Category: Aging

The aging is a combination of changes that accompany an organism in the process of becoming older. The changes are primarily physical in nature for the majority of the living beings, but social creatures such as humans also experience certain social and psychological changes.

According to the current understanding, the process of aging begins approximately at the age of twenty, when the first physiological changes occur (Haber 13). Nevertheless, the process can be identified in several life stages from young adulthood, throughout maturity and up to the aging stage, where both the processes and the effects become the most prominent. The onset of all processes, such as the decline in fertility, cognitive decline, insignificant hearing and sight loss, and photoaging (development of wrinkles, mostly on the exposed areas of the body) occurs in the early twenties, although by the age of forty the physical condition is usually at its peak (Haber 24). The most significant changes happen at the end of middle adulthood stage, closer to the ages of fifty, where the said changes transform into recognizable health conditions, such as presbyopia (the loss of flexibility of the eye lens resulting in the inability to focus on the nearby objects) and glaucoma (optic disc condition that limits vision field) (Heiting). The cognitive decline is also the most apparent at this stage and can be manifested as worsening ability to memorize things and increased risk of dementia.

In addition to physical changes, collectively known as primary aging, certain habits (termed secondary aging) can contribute to the process. Based on the readings, I can identify several habits that could have a positive impact on my aging process. First, I dont smoke and rarely drink alcohol, which is expected to slow down the aging-related processes. Next, I maintain a fairly healthy diet, which is considered one of the most important factors of healthy aging, although I must admit that this habit suffers from the lack of systematic approach. Finally, I try to maintain a healthy sleep pattern. On the other hand, I have a hard time maintaining a regular exercise pattern which, in my opinion, is close to no exercise at all, and will eventually result in complications of physical condition (Yu 32). Most importantly, despite my best efforts, I still get anxious over irrelevant issues. This results in a fair amount of stress and, by extension, the development of several age-related conditions, such as heightened blood pressure (Shalev and Belsky 41).

The aging-related changes lead to differentiation in the perception of the elderly people. Interestingly, these perceptions vary across cultures. The easiest example is the United States, where the desired traits of aging revolve around physical shape and energy level. This creates difficulty for cultural minorities who are familiar with other criteria (e.g. appreciation for parental qualities) and may feel discriminated by the perceptions of the peers (Cruikshank 26). In addition, different cultures have different criteria of care for the elderly people. For example, in many Eastern cultures care for aging adults is restricted to family members while in many modern societies it is provided by specialized organizations (Cruikshank 55). Finally, the attitude towards the concept of dying varies from culture to culture and can be a taboo for some minorities. Therefore, in the highly diversified societies, the risk of stress associated with deviation from accepted cultural norms is considerably higher.

I can think of two instances where the research from the course corresponds to my personal experience. I know two elderly people who exhibit healthy lifestyle and exceptional emotional resilience despite significant signs of primary aging (one is 86, and another is 72). Both display optimism in dealing with everyday routines and seem to be undisturbed by the proximity of death and the difficulties associated with declining health. I attribute this outcome to two factors: in one case, the person was closely familiar with the Eastern culture and its perception of death as an inevitable process rather than an unavoidable loss and reason for grief. In another instance, the person was involved in mindfulness-developing practice aimed at improving coping capacity following the surgical procedure. In other words, the high quality of their living as aging adults is determined, among other things, by the psychological and cognitive readiness to deal with the changes associated with the aging process. While little can be done to improve the outcomes of these individuals, I would promote this kind of worldview to other adults in order to improve their quality of living. To do this, I would suggest one of the training programs that focus on developing a mindful approach to health processes and analysis of accompanying emotional reactions (Innes et al. 1277). This would eliminate unnecessary stress, improve emotional climate, and, most importantly, provide the elderly with the possibility to deal with cultural and social complexities associated with aging.

I believe that the current trend is towards the elimination of aging-related discrimination and adjustments in healthcare that can make their life easier. However, until these objectives are met, it would be desirable to improve the coping capacity of those adults who do not have a suitable cultural background through training and meditation.

Works Cited

Cruikshank, Margaret. Learning to be Old: Gender, Culture, and Aging. 3rd ed., Rowman & Littlefield, 2013.

Haber, David. Health Promotion and Aging: Practical Applications for Health Professionals. 7th ed., Springer Publishing Company, 2016.

Heiting, Gary. How Your Vision Changes as You Age. All About Vision, n.d., Web.

Innes, Kim E., et al. Effects of Meditation versus Music Listening on Perceived Stress, Mood, Sleep, and Quality of Life in Adults with Early Memory Loss: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Alzheimers Disease vol. 52, no. 4, 2016, pp. 1277-1298.

Shalev, Idan, and Jay Belsky. Early-Life Stress and Reproductive Cost: A Two-Hit Developmental Model of Accelerated Aging? Medical Hypotheses, vol. 90, 2016, pp. 41-47.

