and lung cancer.

Most diseases that humans are prone to, animals are prone to as well. Air pollution creates many of the same issues that humans usually face. Highly polluted areas force inhabitants to go looking for new homes, which may negatively impact the entire ecosystem. Toxic chemicals, also deposit over surfaces of water that may lead to the endangerment of marine life animals. [9]

In 2015, WHO and OECD reviewed the economic cost of great death and disability from air pollution in Europe nearly 1.6 trillion $. air pollution takes its position on the economy in several ways: it costs humans their lives, it reduces people’s ability to work and do their job, it affects many products like food, it damages cultural and historical monuments, it reduces the power of ecosystems to perform functions societies need and it costs money in remediation or restoration.[10]

Air pollution before COVID-19

Air pollution throughout the years before COVID-19 existence made it worse. “If you’re getting COVID, and you have been breathing polluted air, it’s really putting gasoline on a fire,” said Francesca Dominici (Harvard biostatistics professor and the study’s senior author). [11]

So according to Professor Francesca’s words polluted air made human life in massive danger which can’t be handled anymore in addition to COVID -19 the unstoppable virus. That polluted air made the virus attack human lungs dangerously which made humans can’t resist it anymore. Even the ozone layer ruptured by all of this air pollution and caused the ozone hole, chemical reactions involving chlorine and bromine caused ozone in the southern polar region to be destroyed rapidly and severely. This region is known as the “ozone hole”. The area of the ozone hole is determined from a map of the total column of ozone. [12]

And throughout the years before COVID-19 appearance the hole was getting larger every year due to the burning of fossil fuels at factories, smog by vehicles, and emissions of pollutants that destroy the ozone hole more and more.

How could COVID-19 decrease air pollution?

The coronavirus led to an increase in air quality all around the world. Lockdowns have resulted in factories and roads shutting down, thus reducing emissions. To contain the coronavirus pandemic, billions of people have been told to stay at home.

In China, authorities placed almost half a billion people under lockdown, the equivalent of nearly 7% of the world’s population. Many other countries have since taken similar measures, initially in hard-hit Italy and Spain, and more recently in the United States and India. [13]

From the shown figures you can compare air pollution before COVID-19 and after appearing the virus and how it positively affect nature after forcing people to stay at home and let the natural breath, Return of migratory birds, deer returned to forests, oceans became clear, and the air became fresher and clear having no pollutions or smog. Due to these huge transformations to the pollution that it became less polluted the ozone hole became smaller and the air returned to its originality.

Humans are designed via eons of evolution to live at the earth: to breathe the earth’s air, to drink the earth’s water, to consume the flowers and animals that grow on the earth’s surface. People are adapted to the earth’s environment. While there is tremendous variation in that surroundings in exceptional components of the planet, and whilst human beings have discovered approaches to live in many one-of-a-kind climates and habitats, people’s health depends on the presence of those simple substances of life air, water, and food[footnoteRef:1]. There are also herbal phenomena within the surroundings that can damage human health: extremes of warmth and cold, ultraviolet rays of the sun, poisonous minerals and plant life, and other living organisms, from pathogenic microorganism to predatory mammals. Ensuring a smooth water supply and the safe disposal of wastes capabilities that fall into the category of environmental health are still the various most critical duties of government. Other environmental health functions essential in industrial international locations are measures to make sure clean air and safe meals. Most people do no longer have the method or the choice to develop their personal food, draw water from their very own well, and dispose of wastes in their own yard. Because people live together in towns and suburbs, they depend on others to offer their meals and water and to take away their wastes. Because there are so many people on earth today, and because of the prodigality of the present day lifestyle, the wastes humans produce have unprecedented ability to pollute the air and litter the earth.

