Category: Air Pollution

The United States of America is considered one of the most developed and industrialized countries in the world. The country is located in North America, with Washington D.C as its a capital. Despite being one of the most highly developed and industrialized countries, the USA faces serious environmental issues. For example, Air pollution and climate change are two of the most alarming environmental issues the country is facing [1]. So different parts of the country face different risks based on climate change. for instance, south eastern states are prone to spates, and it is expected to increase significantly within 25 years. In the Southern Great Plains, precocious death rates may rise noticeable resulting from extreme heat. [2]. Furthermore, cropland is projected to decrease due to climate change [3]. On the other hand, Air Pollution has a significant link with death rates, which includes the level of fine inhalable particles, such as sulfates. Therefore, air pollution has a direct correlation with deaths from heart and aggravate lung diseases [4]. Moreover, the environment plays an essential role in the sustainability of life on planet Earth. That is why addressing these environmental issues and making efforts to mitigate the impact of these issues is the responsibility of the government and every individual. The essay consists of two of the major environmental issues faced by the USA, along with their causes and recommendations to mitigate their impact.

Although the USA is one of the leading industrial and capitalist countries of the world, the USA has failed to provide a quality environment for its citizens. There are many issues related to climate change and Air pollution. For instance, Human activity, which has posed a major threat to the environment of the USA, may generate changes that will endanger various sides of life [5]. Moreover, human activity is responsible for climate change that occurs because of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). These gases absorb the reflected sunrays from the earth and radiate it again, which leads to an increase in the temperature of the earth [6]. Because of increasing earth temperature, agriculture is going to be subjected to changes and it is expected that crop productivity will alter due to these changes in climate [7]. Moreover, it causes major economic disasters, for example, Texas lost $125 billion because of Hurricane Harvey, and $71 billion of damages due to Hurricane Sandy in 2012. And while there is no link between climate change and natural disasters, it is known that increasing sea level due to warmer earth temperature has a significant effect on their severity and devastation [8]. In addition, there is growing concerned about the consequences of climate change on the production of fisheries and the state of marine ecosystems, as fish and invertebrates are going to try migrating to cold waters to regulate their thermal behavior [9]. First, low-income people who depend entirely on agriculture and fishing will suffer from decreasing their productivity due to the producers’ income is most at risk, which lead to increase social cost, such as lost job and migrating to look for appropriate agricultural lands. Second, as the (Fig. 1) shown, the agricultural crops and marine product supply will be decreased so that causing lower quantity and higher price, Which makes the consumer look for other alternatives. Solving this problem is essential which means that increased supply is necessary to meet the demand and achieve demand-supply equilibrium in the market.

Similarly, Air pollution is another issue, which is faced by US citizens in their country [10]. Main source of air pollution of the USA comes from passenger vehicles, the emissions of this source includes carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and other toxic gases [11]. Air pollution has an impact on people’s health and welfare even it is not visional [12]. CO2 emissions from a gallon of gasoline and diesel is 8,887 and 10,180 grams CO2/ gallon, respectively [13]. Moreover, 1out of 25 deaths happens because of air pollution because of 166 million Americans are living with insalubrious air [14]. In 2014, air pollution had a considerable impact on the economy of the USA, which was $790 billion (5% of annual damages), where premature deaths recorded the highest cost because of delicate particulate (PM2.5) [15]. Externalities happen, when the production or consumption influence on the third party who is not directly related to that part activity. An externality can be both positive and negative, air pollution from the car is considered a negative social impact due to its affects the third party noticeably. The social cost here is the sum of private cost caused by car and external costs that impact on the third party [16]. Estimated annual cost of health and deaths-rate because of O3 and PM2.5 ranged $5.5–140.7 billion U.S. dollar and $8.9-112.5 million, respectively [17]. Because of that, the citizens will increase expenditure on health more than other aspects, such as welfare, because of negative externality. That made the government to intervene to make policies to reduce pollution and protect health [18].Figure 1supply and demand curve

Climate change and air pollution can only be controlled by taking two most important measures for example, first, trading carbon. Trading carbon will create a market for greenhouse gases (GHGs). U.S. carbon trading has a target to reduce CO2 emissions by 30 % within 10 years. [19]. Moreover, Climate change has a significant impact to oblige huge costs and hazards on the next generations who will suffer the impact of climate change, without any influence in the market price, because of that, climate change can be considered a market failure, [20]. So define carbon cost is the appropriate way to encourage polluters to reduce greenhouse emission. There are two approaches to define the carbon price. Firstly, impose a carbon tax on the distribution, use of fuel depending on their carbon content, which will increase the cost of fuel and products. Thus encouraging consumer and companies to switch to consume and produce less carbon-intensive. Secondly, determine the total permissible carbon emissions and issue permits [21]. That means, if a company exceeds the permitted emissions, then it must take the permits. In other words, the company should pay for their practices, if a company breaks the allowed emissions amount. As a result, factories are going to be more careful in their practice to avoid punishment; hence emissions and externalities will be reduced significantly [22]. Carbon trading might cause a rise in cost of gasoline, natural gas, and electricity will increase [23]. Therefore, the government can take advantage of the revenue to decrease social cost such as develop the carbon capture technology and supporting low-income citizens, provide education. Many challenges related to trading carbon include pellucidness, the ability of carbon pricing and general acceptance of emissions trading systems [24].

As far as preventing the rise of car pollution is concerned, the government of the USA should take strict measures and impose fuel tax, where emission caused by gasoline and diesel fuel combustion represents 25 % of the total emissions [25]. Car emissions have a considerable impact on the social cost that it is not included in the price of the product. Impose tax is can change the consumer prices; thus achieve the marginal social costs. Fuel tax is equal to the externalities produced by combustion fuel [25]. As a result, the manufactures will be encouraged to enhance the performance of consuming fuel to reduce emissions, for instance, the USA seeks to produce cars can run 54.4 miles per gallon of fuel, instead of 27.5 miles per gallon, within next 5 years [26]. On the other hand, encouraging people to choose the best fuel-efficient cars. Moreover, the taxes would result in revenues of, so it could be used to developing public transportation, reduce income and health taxes, incentives to companies to invest in reducing car consumption fuel, and provide earnings to American consumers.

The report has provided an overview of two of the most alarming environmental issues of the world’s largest economy that is the USA. The report has discussed the issue of climate change and rising air pollution in the USA. In this report, a brief overview of the causes of both of these environmental issues are highlighted along with the provision of brief recommendations, through the carbon international trading scheme and imposing taxes on emission gases to solve both of the above mentioned issues.

