Category: Aging

Death is perceived as natural and an inevitable part of life. We may not be sure about the outcomes of our lives, but one thing we are confident of is that we are all going to die. Although funerals help the living by giving them a chance to understand the finality of death, it does not guarantee the assurance of someone being in a better place. In this multi-paragraph essay, I will outline several thoughts based on cultural, psychological, and religious beliefs that will aid individuals in reflecting on their mortality.

Growing old is a privilege many do not experience because of circumstances such as an untimely death. As we grow old, we tend to slow down our productivity, become stagnant and explore life less vigorously. According to Erickson, integrity and sorrow are often seen in the latter stages of human development (Orenstein & Lewis, 2021). Integrity is the ability to take pride in ones accomplishments and hence the ability to prepare for death in a calm and worry-free manner. Discouragement is experienced by older persons who dwell on what they might, could, or should not have been and who thus face death with a sense of dread, regret, and sadness.

Death might be viewed as either spiritual or physical. In the physical aspect, a persons demise might take a long time, even in the middle of a life-threatening medical condition. If the patient receives excellent care, this may be a peaceful moment when the body is ready to let go of life (Health direct, 2021). Every individual is different; thus, this is not a universal rule. Psychologically, the heart stops beating, and the person eventually ceases to breathe. His brain immediately quits working, and his skin cools down (Renz et al., 2017). An individual has expired at this point and is hence declared dead. Spiritually, there are different ways to think of life after death based on individual beliefs. These include but are not limited to reincarnation, resurrection, immortality and obsolete. The locations our souls rest are further classified into heaven, hell, purgatory, sleep and a state of unconsciousness.

Reincarnation is the process through which an individual undergoes a second birth after physical death (McClelland, 2018). It might be the mind, awareness, or even the soul, but it could also be another. Individuals who believe in reincarnation affirm rebirth. Reincarnation is a doctrine that can be found in theology as well as in philosophy. It asserts that after a persons physical death, their spirit or soul will return to the physical world to take on a new body of a different species, shape, or nature, depending on how morally excellent they were in their previous life (McClelland, 2018). The idea of reincarnation is closely linked to karma. In every action, there is an equal and opposite response. When a person dies, they are reincarnated because they wish to enjoy a body that cannot deliver eternal happiness or calm. Every human eventually grows unhappy and seeks higher levels of bliss through spiritual experience after numerous incarnations. When there is nothing left for a person to want, they will never be born again. A person is believed to have achieved freedom after breaking free from the endless cycle of birth and reincarnation.

In the Religious aspect of Christianity, individuals believe that the earth is just a temporary world, but heaven is the ultimate goal of our lives. Walker (2018 Phil. 1:21) says, for me to live is Christ, and to die is gain. Therefore, when we die, we either go into a deep state of unconscious existence and wait until the second coming of Christ, or we go to purgatory. Purgatory is a state where our souls undergo purification from worldly sins before we can go to heaven to be with the maker. Yes, we are of good courage, and we would rather be away from the body and at home with the lord (Walker, 2018 2 Cor. 5:8). Death is referred to metaphorically as sleep; hence when we die, our physical body is what remains, but our souls go immediately to heaven. Our physical body is what is buried; therefore, it returns to dust.

According to Islam, when an individual nears death, two angels of death are sent to pick up his soul. During that state, Islam believed that if you were a dutiful Muslim, then your tongue would be able to declare Allah as your God and Prophet Mohammed as his last and final messenger (Ahaddour, Broeckaert, & Branden, 2018). If you were in the wrong, your language would not be able to express those words. During this period, the angel of death takes your body and ascends towards the heavens. When the body is prepared for burial, the soul is taken back to the body for questioning. The body shall remain in the tomb till the Day of Judgment, Yawm al-din. All individuals will be resurrected on that day and brought before Allah to answer for their earthly deeds, on which they will be judged (Ahaddour, Broeckaert, & Branden, 2018). The term resurrection of the body refers to this idea. Jannah, or Paradise, is reserved for those who have done better than harm. Islam describes Jannah (also known as the Garden of Eternal Bliss) as an eternal paradise and a sanctuary of tranquilly. There will be no disease, agony, or sorrow in the hereafter, which Muslims call Jannah (BBC, 2022). Those who have done more wrong than right will be sent to Jahannam or Hell, according to their level of good actions. This is where bodily and spiritual pain is felt.

In conclusion, people view death differently; hence there is no particular formula for viewing death. Additionally, it is an integral part of life and is considered the final stage of an individuals life span. People usually align themselves with the concepts that make sense to them; thus, what happens when we die is deeply rooted in the specific beliefs and ideologies different individuals conform to.

References

BBC. (2022). What does Islam teach about life after death?  Life after death  GCSE religious studies revision  BBC bitesize. BBC Bitesize. Web.

Health Direct. (2021). The physical process of dying. Web.

McClelland, N. C. (2018). Encyclopedia of reincarnation and karma (3rd ed.). North Carolina: McFarland.

Walker, G. A. (2018). Modern Literal Version Bible. Modern Literal Version Bible Official Site. Web.

Orenstein, G. A., & Lewis, L. (2021). Eriksons stages of psychosocial development  StatPearls  NCBI bookshelf. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Web.

Renz, M., Reichmuth, O., Bueche, D., Traichel, B., Mao, M. S., Cerny, T., & Strasser, F. (2017). Fear, pain, denial, and spiritual experiences in dying processes. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine®, 35(3), 478-491. Web.

Introduction

My interviewee was Mr. Specter, a 65-year-old African American man. He is a recently retired college lecturer and an African American culture advocate. His childhood was filled with happiness and he grew up in both a nuclear and extended family. His parents gave their best to put him through college where he worked very hard and became a lecturer. He loved his career and made sure his knowledge impacted young people positively. He is a family man, married to one wife, and has three daughters, one son, and six grandchildren. He is a healthy person and has not struggled with any illness. He hopes to live a healthy, fulfilled life surrounded by family.

From my interview, I have learned that aging is inevitable. However, not many people critically think about aging or what they intend to do with their later years, especially after retirement. Many people spent their midlives socializing, working, and raising children. On the other hand, aging comes with various life changes and it is mostly characterized by fear of the unknown future, illnesses, alterations in social circles, and mental health. This work intends to highlight the developmental, psychological, professional, and social alterations that come with aging.