Air pollution, at the same time as a conspicuous hassle in cities for greater than two centuries, was recognized as a severe threat to health within the Forties and 1950s. Weather-related events together with smoke from the burning of fossil fuels in England and the US caused nearby air pollution crises that brought about deaths from respiration and heart disease. Indoor air may also have even extra considerable outcomes on health than outside air, since maximum human beings spend more time interior than out, and lots of indoor pollutants are trapped inner buildings at excessive concentrations. Common indoor air pollutants include tobacco smoke, radon gas, consumer merchandise that release chemical substances into the air, and biological pollution including bacteria and mold[footnoteRef:3].The pollutants, chemicals and microbial pathogens which are usually present in water and are not harmful in drinking water, but they can be poisonous on fish and wildlife. Many chemicals have been discharged into waterways as industrial wastes, consisting of the mercury in Minamata Bay or the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Hudson River. People may additionally then be poisoned by eating the fish that have gathered those toxins of their flesh. Other sources of pollution consist of deposition from the air, as in acid rain, or runoff from the land. Usually Americans produce lots of solid waste each year, which can amounted to 250 million. It is usually estimated that 4.40 pounds of waste each person is producing in a day. Solid waste usually consists of plastics, food drums, wrapers, field waste and mostly wastes which are coming from nearby housing localities, school and factory areas. It doesn’t consists of unusual wastes, such as parts of car, sludge and other wastes. Municipal wastes be broken down, such as paper, it can be better use as a wrapper. It is a duty of local Authority to look after garbage. In 19th century, at that time it is seen that vectors which are attracted by such garbage caused plague and typus.

The significance of safe consuming water to public health has been clear on account that John Snow recognized polluted water as the source of London’s cholera epidemic in 1855. Major epidemics of cholera and different waterborne sicknesses broke out periodically in the United States till the give up of the 19th century. Ninety thousand human beings died of cholera in 1885 in Chicago, persuading city officials to forestall discharging the city’s sewage into Lake Michigan, which become additionally the supply of municipal consuming water[footnoteRef:4]. Nevertheless, 647 outbreaks of waterborne sicknesses were documented through the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) between 1971 and 1994, consisting of the 1993 cryptosporidiosis outbreak in Milwaukee. Each year between 1991 and 2010, the CDC and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recorded a mean of 16 outbreaks associated with infected consuming water. In Pennsylvania approximately 5 days industrial smoke trapped. There is a small city of 14K population, the people who were living there complains of eye, nose and breathing problems due to inflammation. The occasion won national attention and helped raise consciousness approximately the health consequences of air pollution .On the 60th year of this event, Donora smog museum is built, to remind such event. In 1987, the problem of solid waste disposal brought into the eye of National concern. They put the ban on trash which are more than 3K tons from the nearby landfills in Islip, it is a disposal waste barren land site. In the older days no one is bothering about the garbage which are collected from the household localities and where to dump. Usual practise which men is doing, either they dispose outside openly or are burned in incinators or they are thrown into the nearby rivers. Due to this drinking water got affected and many waterborne diseases became epidemic in those areas.

As issue approximately environmental pollution has grown, the trouble of disposing of strong wastes has turn out to be more difficult to resolve. Traditional solutions, such as dumping rubbish into waterways or incinerating it, can no longer be used because they growth water and air pollution. The hassle of finding area for garbage could be eased if the extent of garbage might be reduced, for example, via eliminating excessive packaging and charging clients for disposal with the aid of volume. Recycling and use of reusable, in place of disposable, products also assist to reduce the volume of rubbish. The one and only goal of clean water act is that, water should be clean, in such a manner that one can swim and can do fishing in that water. The control should be measure on point and non-point source of water pollution. Laws should be there for treating waste water before it is discharged. Nonpoint-source pollutants is harder to control. Strategies for assembly air pollution standards encompass technological enhancements in motor vehicles and manufacturing facility smokestacks. Congress has recommended a flexible technique by using creating pollutants allowances that may be sold and sold, permitting industries to cooperate in meeting the standards. Requirements that industries disclose records on their emissions often result in strain on groups from local communities to lessen the pollutants.

Introduction

The term air pollution is referred to the interference of unwanted substances such as chemicals, particulate or biological materials which possess a threat (discomfort, severe diseases, death, and serious damage) to both living (man, animals, and plants) and non-living (water, soil, and air) things into the atmosphere via natural or anthropogenic (man-made) actions (Mahendra and Vaibhav 2013). These unwanted substances introduced into the atmosphere that can pose a serious threat to the environment, in general, are referred to as pollutants. Pollutants can be generated from natural processes such as (volcanic eruption, earthquakes, tornadoes, radon gas from radioactive decay within the earth’s crust, and wildfire) or from anthropogenic activities such as (carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust, smokestacks of power plants, manufacturing facilities, waste deposition in landfills and military, such as nuclear weapons, toxic gases, germ warfare, and rocketry). According to (Mahendra and Vaibhav 2013), these pollutants can exist in various forms such as solid particulates, liquids effluents or discharges, and gaseous forms which could be classified as primary (Sulphur oxides (SOx), Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO), Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Particulates, Persistent free radicals, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Ammonia (NH3), Odors, and Radioactive pollutants) or secondary (Particulates and Ground level ozone (O3)). Primary pollutants are emitted directly while secondary pollutants are created when there is an interaction or reaction between the primary pollutants with the atmosphere.