In this essay, I expected to examine toxicology of real air poisons, source of emission, and their effect on human health. Air pollution is a major problem of new humanized world, which has a genuine toxicological effect on human wellbeing and the earth. It has various distinctive outflow sources, however engine vehicles and mechanical procedures contribute the significant piece of air contamination. As indicated by the World Health Organization, six major air contaminations incorporate molecule contamination, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and lead. Long and momentary presentation to air suspended toxicants has an alternate toxicological effect on human including respiratory and cardiovascular maladies, neuropsychiatric confusions, the eyes disturbance, skin illnesses, and long-term chronic diseases, for example, cancer. Air pollution is presently completely recognized to be a huge general health problem, in charge of a developing scope of health effects that are very much recorded from the consequences of a broad research exertion led in numerous locales of the world. While there is no uncertainty that fast urbanization implies that we are presently presented to undesirable focuses and a progressively assorted assortment of surrounding air poisons, palaeopathological research recommends the issue, as smoke, tormented our most seasoned progenitors. Automated tomography imaging considers on the assemblages of ancient mummies have distinguished proof of pneumonia, emphysema, aspiratory oedema and atherosclerosis, (Zweifel et al. 2009,Thompson et al. 2013).

The effect of particulate air pollution on dreariness endpoints has been liable to exceptional examination, bringing about solid logical accord on the free relationship of airborne PM2.5 and PM10, with negative effects on respiratory and cardiovascular wellbeing following both present moment and constant exposures. Moreover, information firmly recommend that impacts include no limit inside the considered scope of encompassing fixations, can happen at levels near PM2.5 foundation focuses and that they pursue a for the most part direct fixation reaction work(WHO 2013a). Recent evidence to develop has now connected long haul presentation to PM2.5 to atherosclerosis—a condition that underlies numerous cardiovascular ailments. Undoubtedly, the advancement and defencelessness of atherosclerotic plaques is a potential instrument by which PM air contamination could trigger cardiovascular mortality and bleakness. On the side of this, long haul introduction to PM2.5 focuses, just as nearness to traffic, is related with preclinical markers of atherosclerosis. Bauer et al. 2010)(Künzli et al. 2010). Developing respiratory information presently connection long haul presentation to PM to youth respiratory illness. Birth partner studies have proposed relationship between PM during pregnancy and higher respiratory need, aviation route aggravation and an expanded powerlessness to respiratory contaminations (Latzin et al. 2009; Jedrychowski et al. 2013). The most recent meta-investigation of 10 European birth companions from the ESCAPE venture additionally gives vigorous proof that post-natal PM10 (yet outstandingly not PM2.5), and traffic introduction is related with an expanded danger of pneumonia in early adolescence just as some proof for a relationship with otitis media (MacIntyre et al. 2013). In a birth companion in the Netherlands, further affiliations have been accounted for between long haul presentation to traffic-related air contamination at the birth address and the two indications of asthma and low lung work in little youngsters (Gehring et al. 2010; Eenhuizen et al. 2013; Molter et al. 2013). Another intriguing epidemiological perception incorporates a conceivable connection between ceaseless PM introduction during adolescence and defenselessness to COPD in adulthood (Grigg 2009).

Other than the well-archived consequences for respiratory and cardiovascular health, an expanding number of studies have explored the capability of PM air contamination to adversely impact a few new health results. We presently have proof connecting long haul presentation to PM2.5 with unfavourable birth results, while developing information recommend potential impacts of long haul PM2.5 introduction on diabetes, neurodevelopment, subjective capacity. The quantity of studies connecting maternal presentation to air toxins, including particulates, during pregnancy to different birth results is relentlessly expanding and is specifically compelling attributable to the critical time length of natural improvement and in that capacity, the possibility to have long haul outcomes on by and overall health. Hurtful impacts have been appeared for low birth weight, little for gestational age and preterm birth (Sapkota et al. 2012; Proietti et al. 2013). Few examinations have researched traffic-related air contamination presentation at members’ private location as a novel hazard factor for sort 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although not decisive, results recommend a relationship between danger of T2DM and introduction to PM (Kramer et al. 201 0; Puett et al. 2011a; Coogan et al. 2012); be that as it may, proof is more grounded for NO2 and separation to street (Raaschou-Nielsen et al. 2013). That the pernicious impacts of PM air contamination may stretch out to the mind have as of late been found and research around there is as of now restricted and results uncertain (Guxens and Sunyer 2012). For instance, an investigation of ladies (68–79 years of age) who lived for over 20 years in a similar living arrangement demonstrated a noteworthy decrease in mellow intellectual capacity (related with a high danger of movement to Alzheimer’s Disease) in the individuals who were 74 years of age or more youthful and lived inside 50 m to the following occupied street with a traffic thickness of in excess of 10,000 vehicles for every day (Ranft et al. 2009). Nonetheless, no impact in intellectual capacity was found for PM10 focuses. The effect of particulate air pollution on bleakness endpoints has been liable to exceptional investigation, bringing about solid logical accord on the free relationship of airborne PM2.5 and PM10, with negative effects on respiratory and cardiovascular health problems following both present moment and incessant exposures. Besides, information emphatically propose that impacts include no edge inside the examined scope of surrounding focuses, can happen at levels near PM2.5 foundation fixations and that they pursue a for the most part straight focus reaction work (WHO 2013a). Proof is presently settled and especially solid for diminished lung work, elevated seriousness of side effects in people with asthmatics, COPD and ischaemic coronary illness which incorporates heart assaults.

Numerous PM contamination sources, in particular coal burning, shipping, control age, the metal business, biomass ignition, desert dust scenes and street transport have been related with various kinds of wellbeing impacts (EPA 2009; WHO 2013a). Of these, the primary wellspring of urban contamination—street transport—is additionally the source related with the most genuine wellbeing results. A basic survey of the writing on the wellbeing impacts of traffic-related air contamination presumed that adequate proof had aggregated to help a causal connection between introduction to traffic-related air contamination and compounding of asthma. Additional proof was observed to be suggestive of a causal association with beginning of youth asthma, non-asthma respiratory indications, impeded lung capacity, complete and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular dreariness (HEI 2010).