Discussion

From the interview and my understanding of Vygotskys sociocultural theory, I have learned that both nature and nurture play an important role in a persons growth and development. My interviewees culture greatly influences his career choice and lifestyle. Growing up as an African American young man impacted his zeal to teach his community about their culture. He has mentored many young men and women from his community. He intends to ensure that disseminating and imparting knowledge of African America heritage continues. Though many African American communities during his time as a young man were associated with drugs and crime, he beat all odds to become a successful man who only wants what is best for society.

According to the stages of development by Erik Erikson, my interviewee is in the Late-adulthood stage characterized by either integrity or despair. It is the phase of development where people have time to reflect on their lives. Adults, who feel fulfilled, either through success in the family or a meaningful career, reach ego integrity. On the contrary, those who feel like they failed in life risk falling into despair. My interviewee has achieved integrity, he has successfully raised a family and effectively worked in a field that he was passionate about, and retired honorably. He is happy with what he had done so far and looks forward to a good life.

I have also learned that aging comes with reduced social ties. Most people who are lucky to have families around them spend most of their later years around family. My interviewee worked as a college lecturer where he interacted with many people and visited various states on official duty. However, these interactions have reduced since he retired, and he currently spends most of his time around family. His social status has changed, and his number of interactions with people has reduced tremendously now compared to his midlife.

Further, aging comes with retirement, at this stage; many people completely stop working while others like business owners transfer their responsibilities to other people and should be enjoying after-work benefits. My client has retired, and this gives him plenty of free time. Failure to plan for retirement results in confusion and stress because people get bored with free time, as many do not know how to keep themselves occupied. My interviewee wants to live a healthy life in his retirement. He intends to keep physically fit and enjoy his old age.

Moreover, aging involves changes in physical, social, and professional spheres. The inability to emotionally handle these alterations results in poor mental health. Cognitive behavioral theorist helps in understanding emotional and cognitive changes that happen during the aging stage resulting in adopting certain behaviors. The alterations occurring between midlife and late adulthood require cognitive restructuring for proper adaptation. However, many people are not able to adapt well to the changes hence becoming stressed and in severe cases depressed. My interviewee is happy with his achievements, his aging does not bother him as he plans to enjoy his retirement and spend more time with family.

Conclusion

I have understood that the quality of later life is linked with lifestyles and financial decisions made in young adulthood and mid-lives. People who work hard, invest or save while young have a high probability of successively transitioning to late adulthood as compared to people who have little or nothing at this stage. The latter is so because they can invest in family and save or have insurance for later life. For instance, a financially and family-stable person will transition better to aging than a financially and family wise unstable person.

My interviewee is aging successively, he has taken care of a family, had a fulfilled career, lived a healthy life, and intends to enjoy his retirement together with his family. From conducting this interview, I have learned that I have to begin preparing for my later years as early as possible. Secondly, I have also understood the importance of investing in the community and family because they are people who will be there for me in my old age. How people live their current lives today reflects on how they will live in old age.

Demographic metamorphosis leads to significant economic and social impacts affecting labor and capital markets, goods and services, social protection, health care, and pensions. The consequences of a shrinking working-age population are lower labor productivity and aggregate savings, and thus slower investment, demand, and economic growth. Therefore, population aging is a critical issue, and its solution requires effective and constant coordination between health care and aging systems.

A combination of well-coordinated, high-quality services delivered by appropriately qualified health professionals to address older peoples specific needs and act on their health risks is required. A considerable part of the effort is to strengthen informal help from relatives and friends in order for people with functional limitations to continue living at home for as long as feasible (Bishop, 2022). Furthermore, there is a growing emphasis on the preventive work of doctors, especially GPs. The focus on broad socio-prophylactic measures and the onset of illnesses have particularly elevated the doctors role in the general system of preventive measures.

Moreover, it is generally acknowledged that lifestyle has a vital role in longevity. In this case, physical health is one of the essential factors determining the way of life of an aging person and their ability to adapt to new living conditions (Bishop, 2022). However, successful implementation of any wellness measures is only possible if the population understands and promotes them properly. The lack of a qualitative relationship between programs and the level of awareness among the population is still an unresolved issue in the course of integration. Although medicine has not yet discovered how to prevent aging and correct individual genetic characteristics, there are already considerable recommendations for healthy lifestyles that prevent premature aging (Bishop, 2022). These include eating a healthy diet, maintaining a wholesome bodyweight, avoiding obesity, getting regular exercise, quitting smoking, and limiting alcohol intake. The level of integration still cannot be called thorough, but efforts to promote mindfulness are practical and encourage quality modifications.

The general philosophy is that healthy aging should focus on prevention and wellness, emphasizing maintaining functional capacity rather than curing illness. Remote care and telemedicine, including video conferencing with healthcare providers, and tablet-based patient education, have been shown to create benefits for healthcare system, resulting in lower costs and improved patient outcomes (Solhi et al., 2022). The proper combination of technology and healthcare has incredible potential to engage patients in managing their health, early detection, and diagnosis of chronic conditions and, therefore, healthier and more active aging.

The USPSTF is taking active steps to counteract the concerns of aging. However, it is worth noting that these measures have been insufficient and ineffective for an extended period. Considerable USPSTF efforts concentrate on treatment through early detection of specific diseases with distinctly specified risk aspects or prospects for early intervention. This USPSTF procedure for older individuals has been questioned, as multiple conditions have multifactorial risk aspects, interventions, and typical effects (Solhi et al., 2022). Moreover, there was an incomplete sample of older people in clinical practices, and essential developments were not generalized to interpret the evidence accurately. In order to secure the prominence of its measures, the USPSTF suggested a unique approach aimed at collecting data specific to older individuals.

The USPSTF subgroup is operating to handle other methodological matters critical for evidence-based guidance. Their considerations include a further review of non-traditional outcomes, such as the influence on careers. Furthermore, the group strives to identify approaches to authorize more confident and compatible extrapolation of evidence from younger populations into older ones (Solhi et al., 2022). Current undertakings include assessing the evidence to determine the quality of life measures, values, and attitudes to prevention. The primary focus of the USPSTF is on promoting the critical role of physical activity in fall deterrence, which is undoubtedly valuable. However, it is essential to note that the aging program is still incomplete and needs improvement to be more effective. Population aging is a significant challenge for society, but it can be prevented by implementing quality measures and integrating systems.

References

Bishop, C. E. (2022). Economics of aging: New insights. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 77(4), 735-738. Web.