On the other hand, healthcare management involves and encompasses the collective efforts of healthcare managers in terms of planning, organizing, directing decision-making, and coordination of both clinical and non-clinical activities, direct and indirect care settings within healthcare systems, organizations, and networks. According to (Buchbinder and Thompson, 2010), direct care setting includes those organization that provides care to patients in need of health services, while indirect care setting do not provide the same services as direct care settings but rather give support to patients, residents or clients through products and services made available to direct care settings. Healthcare management is a branch of management that requires the managers to be very knowledgeable and expert in healthcare operations and technologies coupled with several leadership skills such as the ability to collaborate with multiple stakeholders, motivate team members, and proactively implement changes when necessary in the healthcare sector. The general duties of health care managers include (the development of the organization’s goals and objectives; recruitment, supervising, and training of competent and qualified medical staff; ensuring strict adherence with patient privacy laws and other federal, state, and local regulations; identifying ways to improve health care services and increase operational sufficiency) amongst others. Healthcare management can be very tasking and complicated in terms of disasters (air, water, soil, and sediments pollution), pandemics (various diseases that can be contagious), and other forms of health-related emergency issues, which would require the healthcare manager to adapt rapidly to the changing circumstances, act quickly to high pressured situations and strategize an appropriate course of action based on the information obtained that will help the organization and limit reduce any adverse impacts to its barest minimum.

Air pollution is one of the major factors in healthcare management outcomes and healthcare expenditure. It has become an important issue of interest globally. According to (Pope, 2007), there is epidemiological evidence that suggests that most adverse health effects from air pollution are highly dependent on exposure length, and exposure concentrations of air pollutants. He also stated that long-term exposures have higher and more persistent cumulative effects than short-term exposures. Globally, ambient air pollution has been associated with a multitude of health effects, including changes in lung function, mortality, respiratory and cardiovascular hospitalizations, and asthma attacks. This in turn has imbibed more pressure on healthcare managers in terms, of planning and deciding the affairs of hospitals and clinics based on healthcare management (which falls into total healthcare expenditure, drug expenditure, diagnostic test expenditure, medical consumable expenditure, nursing expenditure, bed expenditure, blood expenditure, and antibiotic-consumption). Also, health care managers would be faced with a whole lot of challenges on how to control the influx of patients suffering from air polluted related diseases into health care centers and how to manage medical bills to be paid by patients as this can run down the medical center if the patient cannot afford medical bills or cannot get the proper treatments, especially in developing countries.

CASE STUDY: The Impact of Air Pollution on Healthcare Expenditure for Respiratory Diseases: Evidence from the People’s Republic of China

Background: Air pollution is an important factor in health outcomes and healthcare expenditure. It has become an important issue of global concern. The objective of this study was to explore the influence of air pollution on the economic burden of respiratory diseases using different levels of PM2.5.

Methods

Data Sources and Variable Selection

A total of 3,546 samples of data were collected from Beijing from 2013–2015. The samples obtained were from patients hospitalized in a tertiary hospital in Beijing between 2013 and 2015 in the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. The data were in two sections. The first section was individual healthcare expenditure data sourced by the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the tertiary hospital. Healthcare expenditure is money spent on respiratory disease treatment. The second section was general air pollution data obtained from the website http: Beijing gair.sinaapp.com. The Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center is one of the earliest professional environmental monitoring agencies in China, and it is also a national environmental monitoring primary station.