The PM segments from street traffic incorporate motor emanations, involving to a great extent of EC and OC, in addition to non-exhaust sources that are regularly portrayed by raised convergences of progress metals (brake wear [copper, antimony], tire scraped spot [zinc], dust from street surfaces [iron]). The biggest single source is gotten from diesel fumes (DE). In fact, inferable from the expanded residential market entrance of diesel motors, the fuel controlling most of our transports and taxicabs in many industrialized nations and the way that they produce up to multiple times a greater number of particles than practically identical gas motors with 3-way synergist convertors (Quality of urban air audit bunch 1996), diesel fumes particles (DEPs) contribute fundamentally to the air shed in a significant number of the world’s biggest urban communities.

What kind of world will our children live in? This question has never been more worrying. And for good reason, the air we breathe has never been more polluted. A certain awareness is being born and we must act quickly. The aim of this report will be to present viable solutions for air purification in urban areas. Emphasis will be placed on 2 distinct solutions which will aim to become part of urban development. At the end of this study, a list of recommendations will be drawn up. This list will aim to guide the decisions to be taken to move forward and thus reduce air pollution.

Cities keep growing and so does pollution. In 2050, two thirds of the population will live in urban areas. More and more greenhouse gases are present in our atmosphere. Today, more than nine out of ten people around the world breathe air that is too polluted. That’s why developing new methods to deal with this danger is more important than ever.

Press article on the web were used to write this report. A significant number of sources has been used in order to cross-reference the information and thus make it safer. Initially this report will focus on the growing impact of global pollution in urban areas. Then, emphasis will be placed on the solutions found to mix ecology and urban areas. At the end of this study, a list of recommendations will be drawn up to make this situation improve.

The presence of toxic substances in the atmosphere is responsible for air pollution. Most of these substances have been produced by human activity. This pollution is not without consequences, particularly for human health and the environment. To begin with, a few key figures will help measure the seriousness of the situation. Every year, nearly 9 million people die because they breathe too polluted air, that is one person in seven in the world. It kills each year more than tobacco (about 7 million deaths per year). In Paris, for example, breathing the air during a pollution peak is equivalent to breathing the smoke of 8 cigarettes in a 20 square meter studio. Cars are extremely polluting, accounting for 50 to 90% of air pollution in urban areas.

Air pollution can cause cardiovascular problems, allergies, asthma attacks, conjunctivitis, bronchial diseases, lung or skin cancer, vision problems, blood diseases, problems in the mental development of children, among others. The most vulnerable people are children, the elderly, pregnant women and the sick. Numerous studies have shown that groups of people living near high-traffic urban areas have more respiratory problems than average and are more likely to develop diseases. Cases of children with bronchitis and slow lung development are much higher in large cities. At the environmental level, the impact of air pollution is just as strong; it disrupts plant growth, causes acid rain, damages monuments and building walls and causes global warming. Thus, the global temperature keeps increasing and in cities the consequences are more and more serious, melting tars, heat waves or climate deregulation are proof of this.

Urban areas are growing and so is air pollution, which is why viable solutions must be found to purify the atmosphere. Several methods can be used in urban areas. Green spaces are proving to be an excellent way to reduce pollution in cities. In this report, 2 solutions will be presented, one fundamental and the other very innovative.

Green spaces are proving to be an excellent way to reduce pollution in cities. Central Park in New York, Jardin de Valencia in Valence, Central Park in Sydney (see the picture) or La coulee verte in Nice, there are more and more of them in large cities and incorporating them harmoniously and effectively into the landscape is a real challenge. In addition to bringing leisure and harmony, these spaces have many advantages, especially in terms of the environment. These green spaces make it possible to maintain ecosystem services, by maintaining biodiversity and regulating the urban climate. They also provide pollution control, on the one hand by filtering the air to release more oxygen and on the other hand by reducing noise pollution. Finally, these areas allow the protection of many species, soil conservation and water quality control

Another innovative method has recently emerged, the CO2 absorber. The principle is simple, they are large filter panels installed at the entrance and inside cities. The polluted air is absorbate inside and filtered, and the purified air is released at the back. The polluting gases and micro particles are compressed and recovered in tanks that will be recycled. These absorbers are still under development and present a particularly ambitious project

To start this topic, it is well-known that air pollution is an environmental health hazard. NIEHS (2021) stated that air pollution is a mix of hazardous substances from both human-made and natural sources.The air pollution issue is awash with people’s daily life and threatens human’s health standards as well. Air pollution exposure may result in some chronic diseases and cancer. In 2013, the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization (WHO) classified air pollution as a human carcinogen (NIEHS, 2021). In this way, it is extremely essential to pin point the effective ways to reduce air pollution.

Air pollution is resulted from gases and particles that emits to the atmosphere by a range of natural sources as well as human activities. Natural sources include volcanic eruptions, sea spray, soil dust, natural vegetation fires and lightning. According to relevant statistics, 93% of global nitrogen emissions and 60% of sulfur oxide emissions come from natural sources.

Most of human activities is the main cause of air pollution, to give some examples, power generation, transportation, industry, residential heating and cooking, agriculture, solvent use, oil and gas production, waste combustion, and construction. Worldwide, human activities account for most of the air pollution they are exposed to. In China, for instance, according to 2011 data, the country’s motor vehicles emit 621,000 tones of PM, while cars contribute 94.9% and emit 590,000 tones of PM.[3] The fine particulate matter is the most detrimental contaminant for human health, which can do a lot of damage to our bodies. These particles are small enough to penetrate deep into our lungs, where they cause inflammation of sensitive lung tissue and can pass into the blood stream, affecting organs like the heart and brain. The WHO estimates that exposure to PM2.5 causes 7 million premature deaths annually. Air pollution may lead to both acute and chronic disease.

There is strong evidence showing that long-term exposure to air pollution enhances the risk for ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung and upper aerodigestive cancers, adverse pregnancy outcomes, diabetes and cataracts. Some of the immediate health effects of exposure to air pollution range from irritation of the eyes, nose and throat to shortness of breath. At the same time, some air pollutants cause ‘acid rain’, which engenders a negative effect on the environment by damaging the leaves of plants. Therefore, it can decline plant productivity, and strip the soil of the nutrients that plants need to survive. Acidification of ground and river water can kill fish and insects, and impact other species that depend on them for food. Acid rain is also known to cause damage to buildings and monuments.