Solhi, M., Pirouzeh, R., & Zanjari, N. (2022). Middle-aged preparation for healthy aging: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1-8. Web.

Introduction

Human life expectancy has continuously increased in the past two centuries, closing in global aging. Multiple losses, such as financial, psychological, personal, health-related, and loss of autonomy, cognition, and functionality, have contributed to the anxiety that comes with advancing years. The cybernetic theory of stress, coping, and well-being holds that stress is a difference between an individuals perceived and desired conditions, which is especially crucial for aging adults. At the age of 70, the same elements that induce negative aging create negative personality changes due to bad habits, terrible marriages, maladaptive defenses, and sickness. The paper focuses on providing research about the Physiology of stress and its impacts on the process of aging.

Stress and Adversity in Aging

Adversity is a part of life for everyone, and it can harm ones health and well-being. There is a lot of variation in the trajectory of health and function in old age. In the context of aging, stresses include chronic illnesses, cognitive impairment, the psychological stress of caregiving, independence, and money (Liguori et al., 2018). Adversities affect people in a variety of ways. Some get depressed and even die young due to hardships, while others manage to overcome them and live a life of personal fulfillment (Wimalawansa, 2019). Chronically ill patients, bereaved spouses, and family dementia carers have all been considered to have severe stress exposure that generates mental illness in older adults.

Physiology of Stress and Its Effects on the Aging Process

Because of weakened resistance to stress, aging physiologically alters a persons response to it. Ferrucci et al. (2020) affirm that an accumulation of everyday and significant life stressors that relate with a persons genetic composition and influencing early life experiences can be regarded as the source of individual variances in the aging process. Allostasis was the initial name given to the process by which the core environment changes to encounter the perceived and expected demand in the adaptive biological response to critical stress (Liguori et al., 2018). The idea of a set point that fluctuates due to the bodys attempt to maintain homeostasis has been added to this term through research. Allostasis, which means maintaining stability during change, is mediated by the neuroendocrine system, the autonomic nerve system, and the immunological system (Wimalawansa, 2019). The endocrine, autonomic, and immunological systems can all be affected by the aging process, leading to a loss of homeostasis.

Liguori et al. (2018) found a link between higher levels of cumulative stress and biological markers, including insulin resistance and hastened aging as measured by Grim Age. It further showed that emotional regulation lowered the impact of stress on accelerated aging, and self-control was found to mitigate the association between pressure and insulin resistance. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is well-known for its harmful impact on the neuroendocrine function when experienced acutely. Glucocorticoids such as cortisol are released when this feedback loop is activated, allowing the body to function at a higher level of alertness (Liguori et al., 2018). Animals need to have the HPA response to stress to survive. However, high amounts of glucocorticoids can cause hypertension, depress anabolic processes, and even hippocampus atrophy if they remain elevated for an extended time. In both normal and pathological aging, the volume of the hippocampus decreases.

Sex differences may have a role in how stress affects people. Ferrucci et al., (2020). Argues that women have double chances compared to males to suffer from emotional disorders in the years following puberty and before menopause. Age 55 appears to bring this disparity to a close. Estradiol, the primary gonadal steroid, is one of the strongest contenders for a role in this gender difference (Wimalawansa, 2019). Women who have never experienced mood swings before perimenopause begin to experience them due to changes in estrogen levels, and this link has been established conclusively. Depression and female suicide attempts have been linked to greater estrogen levels during the menstrual cycle.

Stress hormones, including cortisol, may interact with the estrogenic effects on cognition. Cortisol is the quintessential stress hormone in response to psychological and social stress. Ferrucci et al. (2020) argue that older women tend to have higher levels than younger ones. Cortisol levels in the elderly are connected with increased psychosocial stress, decreased cognitive performance, and the atrophy of memory-related regions in the brain, such as the hippocampus (Liguori et al., 2018). Because of the harmful effects of stress hormones on cognitive performance in normal aging, elevated estradiol levels may be frustrating and have peptide levels and ratios. It is critical to preserving neuronal integrity and overall health in the brain. Wimalawansa (2019) argues that cortisols effects on the brain circuits essential for cognitive function and mood regulation have yet to be fully understood in psychosocial stress.

Conclusion

Their close relationship broadly researched stress, inflammation, sex hormones, and aging. Assessment of the biological factors that influence anxiety and resilience might assist in identifying possible neurobiological systems as targets for intervention to improve flexibility at both individual and community levels. Stress responsiveness and stability may be influenced by various factors, including neuroendocrine, immunological, brain circuitry, genetic, temperamental, and environmental variables. New preventative treatments are being tested and implemented in research and community care in stress and aging. It has become an essential resource for disseminating information about the dangers and benefits of depressive and cognitive illnesses at an old age.

References

Ferrucci, L., Gonzalez-Freire, M., Fabbri, E., Simonsick, E., Tanaka, T., Moore, Z., Salimi, S., Sierra, F., & de Cabo, R. (2020). Measuring biological aging in humans: A quest. Aging cell, 19(2), e13080. Web.

Liguori, I., Russo, G., Curcio, F., Bulli, G., Aran, L., Della-Morte, D., Gargiulo, F., Bulli, G., Testa, G., Caccaiatore, F., Bonaduce, D., & Abete, P. (2018). Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 13, 757.

Wimalawansa, S. J. (2019). Vitamin D deficiency: Effects on oxidative stress, epigenetics, gene regulation, and aging. Biology, 8(2), 30.

The National Council on Aging (NCOA) is a service and advocacy organization that primarily makes no profit. NCOA combines efforts made by other nonprofit organizations, businesses, and the government to better the lives of elderly persons. The organization focuses on building up services and creative solutions that assist elderly peoples lives using different programs (What Is the National Council on Aging  USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, 2021). Therefore, the NCOA aims at increasing the elimination of challenges experienced by old persons using programs, advocacy, and services.

Some of the programs offered by NCOA comprise Benefits Checkup; this is a confidential service provided freely online for elderly individuals. It enables them to access state and private benefits programs. This program provides funds to cater for transportation, training for employment, taxes, in-home services, housing, utilities, healthcare, legal, food, and medication for old people (What Is the National Council on Aging  USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, 2021). The other program is Savvy Savings Seniors; this is a toolkit meant for elderly persons that require assistance in managing their funds, making profits, and evading scams. Through Savvy Savings Seniors, NCOA has designed training guides that assist other community organizations in formatting workshops.