Discussion

It was observed that air pollution had a great impact on healthcare expenditure. For a 1% increase in SO2 and soot emissions, public health expenditure increased by 0.15% and 0.79%, respectively. Zeng and He, (2019) based on a spatial econometric model, used panel data covering about 31 cities and provinces in China from 2002 to 2014 to investigate the relationship between industrial air pollution and healthcare management. Results obtained revealed that at the provincial level, industrial air pollution had a huge positive impact on healthcare expenditure. Also, a 1% increase in air pollution from industrial vent discharge in a province increased healthcare expenditure of neighboring provinces by 0.032% and 0.0072%, respectively. (Yang and Zhang 2018) in their studies utilized data from the China Urban Household Survey to estimate the impact of air pollution on expenditure. They found that with every 1% increase in PM2.5 concentration, medical expenditure increased by 2.942%. According to data sourced out from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey, (Pi et al, 2019) utilized such data to give an account of the impact of air pollution on the healthcare expenditure of the elderly using ordinary least squares. The regression results obtained revealed that environmental pollution (PM10, S02, NO2) affected elderly health status and health status also affected medical insurance costs, which will indirectly affect healthcare expenditure. (Xu et al, 2019) in their studies utilized Bayesian quantile regression to estimate the impact of industrial waste gas emission on health expenditure based on panel data from 30 Chinese provinces between 2005–2016. The results obtained also revealed that industrial waste gas emissions significantly affected health care expenditure.

Another great observation was that air pollution is one of the main causes of increased healthcare expenditure via respiratory diseases. In the process of decreasing the burden of air pollution-related disease, it was suggested that the government should not only start from the supply side of healthcare services, such as reforming medical insurance payments, new technologies, and equipment, but should also focus on solving the demand side, such as by improving air quality, reducing environmental pollution, and improving residents’ health. Therefore, the formulation of policies must take into account both the supply and demand side of healthcare services.

However, air pollution increased the menace of respiratory diseases and worsened residents’ health status, in turn increasing healthcare expenditure. According to (Pi et al, 2019) the impact of PM10 and Air Quality Index (AQI) on the disease was basically consistent with the impact of PM2.5. Air pollution had a significant impact on healthcare expenditure on respiratory diseases. Which was one of the mechanisms by which air pollution affected the burden of disease. The effect of different levels of air pollution on the healthcare expenditure burden is heterogeneous (Pi et al, 2019). From the study, it was suggested that government should strengthen air- pollution control to ensure air quality is better, which can effectively reduce the impact of air pollution on health care expenditure. At the same time, the impact of air pollution on healthcare expenditure is different. The medical insurance system must play a key role. Differentiated reimbursement policies can be adopted to reduce the burden of disease on patients

Conclusion

To this end, it is obvious that air pollution really has a huge impact on health care management in terms of the economic burden of air pollution (respiratory) related diseases using the health care expenditure of patients as a milestone from medical centers. Healthcare managers are therefore faced with the challenges of strategizing and planning suitable ways to improve healthcare services, such as reforming medical insurance payments for patients, new technologies, and equipment that can be utilized in the treatment of air pollution-related diseases. Healthcare managers are also faced with thinking out ideas and working effortlessly with the government and environmental bodies on solving the demand side, such as improving air quality, solving environmental pollution, and improving the health of residents. This, therefore, has will boost the formulation of policies decided by healthcare managers into taking into account both the supply and the demand side of healthcare services.

In most cities across the world pollution is a serious problem. And with more and more people living in cities, more and more cars will be used, more factories, and more power plants. This all equals MORE pollution, but there is one tool that is often overlooked, and that is trees. Pollution is caused by burning too many fossil fuels, deforestation (from agriculture) and industrial activity. This fills the atmosphere and oceans with carbon, and too much CO2’s can deplete the ozone layer as well as create global warming. Most importantly it dangerous to human and animal lives. According Global Solutions, “While trees alone can’t solve the entirety of cities’ air and pollution problems, they are a critical piece of the puzzle. (Global Solutions, para 7.)

Trees and forests are working non-stop cleaning our air, and improving the quality. They breathe in the toxic carbon dioxides and exhale clean oxygen we need to breathe. Humans and animals need clean breathable oxygen levels it is crucial for our survival. Airborne particles of dust, soot, and smokes are releases when we burn fossil fuels or kicked up during construction and farming. Breathing in these polluted chemicals can cause a variety of health issues including asthma, cancer, and even death. Planting trees is a cost effective way to help prevent some of these medical illnesses to the public.