As a matter of fact, air pollution is still a severe issue that has not been solved so far in any region, nevertheless, emissions and pollutant concentrations have dropped significantly in many European countries, as well as in the United States, Canada and Japan, where strong policies, regulations and regular monitoring systems have been in place. One of the most famous examples is London, which had some of the worst levels of pollution, earlier than other cities, probably peaking in the year 1900. Since then, air quality in the UK has improved remarkably. Particulate air pollution levels fell by over 97% between 1900 and 2016. Other cities and regions have also shown significant reductions, brought about by similar policies. However, this does not mean that air pollution has been solved. In London – PM2.5 remains higher than the WHO air quality standard.These reductions illustrates that we do know how to solve the problem of air pollution, and that we need policies and technologies to achieve cleaner air.

There are many types of pollution and each one has its cause and effects. Pollution caused by humans and naturally. The environment consists of many pollutants in the air and water. Each pollution has its own risks and it disrupts the balance in our ecosystem and affects the environment. It also causes illnesses, contamination and global warming and it is related to the growth of population (UKEssays, 2018). Among the types of pollution, I would like to describe air pollution and its causes, effects and control . The harmful toxic mix in the air and water leads to air pollution. Air pollution is mostly caused by transportation. Air Pollution is the contamination of pollutants such as harmful gases and smoke into the air that is harmful to human health and the environment. The composition of increase and decrease gases is harmful for people in the world (Air Pollution – Definition, Causes, Effects And Control, n.d.).

For example, our country Myanmar has been experiencing high air pollution in downtown since 2011. Yangon and Mandalay are experiencing growing density as the downtown population growth. In 2017, air pollution is estimated to have caused more than 45,000 deaths in Myanmar. Air pollution is higher in Myanmar than in other countries in the region. According to the World Health Organization’s guidelines, the air quality in Myanmar is indicated as unsafe. Research on data indicates that Pyin Oo Lwin, Taungoo, Kyaukphyu, Namkham and Yenanchaung have high levels of air pollution (IAMAT, n.d.).

There are many important causes of air pollution, they are: Burning of fossil fuels, Vehicles, Factories and industries, Mining and Domestic sources. And there are some effects of air pollution which includes: Diseases, Global warming, Acid rain and Ozone layer depletion. I would like to describe the general explanation of these facts on the next topic.

There are two major types of air pollutants which are outdoor air pollution and indoor air pollution. Outdoor air pollution is caused by vehicles and industries. In some countries, the burning of wood is another major source. Pollution can also be caused from industrial processes that involve dust or gases. Indoor air pollutants can also come to outdoor air pollution, and in populated areas, the contribution from indoor pollution sources can create high levels of outdoor air pollution. Another type of air pollution that can have consequences is radioactive pollution. Radioactive isotopes are emitted from the burning reactor and spread over large areas causing thousands of cases of thyroid cancer in children and many cancer cases in later decades (Kjellstrom et al., 2006).

There is one main question to be answered. How to avoid the air pollution? But then there are some general facts to avoid the air pollution which include reducing the use of vehicles, saving the energy and uses of clean energy resources.

In case, burning of fossil fuels are emitting a huge amount of sulphur dioxide. The incomplete burning of fossil fuels results in air pollution. Vehicles such as cars, buses, trucks, etc. emitting the gases which are major sources of results in diseases among individuals. Factories and industries are the main source of hydrocarbons and chemicals which are released into the air. And in the mining activity, the minerals are extracted by using the large equipment. The dust released during mining not only pollutes the air, but also gets worse the health of the workers in there and people living near in that area. And the last source of causes is the domestic sources. The household cleaning products contain chemicals and that are released into the air.

The smell from painted walls is the smell of the chemicals contained in that paint so it not only pollutes the air but also affects our breathing. And air pollution has resulted in respiratory and heart disorders. Most children who live near polluted areas are more able to lung cancer and asthma and also many people die every year due to the effects of air pollution. The emission of gases causes imbalance in the air and leads to global warming. The water droplets are combined with nitrogen oxide and sulphur dioxide, become acidic and fall as acid rain and this can impact humans, animals and plants.

To control air pollution, we should avoid using vehicles for short distance transportation. This not only prevents pollution, but also reduces energy. The second one is reducing the burning of fossil fuels. Electricity is generated from fossil fuels therefore, not to forget to turn off the electrical appliances no need to use. So we can save energy and pollution. But of course the use of solar, wind and thermal energy can reduce air pollution at a wide range. The use of these resources have been implemented as a step towards a cleaner environment in various countries (Air Pollution – Definition, Causes, Effects And Control, n.d.).

Over the last decades, ozone layer depletion has been the main concern of air pollution in Malaysia. But Malaysia evaluated the concern of this case based on monitoring stations on location. The growth population and rapid development proved that the negative impact to the air quality. In Malaysia, the ozone layer becomes the most significant air pollutant by increasing the sources of ozone precursors. Most studies have shown that ozone layer concentrations are predominantly related to regional factors and intensity (Awang et al., n.d.). The study evaluated the trend of ozone layer concentrations by monitoring stations in Malaysia.

The stations have been used through Malaysia. There are four stations which choose to describe the times series and each station was representing four different types of monitoring stations as categorized by the Department of Environmental, Malaysia. Monitoring station is located in Kajang, Selangor was selected to represent the urban station. Kajang station is surrounded by populated residential areas and congested roads. In 2010, there were about 506,526 people residing in Kajang and made one of the most heavily populated areas in Selangor (Awang et al., n.d.). The sub stations were located in the sub urban areas having less population than urban areas. Hourly ground level ozone concentrations were obtained from the Air Quality Division of the Department of Environment, Malaysia (DoE) using a UV Absorption Ozone Analyzer Model 400A which applied a system based on the Beer-Lambert Law (Awang et al., n.d.). Jerantut is only one of the background stations and Pejabat Kajicuaca Batu Embun, Jerantut, these stations were expected to have the effect of vehicles and industrial emissions.

Releasing substances to the environment that can cause harm is pollution. Various types of pollution include land pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, air pollution, and radioactive pollution. Pollution is normally associated with devastating effects on human life, such as cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and cancer. However, it can also have good effects, such as reducing climate change and helping plants flourish. Pollution is a great contributor to global warming.

Pros of pollution

1. Helps plants flourish: Release nitrogen into the environment may not be that bad. Plants depend on nitrogen to thrive, and more of it in the environment may make plants more plants to grow.