There is also Home Equity Advisory and Reverse Mortgage Counseling. These are services that assist elderly people gain equity in homes faster than traditional mortgages (What Is the National Council on Aging  USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, 2021). There is also the Restart Living program that contains various resources such as videos. These resources equip elderly people with knowledge to manage their ongoing health problems (What Is the National Council on Aging  USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, 2021). These self-management workshop resources explain the appropriate ways that elderly persons can live a better and healthier life. Therefore, services offered by NCOA are vital because they help enhance the lives of many elderly persons in America specifically those disadvantaged and living in vulnerable conditions.

References

What Is the National Council on Aging  USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology. USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology. (2021). Web.

Currently, the population of the United States is swiftly aging which poses challenges to healthcare system. It is estimated that approximately 20% of American people will reach the age of 65 within a decade (Rowe et al., 2016). It implies that they will excessively use medical services due to chronic and severe diseases. As a result, the patient base is Therefore, social and healthcare services are facing serious problem in delivering care.

The start of the following decade will be marked by a dramatic demographic shift which presumes that people will massively get older and their number will exceed the younger generation. The population boom will significantly affect health care services delivery. There are significant differences among older people in the society now which will become more acute in future. Divorced or widowed men and women, members of racial minorities, and immigrants are most likely to be exposed to chronic diseases, poverty, and inaccessibility to adequate services as they get older (Rowe et al., 2016). Hence, as the population grows, so will the segment of aging individuals who require more support that the others.

As a consequence, there is a need to develop a policy which will guarantee health care services availability and accessibility to the older adults. Even though the policy may be not complicate to develop, it is indispensable to prove its effectiveness. Most likely its success depends on several stakeholders: the government and the medical workers. In case they collaborate to increase health status of aging generation, the policy may have an effect on the target group.

The first part of the policy framework would be recognizing senior citizens needs and values and measuring their economic, social, and other statuses. The next step would be developing policy itself by compiling all the data and choosing the adequate options to help the vulnerable group. This policy must be implemented at the state level since the government is the primary stakeholder which must undertake a principle responsibility to provide financial security to the aging population.

Nonetheless, there is a possibility of a long-term valuation process since the policy must be thoroughly assessed at all levels. The slow pace of change in the organization is often seen as a prior challenge to make policy work. The evaluation process will consider policys efficacy, relevance, and feasibility to ensure it bears practical meaning (Czaja, 2019). However, the date of this procedure may barely be stated since each stage of assessment may last for an extended period. Yet, the regular process of policy implementation takes up to six months or longer.

In case if the policy is inconsistent with some conditions and does not fulfill its intended purpose, the stakeholders should revise it. Primarily, they must alter the initial intent, add new information to understand the policy statement, modify the structure, and update the guidelines (Czaja, 2019). Healthcare policies are vital for the society; hence, they must be reviewed or revised carefully to benefit population.

In conclusion, it seems relevant to state that healthcare reforms are vitally needed for the vulnerable segments of population. The aging generation is in the risk group since they demand more medical services which become more expensive. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a policy granting these individuals financial and social security. However, the process of its implementation may take longer than expected and demand re-evaluation.

References

Czaja, S. J. (2019). The healthcare challenge for an aging population: The role of technology. Innovation in Aging, 3(1), S32. Web.

Rowe, J., Fulmer, T., & Fried, L. (2016). Preparing for better health and health care for an aging population. JAMA, 316(16), 16431644. Web.

Introduction

As the baby boomer population ages and the growing shortage of health workers, access to long-term care and palliative care aid promises to remain a significant problem in the 21st century. Today there is increasing dissatisfaction and concern about the long-term care system or even the lack of it available to the elderly. Typically, patients consider this an expensive treatment, as the average annual cost can exceed $50,000-100,000 (Morrison & Furlong, 2019). For many elderly people in need of care and their families, the price is beyond their means.

In addition, too much emphasis is placed on inpatient care, providing insufficient access and choice, and failing to provide quality care. The problem is growing, given that there will be a significant increase in the demand for long-term care among the baby boomer generation in the future, as well as in connection with the growth in disability among the younger generation. These facts are also weighed against the perceived inadequacy of the existing system. The main barriers to real change stem from the political climate that controls funding.

Case Study

According to medical ethics, medical professionals must promote the equal distribution of medical services, including vulnerable populations, which also includes Ms. L. The main goal of interventions is to reduce serious disease outbreaks through expanding medical care. It can be achieved by removing barriers to getting help between social strata, especially among people who use psychoactive substances. The International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care suggests keeping patients social histories (Lau et al., 2022). That will allow assessing the economic situation of people and their families who are at risk and have become homeless (Lau et al., 2022). Research on people living with HIV shows that housing can help people get through treatment, including for substance use disorders (Lau et al., 2022). Healthcare professionals are encouraged to review whether patients need financial assistance regularly. It may include, for example, disability insurance coverage or advice about benefits. The main goal of interventions is to reduce inequalities that negatively affect peoples health.

Even though there can be no prejudice against patients in the medical field and care should be provided to all who need it, many patients still experience this. For example, Ms. L., for a long time, could not get medicine that would help her cope with her pain. However, palliative care aims to alleviate peoples suffering from life-threatening illnesses. That includes treatment of any symptoms of disease, pain relief, mental care, and psychosocial support, as well as pre-care planning (Lau et al., 2022). Many people, as a result of limited social support caused by poverty, have little or no access to health care.

Institutions and service providers may restrict the provision of community-based services, such as home care, in unsafe or high-risk settings. In addition, societal intolerance towards non-medical drug use, which is also present in healthcare professionals, may stop people who abuse substances from entering palliative care units and end-of-life care hospices, as happened with Ms. L. Medical staff must demonstrate a willingness to help people, regardless of their situation, that is, to reduce the level of prejudice. In this regard, it is essential to develop financial assistance for those in need of medical care or change the existing insurance system, as well as to develop medical ethics.

Unfortunately, today the involvement of the elderly population in the long-term and palliative care insurance system remains low. There are many reasons for this, and one of the main ones is the inability of a large part of the elderly population to afford expensive insurance. In addition, among those who can afford an insurance policy, there is an opinion about the limited access to many health insurance (Morsch et al., 2021). It may also be due to misinterpretation or lack of knowledge about current Medicare or Medicaid coverage (Morrison & Furlong, 2019). Medicaid includes a special waiver program that allows states to offer a wider range of non-medical home care services (Morrison & Furlong, 2019). An important condition is a restriction to those patients whose services will be no more expensive than Medicaid-funded home care (Morsch et al., 2021). However, the volume of benefits under these waiver programs is small relative to the overall demand.