Yu, Byung Pal. Nutrition, Exercise and Epigenetics: Ageing Interventions. Springer International Publishing, 2015.

Animal and human skin age in biologically complex processes, which are highly influenced by various factors. The factors that affect the rate at which the skin ages are either intrinsic or exogenous (Poljaak & Dahmane, 2012). Apparently, the human skin is considered an indicator of attractiveness, and the wellbeing of an individual. As such, people adopt various methods and techniques to reduce the rate of skin aging. This essay discusses some of the methods that are applicable in the endeavors to delay the skin aging process.

First, nutrition plays a significant role in overall human development and aging. The skin aging process, therefore, can be delayed by appropriate dieting. Research has shown that some foods and fruits contain anti-oxidant characteristics, which help in keeping the skin young and delaying aging (Schagen, Zampeli, Makrantonaki, & Zouboulis, 2012). Anti-aging foods include carotenoids, vitamins, specific proteins, flavonoids, among others. In addition, it is imperative to have a balanced diet.

Further, the skin can maintain its vigor and youth if a person has a strong digestive system. Research has linked accelerated skin aging to gastrointestinal problems. It is, therefore, prudent to strengthen the digestive system by observing good eating habits. For instance, people should avoid eating huge sizes of food in single servings. Instead, small but regular servings should be considered. In addition, people should take food when they feel hungry and not immediately before sleeping. Further, proper defecation should be observed while treating constipation promptly (Leung, Riutta, Kotecha, & Kotecha, 2011).

Third, the skin aging process can be delayed by proper skincare. For instance, human skin should be massaged regularly with the appropriate oil. It is worth noting that people have specific oiling needs and, therefore, it is imperative to select the most appropriate ointments and oils. In addition, rubbing should be done in moderation and periodically (Shirbeigi, Iranzadasl, Mansouri, Hejazi, & Aliasl, 2015). Perfect examples of oils that delay skin aging include olive oil and sweet almond.

Fourth, enough sleep is essential in the skin developmental and aging processes. Sleep augments body energy and facilitates proper food digestion. In addition, sleep facilitates natural moisturizing processes that help in keeping the skin younger. Proper sleeping habits include sleeping after light meals, avoiding sleep after sunrise, adopting regular sleep patterns, and sleeping sufficiently. For instance, people who are beyond the age of 40 (where the skin ages rapidly) should sleep for at least six hours and the utmost 12 hours.

Fifth, hormonal replacement therapy is another technique of delaying the skin aging process. It is generally acknowledged that the levels of hormones decrease drastically with age. Consequently, the skin ages at higher rates with reduced hormonal levels. Nonetheless, studies have shown that hormonal replacement therapy can have favorable influences on skin aging processes. For instance, a study on the effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) revealed that the hormone had delayed skin aging, especially in women (Ganceviciene, Liakou, Theodoridis, Makrantonaki, & Zouboulis, 2012 ). Other hormones that can be used to delay the skin aging process include melatonin, testosterone, estrogen, and progestogen, among others.

Sixth, the use of herbal medicine such as the polysaccharide obtained from Laminaria japonica and other herbs can strengthen the human body and consequently delay the skin aging processes. Herbal medicines and ointments possess antioxidating characteristics that can delay collagen breakdown resulting in delayed skin aging in both humans and animals (Hu, et al., 2016).

Decisively, the skin is a crucial aesthetic and well-being indicator. However, the skin is susceptible to aging due to a number of complex biological factors. A number of techniques can be used to delay the skin aging processes, including observing appropriate nutrition, strengthening the digestive system, regular and appropriate skin oil massage, enough sleep, hormonal replacement therapy, and the use of herbal medicines.

References

Ganceviciene, R., Liakou, A. I., Theodoridis, A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012 ). Skin Anti-aging Strategies. Dermatoendocrinol, 4(3), 308319. Web.

Hu, L., Tan, J., Yang, X., Tan, H., Xu, X., You, M.,&, & Tan, J. (2016). Polysaccharide Extracted from Laminaria japonica Delays Intrinsic Skin Aging in Mice.Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016(2016), 1-8. Web.

Leung, L., Riutta, T., Kotecha, J., & Kotecha, J. (2011). Chronic Constipation: An Evidence-Based Review. Journal of the American Board Family Medicine, 21(4), 436-451. Web.

Poljaak, B., & Dahmane, R. (2012). Free Radicals and Extrinsic Skin Aging. Dermatology Research and Practice, 2012(2012), 1-4. Web.

Schagen, S. K., Zampeli, V. A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Discovering the Link between Nutrition and Skin Aging. Dermatoendocrinol, 4(3), 298307. Web.