2. Cooling effects: Air pollutants can have a heat-shielding effect on the Earth’s surface. They can change the amount of solar energy reflected away from Earth. In particular, sea salt particles in the ocean help to reflect sunlight out into space, leading to a cooler climate. Aerosols also help in cloud formation. The tiny water droplets that evaporate need a medium in the atmosphere to condense upon, and aerosols form part of the baseline. Low clouds tend to reflect away most of the sunlight, causing a cooling effect on Earth.

3. Creates job opportunities: It is quite unfortunate that pollution can create job opportunities because when you think of pollution, what comes first to your mind is its bad effects. An example is an oil leak in the coastal region; people are hired to clean up. It is the same as garbage collection in cities. So without the existence of pollutants, some jobs wouldn’t be available.

4. Cheaper alternative: Some companies consider water pollution a less expensive way of releasing toxins. It is easier to clean than releasing it through the air or depositing it on land.

5. Manufacture of fewer plastics: With an increase in the number of plastics in the environment, there are policies to control them. Additionally, manufacturers are forced to look for alternatives to pack their products. If they pack in plastic, they have to pay high taxes. Plastics are on top of the list that causes land and water pollution. They also cause air pollution when burnt.

6. Increased nutrient concentration in water: Eutrophication can benefit some plants and aquatic species. It causes increased productivity in marine life, causing an increased food supply. Algae and other aquatic plants grow faster with increased nitrogen and phosphorus levels. However, the increase in algae can have harmful effects on the aquatic ecosystem.

7. Recycled products: Recycling plants have been on the rise due to the need for environmental clean. Increased pollutants in the environment have raised environmental concerns, and organizations have had to come up with creative ways to reduce them and make them also profitable. They found out that they could recycle some of the products such as aluminum, metal scrap, papers, batteries, glass, plastic water bottles, cables, textile, rubber, plastic materials, among many others

8. Development of better materials: Pollution makes organizations improve on the technology to come up with biodegradable alternatives and less harmful to the environment.

9. Better and stronger species: Pollution normally has devastating effects on animals and plants. It causes displacement of animals due to the destruction of their habitats and as a result of climate change. More advanced species of animals and plants may arise from pollution. They include species that can withstand the harmful effects due to genetic mutations.

10. To see value in a better environment: Pollution opens our eyes to see the importance of having that once beautiful land, clear skies, clean water, and soothing sounds of mother nature rather than a polluted environment that is unattractive and can cause harm to animals and plants.

Cons of pollution

1. Respiratory and heart diseases: Air pollution, in particular, has devastating effects on human health. It contributes largely to chronic bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, heart attacks, stroke, and cancer. Cancer is now a leading cause of many deaths worldwide, and pollution has played a larger role in contributing to most cancer that affects humans and other animals.

2. Global warming: Temperature increase worldwide on the Earth’s surface, ocean, and the atmosphere is greatly contributed by greenhouse effects. The greenhouse effect is brought about by burning fossil fuels that release carbon dioxide, methane , nitrous oxide, and greenhouse gases. Global warming has resulted in extreme weather patterns, ice melts, reduction in glacial regions and icebergs, and loss of habitat for the penguins and polar bears.

3. Acid rain: Industries’ increased release of harmful gases such as nitrogen oxide and sulfur oxides contributes to acid rain formation. The harmful gases combine with rainwater in the atmosphere and fall back to Earth as acid rain. Acid rain is also known for corrosion of iron sheets and damage to surfaces of buildings and steel structures such as bridges. Acid rain has harmful effects on both animals and plants.

4. Damage to the ozone layer: The ozone layer plays a vital role in shielding humans from dangerous ultraviolet rays. The presence of chlorofluorocarbons and hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere leads to the depletion of the ozone layer. The thinning of the ozone layer contributes to skin cancer and skin-related conditions. It also contributes to eye problems.

5. Eutrophication: Eutrophication is the progressive accumulation of minerals and nutrients in water bodies such as lakes, oceans, and seas due to pollution. It leads to the spontaneous growth of algae and plants in water, which affects aquatic or marine life. Increased algae release toxins into the water, harmful to marine life and humans. The algae and fish also compete for oxygen in water leading to a reduction in fish population and contributing to dead zones in the sea and ocean. Eutrophication is a result of dumping wastes in water bodies.

6. Poor crop yields: Land pollution has devastating effects on agricultural practices. Continuous release of wastes to the land affects the soil, contributing to poor agricultural produce. Damping wastes in the environment also contributes to land abandonment due to its unproductivity.

7. Climate change: Pollution contributes largely to climate change. Continuous deposit of wastes in the environment contributes to aridity and harsh climatic conditions.

8. Extinction of wildlife species: With an increase in global warming and climate change, several wildlife species are at a higher risk of becoming extinct. It is because of the destruction of their habitats or unfavorable habitats for them to thrive

9. Contaminated water sources: Land pollution contributes to groundwater pollution. Polluted groundwater isn’t safe for human and animal consumption. Surface runs off from farms and industries eventually pours into rivers, lakes, and oceans, contributing to water pollution. It becomes costly to process water for drinking and domestic use.

10. Infant mortality: Contaminated water sources contribute largely to diarrheal diseases that are a leading cause of increased infant mortality rate. Air pollution also contributes to increased child health problems such as asthma and pregnancy complications such as miscarriages and premature birth.

We live in a world where everything is transported by the use of vehicles, so it is necessary to have knowledge about vehicle pollution. But before that let us talk about pollution. Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These harmful materials are called pollutants. Similarly, vehicle pollution is the introduction of harmful pollutants into the environment by motor vehicles.

The pollutants introduced have several effects on human health and the symptoms include cough, nausea, headache, irritation in the eye, and visibility problems. As the population increases, the purchasing power of the people also increases therefore everyone has a vehicle these days for transportation which is very bad for the environment.

In this essay on vehicle pollution, we are going to talk about the ingredients of vehicle pollution, causes of vehicle pollution, the effects of vehicle pollution, and how it could be controlled.

Causes of Vehicular Pollution

The major cause of vehicle pollution is the rapid increase in the number of vehicles. Over the last few decades, most vehicles have been produced. The population of vehicles was about 1.4 billion in 2020 itself. The rapid growth in vehicles means more fuel is required which results in the emission of harmful gases in the environment that causes air pollution. Other major factors that contribute to the increase in vehicular pollution in urban areas are poor fuel quality, use of old vehicles, congested traffic which results in smog, no proper traffic management, two-stroke engines, no proper maintenance of vehicles.