Moreover, it is important to recognize that many older people have limited economic resources. They will probably still find even less costly and more comprehensive measures unaffordable. The private sector cannot provide catastrophic protection for these individuals alone. In addition, private insurance has recently become an option, and only 10-20% of people will be able to use it (Morrison & Furlong, 2019). Closing this significant gap should be the task of the government.

Conclusion

Today, concern continues to grow that the elderly population in need of long-term care is increasing. At the same time, significant economic and social changes are taking place in society, which has a direct impact on the access of the elderly to long-term and palliative care. Different programs in Aging in America, including demographic, social, and economic trends, may have different impacts on the demand for and delivery of various healthcare services related to long-term and palliative care. While some will promote access to services, others will hinder access to and purchase of care, as with private insurance, for example. Due to changes in the demographic and epidemiological profiles of populations, policies that can deliver long-term and sustainable results are critical.

References

Lau, J., Ding, P., Lo, S., Fazelzad, R., Furlan, A. D., Isenberg, S. R., Spithoff, S., Tedesco, A., Zimmermann, C., & Buchman, D. Z. (2022). Palliative care interventions for people who use substances during communicable disease outbreaks: A scoping review. BMJ Open, 12(8). Web.

Morrison, E. E., & Furlong, E. (2019). Health care ethics critical issues for the 21st century. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Morsch, P., Pelaez, M., Vega, E., Hommes, C., & Lorig, K. (2021). Evidence-based programs for older persons in the Americas. Revista Panamericana De Salud Pública, 45, 1. Web.

Methodology

Aim and Objectives

The aim of the study is to describe the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of older adults regarding the role of diet in healthy aging. To reach the aim of the study, the following objectives are set:

1. To assess the older adults knowledge on the role of diet in healthy living;
2. To describe the attitudes of older adults regarding the role of nutrition in the aging;
3. To describe the nutritional practices affecting aging, followed by older adults.

This section details the methods that will be used to conduct the current research and will describe the study design, sample, population, inclusion and exclusion criteria, research variables, validity and reliability of research instruments used, pilot study, data analysis approach, ethical considerations, budget, and implementation of research findings.

Research Design

The current study will use a cross-sectional, descriptive research design, with a quantitative analytical focus. According to Salvador (2016), a quantitative research design uses several data sources to collect sufficient information to enable the researcher to create a model for the issue studied. Descriptive research is mostly used in ethnographic surveys, and making use of a quantitative approach is valuable to quantify findings (Solheim et al., 2017). By using a quantitative descriptive design, this study will collect and analyze data, to produce outcome recommendations that are meaningful to the study population and similar populations.

Study Population

The study population will include older men and women, living in The Springs of Parc Hill, a retirement community situated in Orange City, Florida. This community includes White, Black, Asian, and Hispanic adults of retirement age.

Participants and Sample Selection

This research will use a convenient sampling technique to select the participants for this study. The survey will include individuals that respond to an invitation to participate in the study, based on the inclusion criteria that the study will adopt. In particular, this research will study the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of older people aged 65 years and older regarding diet and exercise. Approximately 230 older adults are accommodated in the retirement community. It is proposed to include 30% of the participants, which will result in a sample size of at least 49 participants. According to Vasileiou et al. (2018), sample sizes matter the most when the results reliability is concerned in quantitative research. Therefore, the higher the number of participants, the more accurate the results of the investigation will be.

Inclusion Criteria

This study will include adults who are 65 years and older who volunteer to participate in the study and are able to complete an online questionnaire without assistance. Only members of The Springs of Parc Hill community will be included in the study.

Exclusion Criteria

The following exclusion criteria will be used:

1. Adults aged below 65 years old;
2. Any visitors or members not registered with the administrative office, who are not part of the community; and
3. Elderly people do not have the ability without assistance.

Study Procedure

Before implementing the study, the researcher will seek ethics approval from Stetson Universitys Institutional Review Board (IRB). Upon IRB approval, the researcher will seek approval from the local administration of the facility to conduct the study within the facility. Flyers will be printed and posted to the local center to communicate the studys intention and invite participation. The flyer will contain particulars where participants can register to take the survey. Individuals who volunteer to participate will then log into the website to complete the survey within the Qualtrics software platform. After completion of the study, each participant will be offered the opportunity to provide their contact details in a separate survey for a chance to win one of ten $10 gift cards to encourage participation.

Variables Measured

This study will measure knowledge, attitudes, and practices within different demographics. In particular, these will include age, gender, and ethnicity, perceived health status, meal preparation responsibility information on shared meals, marital status, and family income. The study will test and describe participants knowledge of any particular nutritional aspect, such as asking participants about their understanding of energy-giving food among older and younger populations. This study will also collect data on protein, carbohydrates, water, fiber, fats and oils, and vitamins, particularly, Vitamin D intake requirements among older adults. To measure the participants attitudes towards diet, the study will seek to understand participants attitudes on the importance of eating healthy food with aging and describe nutrition-related attitudes towards other topics of concern for older adults.

The participants will also be asked about the frequency of their meals, the number of meals taken per day, and the frequency of taking breakfast per week to help measure their nutritional practices. The recent changes in RDAs will be used to assess how the older adults meet the recommended daily nutritional requirements. For instance, they will be evaluated on whether they take over eight water servings per day, have enough carbohydrates from foods such as bread, fortified cereals, rice, and pasta, and get three vegetable servings per day. Moreover, their fruit serving patterns will be determined, particularly, if they meet the recommended two servings per day. Furthermore, the participants will be assessed on whether they meet the new RDA provision that the elderly should have over two servings of different foods rich in protein such as milk, yogurt, and cheese, and meat, poultry, fish, and eggs.

Pilot Study

A pilot study will be conducted after IRB approval has been obtained. Five individuals, 65 years or older, from the study population, will be approached to complete the questionnaire and provide feedback on the questions and the process. Data collected during the pilot project will not be included in the final study. Changes will be made to the questionnaire based on feedback from the pilot study participants.