Shirbeigi, L., Iranzadasl, M., Mansouri, P., Hejazi, S., & Aliasl, J. (2015). Skin Aging Remedies in Traditional Persian Medicine. Skin Stem Cell, 1-6. Web.

Many suggestions have been made on how to delay the aging process in skin with a significant number being driven by empirical evidence. Hsu, Li, and Fuchs (2014) note that the intrinsic and extrinsic biological factors such as the changes in the stratum corneum structure and corneum along with the occurrence of lipids justify the use chemical peels as one of the methods to delay the aging process in the skin..

According to Weinert and Timiras (2003), the effects of the chemical ablations on different layers of the skin vary according to the type of chemical peel used. However, the type of peel used on the skin depends on the skin type, ethnic background, color, quality, and age of the recipient. Here, Pillai, Sundaresan, and Gupta (2014) argue that chemical peels trigger a repair mechanism that makes the skin to regenerate and become tight and even (or to develop a characteristically uniform pattern with different strains) in response to the inflammation on both the dermis and epidermis.

Indications of medium to deep peels provide solutions for the treatment of fine rhytids, actinic changes, superficial scars, rosacea, and pigmentary dyschromias. Here, superficial peels are made in the skin in response to the chemical effects of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) (1030%) which exfoliates and confines the epidermal layer within the basal layer (Weinert & Timiras, 2003). However, peeling of the upper reticular dermis can be achieved in the medium layer by using 30 to 50% TCA. Deep peels occur in response to a number of factors such as the pH concentration of the solution in use.

The presence of uniformly distributed melanocytes, basal cells that have small melanin grains, and the sub epidermal band of the collagen provide reliable evidence of the cases of skins that have returned to normal with the epidermal architecture. Here, the epidermolysis and exfoliation results are achieved by targeting the corneosomes with superficial peels that increase desquamation and the epidermal activity of enzymes in the skin.

However, the coagulation of membrane proteins results in medium peels which destroy the dermis and other living cells of the epidermis. According to Vilchez, Simic, and Dillin (2014), deep facial peels can be used to restructure the basal layer of the dermal architecture to complete the epidermolysis in the skin. Increasing the elastic fibers, Col-1 with or without Col-3 and rearranging collagen fibres have been suggested to be among the best chemical processes to use to delay the aging in the skin.

Studies by Rani and Schwacha (2014) recommend different skin care methods such as the prevention allergies, penetration of various microorganisms into the skin, protection against dehydration, radiation, and the use of reactive oxygen species to delay aging in the skin. Nile and Park (2014) recommend a strategy of degrading the skin by inhibiting the destruction of the primary ingredients in the skin such as elastin and collagen to prevent wrinkles from forming in the skin. Skin care can be achieved by use of systemic antioxidants, retinoids, and sunscreens.

In conclusion, chemical peels can be used on different layers of the skin to delay the aging process in skin depending on the desired results and the type of peel that is used despite some negative side effects. However, it is possible to care for the skin using naturally recommended.

References

Hsu, Y. C., Li, L., & Fuchs, E. (2014). Emerging interactions between skin stem cells and their niches. Nature medicine, 20(8), 847-856.

Nile, S. H., & Park, S. W. (2014). Edible berries: Bioactive components and their effect on human health. Nutrition, 30(2), 134-144.

Pillai, V. B., Sundaresan, N. R., & Gupta, M. P. (2014). Regulation of Akt Signaling by Sirtuins Its Implication in Cardiac Hypertrophy and Aging. Circulation research, 114(2), 368-378.

Rani, M., & Schwacha, M. G. (2014). Aging and the pathogenic response to burn. Aging and disease, 3(2), 171-180.

Vilchez, D., Simic, M. S., & Dillin, A. (2014). Proteostasis and aging of stem cells. Trends in cell biology, 24(3), 161-170.

Weinert, B. T., & Timiras, P. S. (2003). Invited review: Theories of aging. Journal of applied physiology, 95(4), 1706-1716.

Executive Summary

Background: The section outlines the three major living options for the elderly, such as family, retirement homes, and rehabilitative centers. It states the dominance of the first modes and outlines the advantages and disadvantages of every aspect.

Report: This part highlights the current plan for aged care in the UAE, presupposing increasing investment in the sphere and attraction of private companies, communities preferences for aged care (family), resources provided by the UAE to promote healthy aging, such as additional financing of recreational activities, and plans to support caregivers.

Recommendations: The section offers three evidence-based recommendations to enhance healthy aging. These include monitoring of families providing support to the elderly, alignment of better data collection needed for caregivers to create more effective approaches, and provision equal access to care for all aged people.