Main Pollutants of Vehicular Pollution

1. Hazardous air pollutants are the chemical compounds that are emitted by trunks, cars, gas pumps, and other related sources.
2. Sulfur dioxide is another main pollutant that is released into the environment when the sulfur present in the fuel burns, especially diesel. It possesses a health risk to most children and can even lead to asthma.
3. Carbon monoxide is formed by the combustion of fuels such as gasoline. It is both colourless and odourless gas. When carbon monoxide is inhaled, it can block the transport of oxygen to the brain, heart, and other important organs in the body.
4. Particulate matter- These possess a serious threat to human health as they penetrate into the human lungs and can cause serious breathing problems. A type of particulate matter is soot seen in motor vehicles.
5. Nitrogen oxides- Oxides of nitrogen can cause irritation in the lungs and weaken the body’s defence against respiratory infections like pneumonia.

Effects of Vehicle Pollution

Global warming is considered to be the leading effect of vehicular pollution. Pollutants released from the vehicles result in the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere which results in depletion of the ozone layer. Depletion of the ozone layer results in an increase in the atmospheric temperature which in turn causes global warming. Other effects of vehicular pollution include smog and acid rain formation, reduction in the quality of air which affects tourism and it also causes health problems and lung-related diseases

Vehicular pollution includes the introduction of harmful smoke and other materials into the environment by motor vehicles or any automobiles. These materials, known as pollutants, have several bad effects on human health and the general ecosystem. The air pollution from vehicles in urban areas, particularly in big cities and metropolitan cities, has become a more serious problem now than it is in rural places.

Among major primary pollutants that are emitted from mobile sources some of the emissions are that are life-threatening are carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs), oxides of sulfur (SOx), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulate matter including dust and smoke, and compounds of lead. Pollutants emitted from vehicles can affect more than just your lungs. Indeed, these automobile pollutants pose really serious health risks at every stage of life, and can even cause death.

The impacts caused due to global warming will lead to climatic changes and largely affect people’s health and the well-being of entire living creatures on earth and every community around the globe. Global warming will lead to more frequent and intense heat waves especially risky to young children and elderly people and will also cause sea-level rise, flooding, and drought that can destroy the local communities.

The ozone hole, is technically not a ‘hole’, meaning that there is no ozone present. This hole is actually a region of great depletion of ozone present in the stratosphere. The ozone hole above the Antarctic over the south pole, and appears every spring since the 1980’s. There has also been a depletion of ozone in the stratosphere in both hemispheres of the Earth too (EPA, 2018). Ozone is naturally created in the stratosphere when oxygen (O2) get broken up by UV light into two free oxygen molecules, these free atoms then can bond with some unbroken oxygen creating ozone (O3). Amplify this reaction in the stratosphere, and the ozone layer is created, and blocks off most UV light from getting to Earth. These UV rays if not mostly blocked can cause skin cancer and cataracts in humans, as well as reproductive problems in fish, crabs, frogs and even phytoplankton. To make things worst ozone is unstable and is easily broken down up by trace elements (Handwerk, 2010).

Invented in the 1920’s, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), created an exceptionally difficult situation for the ozone layer. These CFCs would escape into the atmosphere, even though they are heavier than air, mostly via refrigerants, solvents, and aerosols. In the lower atmosphere they are so stable that they can persist for years, even decades. This long life time allows some of the CFCs to reach the stratosphere. In the stratosphere, UV light can break apart the CFCs and produce free chlorine atoms. This chlorine then can destroy ozone molecules by ‘stealing’ their oxygen atoms. One chlorine atom can destroy many ozone molecules (NASA Ozone Watch , 2018) Under normal atmospheric conditions, the two chemicals that store chlorine in the atmosphere (hydrochloric acid and chlorine nitrate) are stable. In the long months of polar darkness in winter in Antarctica the atmospheric conditions are unusual. The darkness means cold temperatures which cause clouds to form even in a place that is so dry. Reactions take place on those clouds with the chlorine cause into to become more active. When the sunlight returns, the new UV light brakes the chlorine atoms into gas and releasing them into the stratosphere, where it can destroy ozone and cause the ozone hole (NASA Ozone Watch , 2018).

The discovery of the ozone hole created a bit of an outroar. The threat of more UV light because of ominous hole in the ozone layer, made people notice that the negative aspects to CFCs. The recognition of these harmful aspects of CFCs lead to the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1987. This agreement to phase out these substances was signed by all 197 United Nations member countries. This agreement made a dramatic affect upon the ozone’s future. Without the pact the U.S would have seen an additional 280 million cases of skin cancer, 1.5 million skin cancer deaths, and 45 million cataract instances, and the world would be 25% hotter today (Nunez, 2019).

More than 30 years after the Montreal Protocol, NASA scientist have documented the first direct proof that the ozone hole is truly recovering because of the CFC phase down. The ozone depletion in the Antarctic has reduced by 20% since 2005, and at the end of 2018 the assessment has predicted that the ozone depletion would be completely healed in non-polar Northern Hemisphere by 2030, in non-polar Southern Hemisphere in the 2050s, and in the polar regions by 2060 (Nunez, 2019). These predictions can be seen in figure 1. These results show that the global response to the depletion of the ozone layer has made a dramatic difference today, and even more into the future. The movement made against the imminent threat of the ozone hole, is one of the only environmental success stories, showing that when people band together for the environment, and action occurs people can help save our world.

Oil spills or leaks happen when oil is spilled into a body of water. They occur anthropogenically, when problems occur in oil tankers, storage facilities, underwater pipelines or offshore oil-drilling rigs, or naturally via oil seeps which a leaks from fractures or sediment. When these spills or leaks occur, they lead to quantities of oil polluting the water (Chow, 2010). The clean up and remediation of an oil spill is a difficult job, as no two spills can be exactly alike. Variables such as the oil type, location, amount of oil spilled, weather conditions and proximity to sensitive areas are always different. For example the oil spill in figure 2 is going to be different to a spill that may occur tomorrow. These variables then affect the best ways to approach, treat and clean an oil spill (Louisiana Oil Spill: Applied Research & Development, 2010).

The pollution of the water caused by an oil spill effects the surrounding aquatic systems if left unchecked. This can lead to seabirds with oil coatings, causing the loss of insulation in their feather because the oil separates the birds feathers causing all trapped heat to escape and the waterproofing to be impaired. These birds that then have oil on them will want to preen their feathers ultimately leading to them ingesting the oil, which can poison them (International Bird Rescue, 2011). Oil can also cause adult fish to have fin corrosion (National Ocean Service , 2018). Ultimately the severity of environmental damage caused by an oil spill depends on many factors, including the location of the spill, wildlife in the area, time of year regarding breeding and migrations, and the weather at sea (West, 2019).