Study procedures

The following timeframe is planned for the execution of this study:

• 20 January 2021 IRB approval request submitted
• February 2021  Pilot study and adaption of the questionnaire
• 20 February 2021  Advertising of study
• March 2021  Data collection
• April 2021  Analysis of data and report writing
• May- 2021  Finalization of report

Reliability and Validity Measurements and Research Instruments

The current research will explicitly define its objectives, study population, sample to use in the study. This will ensure that the survey takes place within the specified limits and variables, thus creating a valid research outcome. This study will also adhere to all the IRB requirements to ensure that data collection is credible, dependable, and according to ethical standards. Anonymous data collection, directly by the participants in the privacy of their homes will increase the reliability of data collected.

Data Analysis

This study will use Qualtrics software, an online platform for data collection and analysis. Qualtrics software will be used to allow integration of an extensive array of questions, and have the ability to export the data in different formats (Tharp & Landrum, 2017). Research findings will be presented by using tables, graphs, and pie charts, depending on the nature of the data. Basic descriptive statistics will be used to report data and associations between variables will be reported.

Ethical Considerations

The current study will adhere to ethical principles by ensuring that the data collected are secure and protected from unauthorized users. The research will be approved by the IRB to ensure ethical conduct. No participant will indicate their name or reveal their identity anywhere in the survey and survey links will be anonymous. Informed consent will be obtained from all participants before completing the survey.

Budget

Funding will be provided by the Department of Health Sciences, Stetson University.

Implementation of Research Findings

The study will use problem identification and reporting as a basis for implementing this researchs findings. The survey will be guided by the CDCs problem identification and reporting guideline for public health (CDC, 2019). The model describes problem identification elements, as shown in figure 1 below, which include establishing the root cause of the problem and developing a detailed problem statement, defining its effect on the identified population. This step is essential because several stakeholders are involved in policymaking processes and are affected by this particular health issue. Moreover, by using this framework and the concerned parties, it will be easier to identify and accurately frame the issue under investigation since each problem is distinct from another.

The framework defines the exact ways to identify a problem within a specific society. According to the CDC (2019), a root cause of health issues can be identified by collecting information and then involving stakeholders in understanding it. This will be done by combining the existing literature and data obtained from the associates to give insight into the issues and their possible causes. This will be done by considering information that will assist in defining the health challenge. Thus, the study will begin by scanning the environment, reviewing the literature, and surveying the community.

The success of problem identification will be assessed by ensuring that all the relevant information is collected. The data from research and stakeholders are combined with that collected from the community under investigation. This success will be measured by meeting all the primary objectives stated. The data collected related to the problem and conclusively defined it, thereby providing the complete picture of the issue. Moreover, the problem identification will be considered complete when it includes the older adults, addresses their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the role of diet in healthy aging, and the possible cause of the issue. The study findings will then be reported to different stakeholders and older adults in the community so that the information can be used for better health outcomes among the elderly.

References

CDC. (2019). Problem identification. Web.

Porter, J., Nguo, K., Collins, J., Kellow, N., Huggins, C.E., Gibson, S., Davidson, Z., Schoeller, D., Prentice, R., Neuhouser, M.L. and Snetselaar, L. (2019). Total energy expenditure measured using doubly labeled water compared with estimated energy requirements in older adults (e 65 y): Analysis of primary data. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 110(6), 1353-1361.

Salvador, J. T. (2016). Exploring quantitative and qualitative methodologies: A guide to novice nursing researchers. European Scientific Journal, 12(18). Web.

Solheim, E., Plathe, H. S., & Eide, H. (2017). Nursing students evaluation of a new feedback and reflection tool for use in high-fidelity simulationFormative assessment of clinical skills. A descriptive quantitative research design. Nurse Education in Practice, 27, 114-120. Web.

Tharp, K., & Landrum, J. (2017, March). Qualtrics advanced survey software tools. Indiana University Workshop in Methods.

Vasileiou, K., Barnett, J., Thorpe, S., & Young, T. (2018). Characterizing and justifying sample size sufficiency in interview-based studies: Systematic analysis of qualitative health research over a 15-year period. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(1), 148. Web.

Introduction

Healthy aging is one of the most deliberated topics globally since older persons exist worldwide, and most people hope to live to old age. According to the WHO, healthy aging denotes developing and maintaining functional abilities that facilitate wellness in advanced ages. Thus, healthy aging involves the creation of opportunities and environments that permit people to continue being and doing what they value in the entirety of their lives. The June 2022 YouTube video under consideration for the paper emanates from the company Clemence Organics, a naturopathy organization, with the title Healthy Ageing  How to live a long and healthy life  Top tips. The speaker in the piece is the founder of Clemence Organics and a known naturopath, Ms. Bridget.

As per the video, the speaker boasts of years of research on healthy aging. She mentions her deep fascination for pockets of community globally where people live healthy and long lives well past 100 years of age. From her studies, she then ventures to give some essential tips on how to live long, healthy lives from her research endeavors.

Article Depiction

The speaker notes that healthy aging is achievable if people adhere to certain lifestyles. She portrays a picture of the need to deliberately implement habits that will facilitate healthy aging and proceed to give her top five tips on how to age healthfully. Firstly, she asserts the need for laughter and friendship, a social support system that provides older people with partners to share their joys and challenges, imparting physiological health (Clemence Organics, 2022). Secondly, she reckons from her research that healthy aging requires a purpose for life and a reason for people to get up each morning, as supported by Oosman et al. (2021) in their publication. These can include simple things like tending to a garden or cooking a meal for a loved one.

Thirdly, the video shows that sleep and stress reduction are essential for healthy aging. Such entails having stress management mechanisms like meditation, gardening, talking with friends, and regular sleep patterns. Fourthly, the researcher stresses the importance of proper diet and nutrition for healthy aging (Clemence Organics, 2022). Hence, she agitates for eating habits primarily of whole foods, fruits, and vegetables and significantly reduced meat consumption, less processed foods, saturated fats, and sugars (calorie restriction). Such nutrition plans aim to increase immunity and vitality in old age to prevent diseases, as seen mainly in the Japanese (Santos et al., 2022). She also mentions the value of intermittent fasting in helping the body to rest and heal.

Lastly, she emphasizes the importance of daily exercise in healthy aging. Exercise helps to rid the body of toxins, keeps the blood and lymphatic system moving to nourish all somatic cells, and revitalizes the muscles and bone tissues for healthy living in old age (Schladitz et al., 2022). According to the video, such exercises can also emanate from simple gardening, which includes cardio and strength training.