Trees help in the process of removing particulate matter. What happens when these particulate are kicked up into the air they are blown into the leaves of trees and stick to them. Once it rains they are then washed away and carried into the sewer system, so we don’t inhale it. (this actually causes water pollution problems, but that’s another paper) Trees also cool temperatures by providing shade and releasing water through photosynthesis, which cools summer temperatures by two to four degrees Fahrenheit. Trees can only clean air that it is close proximity, so about one hundred feet or so. This means you have to know where planting these trees would be best beneficial. Vox claims, “Officials can maximize pollution reduction by planting trees where pollution density and air pollution overlap. The Nature Conservatory report uses data from Washington D.C. to create a map showing where planting trees will have the highest investment.” (Global Warming, para. 3)

Trees properly placed around buildings can reduce air conditioning needs by 30% and save energy used for heating by 20–50%. Trees provide habitat, food and protection to plants and animals, increasing urban biodiversity. This is something we discussed last week in our discussion; life benefits from trees, period. Planting trees today is essential for future generations! Planting trees is about the most important and easiest thing we can do to help the environment and ourselves. Although you have outweigh the drawbacks, like what kind of area you live in, it’s still a great notion. Trees are giant air filters, and the sooner we start thinking of them that way, the sooner the air we breathe might be cooler and cleaner in cities around the world.

In urban communities, air pollution is an important health concern and it can threaten the lives of everyone. For this reason, the airs temperature is an indicator of a boundary layer (Miller et al. 2013). When understanding what temperature inversion is, you will see it’s a reversal of the normal temperature in the troposphere. This is when the layer of cool air is overlaid by warmer air in a normal state (Hughes, R. N., Hughes, D., & Smith, I. P., 2013). There are five processes responsible for the inversion. Those five processes are cold air advection that is followed by a cold surge. According to Hughes et al. (2010), there will also be the following processes in order for the boundary layer to have growth to a cold surge event, cloud-top radiative cooling, adiabatic heating due to subsidence, shallow convection at or near the observation site, and diurnal heating process. Overall, the troposphere deceases with an increasing height. Yet a temperature inversion is a condition where the temperature increase in height (Hughes, R. N., Hughes, D., & Smith, I. P., 2013).

The temperature is cooler as the air in the atmosphere goes higher. The reason for this is since the sun and the suns energy can convert to heat that than turns the air into warm air (Rendón, A. M et al., 2015). As the air travels, the warmth of the air travels to the atmosphere and it expands and then cools (Rendón, A. M et al., 2015). At times, you will see the temperature increase in height. There are two sorts of temperature inversions: surface reversals that happen close to the Earth’s surface, and on high reversals that happen over the ground. Surface reversals are the most critical in the investigation of air quality. The most well-known way in which surface reversals shape is through the cooling of the air close to the ground around evening time. Once the sun goes down, the ground loses warm rapidly, and this cools the air that is in contact with the ground (Rendón, A. M et al., 2015). Be that as it may, since air is an exceptionally poor conductor of warmth, the air simply over the surface stays warm. Conditions that support the improvement of a solid surface reversal are quiet breezes, clear skies, and long evenings (Rendón, A. M et al., 2015). Quiet breezes anticipate hotter air over the surface from blending down to the ground, and clear skies increment the rate of cooling at the Earth’s surface. Long evenings take into consideration the cooling of the ground to proceed over a more extended timeframe, bringing about a more noteworthy temperature diminish at the surface (Teles, T. N., Gupta, S., Di Cintio, P., & Casetti, L., 2015). Since the evenings in the wintertime are any longer than evenings amid the mid year, surface reversals are more grounded and more typical amid the winter months. A solid reversal suggests a significant temperature contrast exists between the cool surface air and the hotter air up high (Teles, T. N., Gupta, S., Di Cintio, P., & Casetti, L., 2015). Amid the light hours, surface reversals typically debilitate and vanish as the sun warms the Earth’s surface. Nonetheless, under certain meteorological conditions, for example, solid high weight over the range, these reversals can persevere if a few days. Moreover, nearby geographical highlights can improve the arrangement of reversals, particularly in valley areas.

Surface temperature reversals assume a noteworthy part in air quality, particularly amid the winter when these reversals are the most grounded. The warm air above cooler air acts like a top, stifling vertical blending and catching the cooler air at the surface (Teles, T. N., Gupta, S., Di Cintio, P., & Casetti, L., 2015). As toxins from vehicles, chimneys, and industry are transmitted into the air, the reversal traps these poisons close to the ground, prompting poor air quality. The quality and span of the reversal will control AQI levels close to the ground. A solid reversal will keep contaminations to a shallow vertical layer, prompting high AQI levels, while a powerless reversal will prompt lower AQI levels (Teles, T. N., Gupta, S., Di Cintio, P., & Casetti, L., 2015). A vast supporter of poor air quality amid the winter is private wood consuming. Wood smoke contains significantly higher measures of particulate contamination than smoke from oil-or gas-terminated heaters. In a few zones of the nation, nearby governments issue consumes bans to diminish the utilization of woodstoves and chimneys under certain climate and contamination conditions amid the winter.