To leave an oil spill to disperse by itself, is to leave the entire ecosystem the oil is within to the mercy of the oil. Sometimes if the spill is extremely small and the oil is not thick and is able to disperse through the water naturally and quickly, to leave it can be considered. Sadly though most spills cannot be cleaned completely by natural dispersion. There is microbes present in the ocean that can digest and breakup an oil spill, helping with the natural dispersion but with large, thick or surface oil spills, the microbes cannot clean it up in the way other methods would (Science Learning Hub, 2012).

There is currently many methods to clean up oil spills, including burning the fresh oil, booms that contain the oil within floating barriers allowing skimmers to suck or absorb up the oil, or dispersants. Dispersants must be used within the first couple of days of the spill, but is one of the most common ways currently being used to treat oil spills (Science Learning Hub, 2012). It is not often when a large oil spill occurs but when it does, the way to clean it up includes multiple of these methods.

Dispersants helps to stop the pollution of beaches with oil and the coating of oil on surface dwelling animals. This means that some of the effects of an oil spill is limited. Dispersants can be toxic substances, although today’s products are less damaging than the toxic solvents used in earlier spills. The main problem with dispersants relates to the fact that they help to spread oil widely into the environment, though that is what natural dispersion does anyway, dispersants just help to speed up the reaction (Cressey, 2010). This speeding up of the reaction, is how dispersants limit the spread of surface oil on the water and helps prevent it from reaching the land.

To clean up an oil spill completely is to eradicate the oil from the water. With todays methods of cleaning oil spills we cannot remove all the oil from a spill. All we can do is limit is impacts, and our current methods are the best we have. To leave the oil spill to naturally disperse would take a long time and just spread it more into the ocean. Also the reliance on these microbes, can be misplaced, with the microbes possibly not present in the numbers needed or not enough nutrients present to sustain the microbes (Vergeynst, 2018). The oceans ecosystems are too delicate to leave a oil spill unchecked meaning that oil spills must be cleaned up, not left for nature to do the best it can. People in this instance can intervene and do a better job than what nature can do .

Desertification is when land can no longer support the same plant growth it had in the past, and the change is permanent on a human time scale. This means that desertification refers to the permanent degradation of land. Desertification causes dramatic problems in reference to economic, social and environmental conditions in already arid areas. It can affect food security, international trade, national economic statuses, and the lives of the people living in the affected areas (Jabbar & Chen, 2012). Salination or the development of salt affected soils (saline and sodic) is a degradation process that usually leads to desertification of lands, like in Figure 3.

[image: Why Students at Environmental Science Schools Fight Desertification]There is two main types of salinity: primary and secondary. Primary salinity refers to naturally occurring salinity in soils and water, for example salt lakes and salt pans. Whereas secondary salinity results from human activities, usually land development and agriculture. Examples include irrigation, and intrusive agriculture (Queensland Government, 2017). Secondary salination is associated with the introduction of irrigation into the dry lands like Thar Desert and Sharda Sahayak in India which has caused desertification due to the rise of salts with the rise of ground water (Singh, 2008). Most of the salt affected soils are confined to arid or semi-arid areas. As these areas are already at threat of becoming desert, the salt becomes the causative factor triggering the desertification.

In general, salt affected soils create water shortfalls making the survival of natural vegetation and crops difficult, even impossible. These moisture shortfalls is due to the difficulty of plants using the water in the soil (saline soils), or to the difficulties for root development and waste infiltration into the soil (sodic soil). Saline soils are high in salts and sodic soils are high in sodium. Sodic soils have a high sodium content but sometimes not linked to salinity. Though salt can contain sodium causing it to create both a saline and sodic soil. Both of these types of spoils are linked to the salination and desertification of land (Rubio, et al., 2005). Also if the level of salts is too high in the soils water, water may flow from the plants roots back into the soil, instead of being absorbed into the plant. This can result in dehydration of the plant and causes the yield of the plant to decline, ultimately to the plants death (Queensland Government , 2016).

Agra is a historic city in the northern part of India, which is famous among international and local tourists alike for the Taj Mahal. The city supports an enormous population which consists of a high proportion of low socioeconomic status (SES) households which still use biomass as a fuel for domestic purposes. Added to the fact, the municipality of Agra does not have an efficient strategy towards disposing of municipal solid wastes (MSW) which are eventually burned off in open atmosphere.

The effects of the MSW and dung cake burning on the air quality of Agra are more than just high emissions of particulate matter into the atmosphere. The dry deposition of the organic matter (OM) and black carbon (BC) on the surface of the monument resulted in the soiling and consequently discoloration of the white marble mausoleum. Apart from the conspicuous effects, it also has adverse health effects on the people, causing premature deaths in the area.

In order to assess the dry deposition rates of air pollutants in the city of Agra targeted specifically towards the Taj Mahal, a combination of analytical and simulative model was chosen. Firstly, the open MSW and dung cake burning inventories were generated per zone of the city and weighted according to the SES of the households. Low SES means high dependence on the low calorific fuel such as dung cake and high SES means better and less emission fuels. The open waste burn rate, TWB (g-MSW day-1), within an electoral ward, from the SES-based waste burning rates is quantified by: TWB =WBR * POP +WBR * – POP (1).

Secondly, the emission rates or the inventories generated were applied in AERMOD (air pollution dispersion model), to spatially characterize the ambient, annually averaged PM2.5 concentrations. The meteorological inputs to AERMOD were given by AERMET (data processor), which was fed by the data from the National Climatic Data Centre (NCDC), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the US National Weather Service (NWS). The average particle size of carbonaceous PM species at the surface of the Taj Mahal was quantified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (LEO 1530, Carl Zeiss Microscopy) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy (Oxford Instruments X-Max detectors), which was found to be ~ 1 μm.

Annual average PM2.5 component concentrations due to open waste and dung cake burning throughout Agra, simulated by AERMOD, found concentrations at the Taj Mahal to be 4.1 (± 3.8) and 0.24 ( ± 0.10) μg m-3 for OM and BC from MSW burning and 0.32 ( ± 9.1 x 10-2) and 0.019 ( ± 9.7×10-4) μg m-3 for OM and BC from dung cake burning. Estimated total annual combined PM2.5 dry deposition to the Taj Mahal is 150 (± 130) mg m-2 from open waste burning and 12 (± 3.2) mg m-2 from dung cake burning. Wet deposition loadings were small in comparison to the dry deposition.