Moreover, the speaker hints at some benefits of healthy aging. Healthy aging permits them to meet their basic needs, move about, contribute to society, establish meaningful relationships, and make sound decisions. A better immune system and strength from proper nutrition and regular exercise enables the aged to recover from diseases faster, reduces their likelihood of chronic sickness, and prevents the often dangerous falls common in old age (Öjefors & Olofsson, 2021; Rasiah et al., 2022). The listener appreciates the value of implementing healthy aging tips.

Relevance to Theory of Ageing

The video topic is especially relevant to the activity theory of aging, which maintains that healthy aging occurs when the aged maintain social relations and stay active (Barja, 2019). The model arose in reaction to the disengagement model that postulated that older people detach themselves from society when they realize their closeness to death due to advanced age (Nestor, 2017). In contrast, the activity theory of aging argues that the aged are happier when they maintain social ties and remain active.

The tips espoused in the video as critical for healthy aging support the assumption of the activity theory that maintaining social ties and activity are helpful for healthy aging. According to the activity model of aging, meaningful activities assist the elderly in replacing lost life roles following retirement (Johnson et al., 2019). Thus, the activity theory of aging bodes well with the researchers findings on the value of healthy relationships, regular exercise, and having a purpose in life.

For the WHO, healthy aging implies maintaining specific roles and functions even in old age. The activity theory argues that the person should keep the tasks and preferences they developed in middle age during their later years (Mavritsakis et al., 2020). Hence, those who inevitably lose former responsibilities should substitute them with newer ones, like exercise, new purposes in life, good relationships, and other vital activities like proper cooking (Winterhalter & Simm, 2022). The new roles go a long way in maintaining a positive sense of self for healthier aging processes.

Conclusion

According to the WHO, healthy aging implies maintaining functional abilities in advanced years. Healthy aging is beneficial in many ways, including helping to prevent dangerous falls, improving the immune system, preventing disease, aiding recovery, and promoting social life. The video utilized for the discussion indicates some of these benefits associated with healthy aging and gives essential tips for achieving healthy aging from the authors studies and experiences. The speaker is a reputed naturopath with extensive knowledge and interest in healthy aging communities globally. According to the researcher, exercise, diet, sleep, stress reduction, life purpose, laughter, and friendship are critical for healthy aging. The assertions in the YouTube video titled Healthy Ageing  How to live a long and healthy life  Top tips agree with the activity theory of aging that emphasizes the role of maintained or new responsibilities in healthy aging. The activity approach contrasts with the disengagement model that indicates a detachment from normal social functions in old age.

References

Barja, G. (2019). Towards a unified mechanistic theory of aging. Experimental Gerontology, 124.

Clemence Organics. (2022). Healthy ageing  how to live a long and healthy life  top tips. [Video] YouTube.

Johnson, A. A., Shokhirev, M. N., & Shoshitaishvili, B. (2019). Revamping the evolutionary theories of aging. Ageing Research Reviews, 55.

Mavritsakis, N., Mîrza, C.-M., & Tache, S. (2020). Changes related to aging and theories of aging. Health, Sports & Rehabilitation Medicine, 21(4), 252255.

Nestor Asiamah. (2017). Social engagement and physical activity: Commentary on why the activity and disengagement theories of ageing may both be valid. Cogent Medicine, 4(1).

Öjefors Stark, K., & Olofsson, N. (2021). Daily moderate-intensity physical activities and optimism promote healthy ageing in rural northern Sweden: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 80(1), 1867439.

Oosman, S., Nisbet, C., Smith, L., & Abonyi, S. (2021). Health promotion interventions supporting Indigenous healthy ageing: a scoping review. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 80(1), 1950391.

Rasiah, J., Prorok, J. C., Adekpedjou, R., Barrie, C., Basualdo, C., Burns, R., De Paul, V., Donnelly, C., Doyle, A., Frank, C., Gibbens) Dolsen, Sarah, Giguère, A., Hsiung, S., Kim, P., McDonald, E. G., OGrady, H., Patey, A., Puxty, J., Racey, M., & Resin, J. (2022). Enabling Healthy Aging to AVOID Frailty in Community Dwelling Older Canadians. Canadian Geriatrics Journal, 25(2), 202211.

Santos, C. J., Paciência, I., & Ribeiro, A. I. (2022). Neighbourhood Socioeconomic Processes and Dynamics and Healthy Ageing: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11).

Schladitz, K., Förster, F., Wagner, M., Heser, K., König, H.-H., Hajek, A., Wiese, B., Pabst, A., Riedel-Heller, S. G., & Löbner, M. (2022). Gender Specifics of Healthy Ageing in Older Age as Seen by Women and Men (70+): A Focus Group Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5).

Winterhalter, P. R., & Simm, A. (2022). How Justified is the Assumption of Programmed Aging in Reminiscence of Weismanns Theories? Biochemistry (Moscow), 87(1), 35.

Nurses are medical professionals who closely and frequently interact with older people. They are often working as primary care providers at institutions for aged people, particularly when older individuals require medical assistance. Consequently, these representatives of healthcare organizations have a vital role in improving and enhancing their fitness (Golinowska et al., 2016). Furthermore, they are crucial for ensuring the well-being of retired citizens to allow them to enjoy their lives to their full potential. Hence, this essay will show the importance of nurses in promoting healthy aging and indicate the evidence-based approaches.

Taking the current demography trends into account, it is evident that the average age of the population is getting older. This fact exerts significant pressure on the healthcare system, as those elderly often have chronic diseases to cope with, and require the assistance of a medical professional for daily activities (Golinowska et al., 2016). The promotion of healthy aging could become the solution to this problem since it helps to educate people on the ways to manage their illnesses and lead an independent lifestyle.

Nurses can increase the elderlys awareness of health and physiological processes of later ages. Health literacy is one of the most critical factors for healthy aging, and relevant communication with the patients can result in promising results (Wosinski et al., 2016). In turn, this factor can empower the elderly to make informed choices and understand their medical care rights. For example, a successful professional can explain the useful tricks for maintaining blood sugar levels to the diabetes patient. Here, the representative should also keep in mind the psychological factors of help and ensure the clients positivity and confidence (Kim et al., 2017). As healthy aging includes being conscious about the body and its physical and mental situation, nurses should be active educators to provide the elderly population with the contemporary trends in medicine (Banister, 2018). By furnishing patients with reviewed and reliable information, the nurses give the patients freedom in deciding the issues of their health and help them gain enhanced control of their bodies. These professionals can significantly improve older adults knowledge through health-educational work (Razlag et al., 2017). Henceforward, the nurses position in health promotion will have to become more outstanding, primarily through their work in reference institutions.