Fine particulate issue postures genuine wellbeing concerns since it can go through the nose and throat, hold up profoundly in the lungs, and go over the lungs into the cardiovascular framework. Particles can irritate lung infections, for example, asthma and bronchitis, and increment respiratory manifestations, for example, hacking, wheezing, or shortness of breath. PM2.5 can irritate heart conditions, including congestive heart disappointment and coronary supply route infection (Guan, W. J., Zheng, X. Y., Chung, K. F., & Zhong, N. S., 2016) . Individuals of any age confront wellbeing dangers from PM2.5 contamination, yet a few gatherings are more defenseless than others (Guan, W. J., Zheng, X. Y., Chung, K. F., & Zhong, N. S., 2016) . Youngsters are at high hazard since they invest more energy playing outside, their bodies are yet creating, and they inhale more quickly than grown-ups, breathing in more air per pound of body weight. The elderly and those with intense or incessant respiratory issues are likewise at high hazard. Indeed, even dynamic grown-ups who practice outside face an expanded hazard from fine particulates because PM2.5 infiltrates further into the parts of the lungs that are more powerless against damage (Guan, W. J., Zheng, X. Y., Chung, K. F., & Zhong, N. S., 2016).

Fine particulate matter postures genuine wellbeing concerns since it can go through the nose and throat, hold up profoundly in the lungs, and go over the lungs into the cardiovascular framework. Particles can irritate lung sicknesses, for example, asthma and bronchitis, and increment respiratory side effects, for example, hacking, wheezing, or shortness of breath. PM2.5 can irritate heart conditions, including congestive heart disappointment and coronary vein ailment (Guan, W. J., Zheng, X. Y., Chung, K. F., & Zhong, N. S., 2016) .

Individuals of any age confront wellbeing dangers from PM2.5 contamination, yet a few gatherings are more helpless than others (Guan, W. J., Zheng, X. Y., Chung, K. F., & Zhong, N. S., 2016) . Kids are at high hazard since they invest more energy playing outside, their bodies are yet creating, and they inhale more quickly than grown-ups, breathing in more air per pound of body weight. The elderly and those with intense or ceaseless respiratory issues are additionally at high hazard. Indeed, even dynamic grown-ups who practice outside face an expanded hazard from fine particulates because PM2.5 infiltrates further into the parts of the lungs that are more defenseless against damage (Guan, W. J., Zheng, X. Y., Chung, K. F., & Zhong, N. S., 2016).

A harmful effect of inversion is smog. Breathing smoggy air can be unsafe because exhaust cloud contains ozone, a contamination that can hurt our wellbeing when there are hoisted levels noticeable all around we relax. Researchers have been examining the impacts of ozone on human wellbeing for a long time (Guan, W. J., Zheng, X. Y., Chung, K. F., & Zhong, N. S., 2016). Up until this point, they have discovered that ozone can cause a few sorts of here and now wellbeing impacts in the lungs. Ozone can aggravate the respiratory framework. At the point when this happens, you may begin hacking, feel a disturbance in your throat, as well as experience an awkward sensation in your chest (Guan, W. J., Zheng, X. Y., Chung, K. F., & Zhong, N. S., 2016). These indications can keep going for a couple of hours after ozone presentation and may even wind up plainly agonizing. Ozone can lessen lung work. At the point when researchers allude to “lung work,” they mean the volume of air that you attract when you take a full breath and the speed at which you can blow it out. Ozone can make it more troublesome for you to inhale as profoundly and vivaciously as you ordinarily would (Guan, W. J., Zheng, X. Y., Chung, K. F., & Zhong, N. S., 2016). At the point when this happens, you may see that breathing begins to feel awkward. If you are practicing or working outside, you may see that you are taking more fast and shallow breaths than typical. Diminished lung capacity can be a specific issue for open air specialists, focused competitors, and other individuals who practice outside. Ozone can irritate asthma. At the point when ozone levels are high, more asthmatics have asthma assaults that require a specialist’s consideration or the utilization of extra drug. One reason this happens is that ozone makes individuals more delicate to allergens, which are the most widely recognized triggers for asthma assaults. Also, asthmatics are more extremely influenced by the diminished lung capacity and aggravation that ozone causes in the respiratory framework.