Few measures have been taken to improve the air quality in Agra and reduce the dry deposition of OM and BC on the surface of the Taj Mahal like, restricting the vehicles near the Taj Mahal, closing over 200 excessively polluting enterprises in the city, making scrubbers and filters mandatory on smokestacks of all iron foundries, banning burning of dung cake as fuel.

In modern era, tourism becomes a trend for individuals. Tourism is the act of visiting new places with religious and historical importance for recreation. Travelling helps people to interact with others, and gives the chance to expand knowledge and build strong overseas relations. Recently, there have been large number of persons who love visiting. Foreign investment is mostly done by tourisms. Travelling is not only for joy and rest but also to develop an industry. According to Hunsicker and Kraft (1941), tourism is not connected with earning activities. On the other hand, it is the collection of methods and bonding arising from the travels. Moreover, it has a major economic and social significant that is allowed in both developed and developing countries. Tourism may be depending on the needs of consumers such as physical needs (i.e., hunger, sleep), defense needs (i.e., threat of danger, love or social needs, esteem needs, achievements, self-confidence and many more). In present, travelling is important portion of national income for many countries. It has both pros and cons of journey on environment. The positive impact is that it increases the economy of the nation and also provide large number of new jobs for local individuals but has certain drawbacks too which I will discuss in the following paragraphs with suitable examples.

There are many bad effects of tourism on environment; the first one is air pollution. The movement of tourists from their home to the tourist destination involve transport via road, railways, air or combination of these modes of transports become the major cause of air pollution. For example, when a maximum number of people travel overseas then emission from automobiles and planes resulting CO2 and CO. These both gases produce a lot of air pollution which is harmful for human health. Mostly, 60% of the total population prefer to travel by plane and others use air-conditioned vehicles for their comfort which further pollute air. ICAO (2001) concluded that single flight emits 50% of carbon dioxide emissions as compared to other resources such as light, heat, car use, etc. Furthermore, travelling also causes land degradation. Pressure on land resources (i.e., minerals, fossil fuels, fertile soil, forests and wildlife) is increased due to increase in the construction of tourism and recreational activities. Its direct impact on natural resources, both renewable and non-renewable resources, visitors use land for accommodation, industries. For this purpose, they cut large number of forests which leads to deforestation. For example, one trekking tourist in Nepal, tourists use four to five kilograms of wood per day and this area is already suffering from the effect of deforestation (UNEP, 1999). Moreover, according to Croall (1995), journey is also threat for wildlife and ecosystem. It may be effects wildlife species, its age, gender, physical conditions and stage of breading, the change of habitat conditions it occupies whether it is close to other animals (Swenson 1979, Cooke 1980). Large amount of noise is created by travelling vehicles when entering and leaving the natural areas. Such noise is source of distress for wildlife. Furthermore, loud music used by the tourists disturb the living pattern of animals and cause noise pollution.

Moving further, with solutions the first one is travel less. Encourage employees to use public transports rather than own vehicles and also use car-pooling. In addition, workers should try to do work from their homes whenever its possible and minimize the use of web conferencing, email and other low-emission communications for business travelling because most of the carbon monoxide is emitted by automobiles. (Andereck,1993, p.27). For example, workmates share their rides with each other if they live nearby. The another one is activated carbon which is used to control air pollution. Pollution filter is required in this method, and carbon is used to escape air pollutants from the air. When in use, toxins are removed from the air with the help of filter. Filter absorbs pollutants from the air and clean it for use. Pollution is dangerous for health causes many diseases such as cancer, breathing problem and many more and its prevention places an economic burden on the citizen. For reducing the air pollution, amendments to the Clean Air Act is passed in 1970 and 1977. Deforestation and degradation are the major complex problem created by tourisms. There are no proper solutions to solve this only effort can save the forests such as collaboration. If corporations have the ability to destroy the world’s forest, then they also save them by using some efforts. Besides this, companies can set up a goal to make ‘zero deforestation’ by reducing the demand of timber, beef, palm oil and paper etcetera. Corporations should build the target to use recycled products (i.e., wood, pulp, paper and fiber). Government should also provide seminars to individuals about how our everyday activities can affect forests around the surroundings. Authorities should develop programs to introduce more tree plants and reforestation for farming land, logging land and cleared land affected by deforestation. In this way we save our environment from the negative effects and also enjoy tourist places.

To recapitulate, natural environment and tourism can both co-exist and both are beneficial to each other. Travelling has both negative and positive impact on the environment but negative impacts can be reduced by taking some suitable steps towards conserving natural resources such as investing income in the form of taxes. Host communities learn more about their heritage and cultural practices with journey from one place to another. For developing the sustainable tourism industry co-operation of local, conservationists, tourism operators, property owners, policy makers and site managers in every place is important those prepared plans for national development and raise the preservation of natural resources for present and future generation (Voas,1995, p12). Due to advances in technology and transportation, infrastructure and facilities reaches at new levels, all these factors are shaping and changing the tourism industry and future research is necessary to decrease the harmful impacts of tourism upon the surrounding. Also, environment awareness among tourists increased the demands of green tourisms because tourist’s industry realizes how people base their decision on the aspect of destinations (Hunter and Green, 1995). At last, economic growth brought by tourism companies must contribute to the natural environment processes and sustainable use of natural resources.

References

1. Andereck, Kathleen L. (1993). The Impact of Tourism on Natural Resources. Parks and Recreation, 28(6), 2632.
2. Cooke, A.S. 1980.Observations on How Close Certain Passerine Species Will Tolerate an Approaching Human in Rural and Suburban Areas. Biological Conservation, 18:85-88.
3. Croall, J.1995. Preserve or Destroy: Tourism and the Environment. Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, London.
4. Hunter, C and Green, H. (1995) Tourism and Environment. A Sustainable Relationship? Routledge, London.
5. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) (2001), “CAEP Recommends Further Measures for Reducing Aircraft Noise, Engine Exhaust Emissions”, ICAO Update, January/February.
6. Swenson, J.E.1979. Factors Affecting Status and Reproduction of Ospreys in Yellowstone National Park. Wildlife Management, 43:595-601.
7. UNEP (1999), Ecolabels for the Tourism Industry.
8. Voas, R.1995, Tourism: The Human Perspective, Lithe link ltd, UK.