On the other hand, increasing knowledge about diseases and aging physiology can be detrimental for the elderly. The awareness and anticipation of the symptoms of health deterioration could become the reason for the anxiety and depression linked to the fact of growing old. The modern technologies and wearables for tracking the information about vitals were shown to correlate with a negative impact on older adults mental state (Urban, 2017). To avoid such an effect of health literacy, nursing professionals should pay attention to explaining the importance of aging processes and promoting decision-making. As some of such worries could be caused by the necessity of colossal expenditure of funds to treatments, nurses should understand and explain the importance and use of health promotion. The preventative measures are cheaper for the patients, which can be another stimulant factor for seeking nurses assistance for healthy aging (Arsenijevic et al., 2016). The fair person-centered practice prevents the adverse consequences of health consciousness.

In addition to that, there is high importance of cultural preparation, inclusive approach, and attentive relationships for nurses to accomplish their mission. The studies show that nurses could be reluctant to work with older adults (Neville, 2015). This factor, in turn, is detrimental for successful aging as it disrupts the efficient communication between the professional and the patient and does not provide the necessary level of trust. Moreover, as the representatives working with patients more than other medical professionals, nurses should have a diverse cultural understanding to ensure comprehensive care and secure relationships with patients. As a result, nurses are crucial to possess a high level of communication skills to accommodate non-standard situations at the workplace as well as promote healthy aging.

Moreover, communication skills can contribute to achieving successful aging from a long-term perspective. Persuasive, good-looking, and confident nursing professionals are excellent examples for the members of general society to abide by a healthy lifestyle (Ingunn et al., 2019). The investigations have shown that midlife behavior has a significant effect on the body state in older ages. Hence, corrections of some damaging habits and the prevention of health risks are useful tools for enhancing health for the present and future. Using this tendency of the human organism, the nurses can affect the patients positively and assist them in achieving successful aging.

It should be noted that a healthy lifestyle can improve the body state and the situation of the body organs of people of any age. The importance of lifestyle in healthy aging is not limited to the revision of daily activities and practices in midlife (Goes et al., 2020). It is also efficient for easing the burden of age-related or terminal diseases. Proper nutrition, together with physical exercises, is shown to improve the quality of life for the elderly (Zanjani et al., 2015). Nurses play an essential role in promoting the named procedures as they can identify and recommend the plans for health improvement. They are ideal to be trained for recognizing these opportunities for patients, and subsequently, the health care system.

Moreover, the physical well-being of the elderly is as relevant as their psychological states. There are situations when older adults do not have their friends or family to support them. As socializing is indicated to be crucial for these members of the society, it is suggested that the nurses identify such cases and recommend them to assemble for social groups (Kim et al., 2017). Encouraging mutual aid is one of the evidence-based practices available for the promotion of healthy aging, which is as important as the factors discussed above.

An essential principle in assisting with the healthy aging of the patients is the avoidance of harm. The nurses and nursing scientists need to review the existing practices for usefulness and feasibility in current circumstances and possibly change them for the needs of the system and subjects (Daly et al., 2019). For example, the care today could be provided by telehealth, highlighting the importance of social distancing in the elderlys minds and saving them from exposure to the virus. Evidence-based practices are the best option for the promotion of successful aging, which is better implemented with constant feedback and reporting. Hence, the nurses ought to be attentive to their patients needs and provide the necessary support for their health according to the situation.

To conclude, nursing professionals are responsible for the promotion of healthy aging across the population. As the people of older adults is growing fast, there is an elevated necessity for enhancing their well-being to decrease the workload on the healthcare system. Nurses have a diversified role in this regard as they are the individuals who interact with the patients the most. They should educate, identify the problems, and help to solve them using the best practices.

References

Arsenijevic, J., Groot, W., Tambor, M., Golinowska, S., Sowada, C., & Pavlova., M. (2016). A review of health promotion funding for older adults in Europe: A cross-country comparison. BMC health services research, 16(288), 371-388.

Banister, C. (2018). The effect of ageism on older people and implications for nursing practice. Nursing Older People, 30(5), 34-37.

Daly, L., Byrne, G., & Keogh, B. (2019). Contemporary considerations relating to health promotion and older people. British Journal of Nursing, 28(21), 14141419.

Goes, M., Lopes, M. J., Oliveira, H., Fonseca, C., & Maroco, J. (2020). A nursing care intervention model for elderly people to ascertain general profiles of functionality and self care needs. Scientific Reports, 10(1770), 1-11.

Golinowska, S., Groot, W., Baji, P., & Pavlova, M. (2016). Health promotion targeting older people. BMC health services research, 16(345), 367-369.

Ingunn, B., Nordahl, H. M., Stordal, E., Bosnes, O., Myklebust, T. A., & Almkvist, O. (2019). Lifestyle predictors of successful aging: A 20-year prospective HUNT study. Plos One, 14(7), 1-12.

Kim, E. S., Kubzansky, L. D., Soo, J., Boehm, J. K. (2017). Maintaining healthy behavior: A prospective study of psychological well-being and physical activity. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 51(3), 337347.

Neville, C. (2015). A cross-sectional view of Australian undergraduate nurses perceptions of working with older people. Australian College of Nursing, 23(3), 285-292.

Razlag, K. T., Kau
i
, B., & Kolnik, T. (2017). The role of the nurse in improving health literacy among older adults. Pielegniarstwo XXI Wieku / Nursing in the 21st Century, 16(2), 23-28.

Urban, M. (2017). This really takes it out of you! The senses and emotions in digital health practices of the elderly. Digital Health, 3, 1-16. Web.

Wosinski, J., Cordier, S. B., Bachmann, A. O., Gagnon, M., & Kiszio, B. (2016). Effectiveness of nurse-led healthy aging strategies for older adults living in the community: A systematic review protocol. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews & Implementation Reports, 14(2), 5-15. Web.

Zanjani, S., Tol, A., Mohebbi, B., Sadeghi, R., Jalyani, K. N., & Moradi, A. (2015). Determinants of healthy lifestyle and its related factors among elderly people. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 4(103), 1-5.