Four gatherings of individuals, portrayed beneath, are especially delicate to ozone. These gatherings end up plainly touchy to ozone when they are dynamic outside, on the grounds that physical movement, makes individuals inhale speedier and all the more profoundly. Amid action, ozone enters further into the parts of the lungs that are more defenseless against damage. Delicate gatherings include: Children. Dynamic kids are the gathering at most elevated hazard from ozone presentation. Such kids regularly spend an expansive piece of their late spring get-away outside, occupied with energetic exercises either in their neighborhood or at summer camp. Kids are likewise more prone to have asthma or other respiratory ailments. Asthma is the most widely recognized endless ailment for kids and might be irritated by ozone introduction. Grown-ups who are dynamic outside. Sound grown-ups of any age who exercise or work energetically outside are viewed as a “delicate gathering” since they have a more elevated amount of presentation to ozone than individuals who are less dynamic outside. Individuals with respiratory ailments, for example, asthma. There is no proof that ozone causes asthma or other unending respiratory illness, however these sicknesses do make the lungs more defenseless against the impacts of ozone (Guan, W. J., Zheng, X. Y., Chung, K. F., & Zhong, N. S., 2016). In this way, people with these conditions will by and large experience the impacts of ozone prior and at bring down levels than less touchy people. Individuals with unordinary helplessness to ozone. Researchers don’t yet know why, yet some sound individuals are just touchier to ozone than others. These people may encounter more wellbeing impacts from ozone presentation than the normal individual. Researchers have examined different gatherings to see if they are at expanded hazard from ozone (Miller, C., et a; 2013) . So far there is little confirmation to recommend that either the elderly or individuals with coronary illness have elevated affectability to ozone. Be that as it may, as different grown-ups, elderly individuals will be at higher hazard from ozone presentation if they experience the ill effects of respiratory infection, are dynamic outside, or are curiously helpless to ozone as depicted previously. Open air contamination exposures can be decreased by checking one’s Air Quality Index (AQI), keeping away from overwhelming movement when conceivable, and maintaining a strategic distance from used tobacco smoke (Miller, C., et al., 2013),

While environmental change is a worldwide procedure, it has exceptionally neighborhood impacts that can significantly influence groups, not the slightest of which is air contamination. Expanding temperatures are straightforwardly connected to poor air quality which, thusly, can influence the heart and worsen cardiovascular illness. Cases of this may incorporate an ascent in dust, because of expanded plant development, or an ascent in molds, because of extreme tempests — both of which can exacerbate sensitivities and other lung ailments, for example, asthma.

Challenges and barriers are lacks integrated management. Management is hard to maintain when it comes to air pollination. Money barriers are another problem’s because there are gaps in financial resources there’s a failure to allocate the resources. There’ s a lack of implementation for reducing air pollutants. Education gaps exist in the weaknesses of air pollution. Finally, there’s a lack of programs to help reduce air pollution.

Facilitate access to data on the wellbeing impacts of indoor and outside air contamination and techniques for decreasing the hazard. Direct wellbeing sway evaluations to decide the extent of the wellbeing impacts related with changes in air contamination. This data can be utilized to distinguish practical measures to enhance general wellbeing, recognize basic vulnerabilities and recommend gainful territories of research. Facilitate nation activities to reinforce air quality administration. National governments have the duty to set required approaches and laws and actualize them. Air contamination control directions—particularly those eliminating the utilization of leaded fuel, controlling contamination from modern procedures and advancing the utilization of cleaner or sustainable power source—ought to be authorized. National governments can help organize endeavors crosswise over divisions and take an interest in provincial and global responsibilities regarding diminish air contamination.

Taking everything into account, even though air contamination is come about to a great extent from the things that advantage individuals, we would all be able to help in our little way. It might cause a little burden however over the long haul, if everybody joined to take care of the issue, we can roll out a critical improvement to secure the earth and additionally human wellbeing. We as a whole have an obligation to guarantee that we utilize better practices to diminish air contamination. On the off chance that we don’t make any move, both our survival and that of our ages is extraordinarily undermined.

Air pollution is a dangerous amount of particles and gases released into the atmosphere. You can classify this into two categories, primary and secondary pollutants. Primary pollutants are any pollutants emitted directly from their source into the atmosphere. These can be from natural occurring places like volcanoes and forest fires, to man-made sources like coal plants, natural gas plants and general transportation. Secondary pollutants are ones that are not emitted directly from their source to become harmful but rather, develop in the atmosphere after release. Examples of this are Smog and Ozone. Photochemical smog forms from a chemical reaction of No2 and other hydrocarbons react to combine in sunlight creating a dirty haze, generally over cities as this is where their pollutant source originates. Yes it can. When there is a temperature inversion, warmer air can become trapped due to warmer air being already above lower elevation.

Air pollution generated at lower elevation can become trapped. When Smog becomes trapped under a certain layer it can heat up that area beyond normal temperature when it normally might not become that hot. They are very different. Water is different in that it has a higher capacity to absorb incoming heat. It also distributes the heat it takes in through a complex system. With the same amount of radiation, Land will heat up much faster. This is also partly due to the reflective ability of water and land. Land is much less reflective and therefore absorbs more where water will reflect more, decreasing the possible radiation to heat it. Coastal Areas of California are able to benefit from a coastal breeze formed by heat differential between the coast and the actual ocean. The cool air will rush in as the warm air ascends into the atmosphere from land. Inland California does not really benefit from this and therefore is generally hotter.

Latitude affects climate. Two ways it does this are the amount of sunlight different latitudes receive and prevailing winds change at different latitudes. The sunlight distribution changes in that, because of the Earth’s tilt; the equatorial region receives the most sunlight of anywhere on earth. Because of this, the higher or lower you go in latitude away from the equator, the less sunlight and therefore, colder on average the area will be. In the case of the prevailing winds, the Westerlies and trade winds can determine the moisture, temperature and rainfall a particular landmass receives. It can be the difference between a mountainside being affected by the rain shadow affect or not. Tule fog is formed by air cooling close to the earth’s surface during winter. It reduces the airs ability to hold moisture in and causes water vapor to condense causing the fog. Summertime fog forms from the Ocean cooling down the air above it. Because the air is cooler, it can’t hold moisture as well as warmer air and so it condenses into summertime fog. Orographic Lifting is the process of air being forced to a higher elevation such as hills or mountains. The air has to cool as it rises in elevation and as it does cools down forming clouds and sometimes precipitation. This often causes air to deposit most all of its moisture on the wayward or upwind side of a mountain.

forced to a higher elevation such as hills or mountains. The air has to cool as it rises in elevation and as it does cools down forming clouds and sometimes precipitation. This often causes air to deposit most all of its moisture on the wayward or upwind side of a mountain.

Another pressure system that influences California is the Aleutian low. This drives lowpressure systems in the northern hemisphere but is yearly replaced by the North Pacific high during the summer. However it generally creates its own low pressure systems and storms. Three approaches to flood control for Central California are as follows: Damming, Floodplain creation and Levees. Damming allows one to have a reserve of space for floodwater to fill in, preventing downstream flooding. However damming has various impacts one of such is erosion caused by less sediment being deposited. Without this normal sediment, banks and channels of rivers erode, destroying habitats and killing vegetation.

Floodplains are useful to maintain a reserve of groundwater for future use and for maintain diverse ecosystems as well as providing a place for floodwaters to go. Levees are useful in sealing off areas of land so that they are not exposed to a body of water. It allows fertile soil to be protected. However they have impacts of their own. Levees can cause alluvial soil to accumulate on the riverbed. With this, the water level can rise and threaten surrounding communities with one massive flood. Three methods to increase water supply include: Dams/reservoirs, groundwater extraction, desalinization water brought in from the coast. Damming any rivers can help store runoff water for a later date, possibly drought time. This has many of the same impacts as listed before, it can affect ecosystems and a break in the dam could be disastrous. Groundwater extraction allows a new source of uncontaminated freshwater. An impact that can arise from this however can be over extraction and aquifer depletion. Because it takes so long for underground aquifers to replenish, it is unlikely the water would be extracted at an appropriate rate.

The final method of desalinization and transport inland has merit in that it has a near limitless supply of water to convert but it is energy intensive and expensive to operate. It can also harm local water ecosystems in that the water released can be too saline, increase turbidity and limit the amount of mixing occurring at various layers of the water.