Background

The United Arab Emirates is one of the fast-evolving countries with a powerful economy and high income level peculiar to most of its population. The government focuses on improving peoples well-being by building a potent and modern healthcare sector that can meet the current population demands. However, the issues associated with the elderly in the UAE remain complex and not clearly understood because of the lack of information. Thus, analyzing the living options for this category in Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Sharjah, it is possible to outline several factors. Living with the family is the first option available to aged people. It remains the most popular preference for this type of care because of the local peculiarities of culture (2). The major advantage of this option is the high level of comfort and support provided by family members. At the same time, there can be a lack of professional care in complex situations if some unusual methods are needed. Moreover, individuals might suffer from abuse, especially in low-income families (1).

Retirement homes are another possible option for the elderly in the UAE. However, they remain not very popular, and their number is limited. For instance, Sharjah Old Peoples Home, the Community Center for the Elderly in Dubai are facilities of this sort that are created to support people with no families or ties to the community by providing them attention and demanded care (1; 10). The major benefit of this option is the ability to avoid problems with living and the chance of being provided with the demanded interventions and support. Thus, the number of such centers remains limited, and only a small percentage of people living in the UAE can enjoy this living option. Moreover, research shows that such centers might not be appropriately prepared to help the elderly and provide the desired care (10). For this reason, there is a need for further improvement.

Finally, rehabilitative centers are the last option available for the elderly. They exist in various communities and provide their services to this group of people. For instance, Nightingale in Dubai offers such services to this group and ensures the high quality of care suggested to all clients (2). It can be viewed as the central advantage of this proposal. Nevertheless, the number of such centers remains limited, and they can be too costly for most individuals aged 65 and more (10). In such a way, the available options are represented not equally, and there is much space for improvement.

Report

The government of the UAE correctly realizes the need for improving the existing aged care model because of its inability to meet the needs of all people living in the country. It plans significant investment in the sphere to attain improvements in several important spheres. First, a better data-collection is demanded to gather information and facts needed to reveal the current state of the problem and introduce appropriate solutions (1). Second, the UAE plans to increase the number of retirement homes and rehabilitative centers to meet the growing demand for services of this sort and ensure that all people aged 65 and more can benefit from the high-quality services provided to them.

The UAE also has its unique patterns for aged care associated with the cultural peculiarities of people living here. The communitys preference for aged care is living with family (2). Most UAE citizens view it as an appropriate option as it provides them with the chance to assist their close people in complex situations and ensure they have all things necessary for their improved well-being (2). It also results from the cultural traditions presupposing living in big families with all members supporting each other (2). For this reason, recommendations for enhancing healthy aging should consider this aspect and think about options meeting peoples demands.

To address the problem of healthy aging, the UAE government creates a specific vision supported by programs and strategies. For instance, the government is the primary investor in the countrys healthcare sector, with $16 billion of contribution to the development of the sphere (9). Along with supporting all health facilities in the state, it is also planned to devoted around 25% to develop the infrastructure needed to improve care for aged people and provide them with new supported living options (8). Healthy aging is also supported by incentives promoting healthy lifestyles and habits, such as retirement homes for the elderly where they can have appropriate health care and constant health checks.

The government also starts to devote more attention to supporting caregivers working with the elderly. First, it plans to double the number of retirement houses with the primary goal to achieve a significant improvement in the given segment and guarantee that the current needs of the population are met (5; 8). Second, the government supports home care programs affiliated with major hospitals to ensure that people 65 and older have access to all needed care and can benefit from the developed infrastructure (8). In such a way, there UAE starts to devote more attention to the issue and tries to ensure healthy aging to its population.

Evidence-Based Recommendations

Considering the information provided above, the following recommendations for improving aging support can be offered. First, the existing statistics show that living with family is the most popular option in the UAE as it ensures multiple benefits to individuals (1). However, there is also a high risk of abuse in the home setting and mistreatment. Under these conditions, it is vital to align the better monitoring of such peoples states through telehealth, mediated methods of communication, and personal visits to ensure that their conditions are satisfactory, they are provided with all things needed for their well-being, and there are no cases of inappropriate behaviors, aggression, or violence.

Second, there is a problem with unequal access to care. The bigger part of the UAEs population is expatriates, meaning that they do not have all benefits available for other citizens (4). For people over the age of 65 representing this cohort, it is difficult to remain in the Emirates after retirement because of the absence of specific facilities, such as retirement homes, or too high price for their services (4). Under these conditions, another evidence-based recommendation presupposes eliminating this inequality by introducing specific programs for such people and opening new retirement and homes and rehabilitation facilities.

Finally, there is still a lack of information regarding the real state of this group and the problem it faces. Relevant information is fundamental for designing practical and evidence-based interventions that might help to improve the situation and attain the desired outcome (6). Under these conditions, the creation and employment of a more effective data collection tool is another recommendation for promoting healthy aging and improving the state of the given population (3). The special program can focus on gathering data by using recent reports, interviews, and information provided by hospitals (1). It will help to create the basis for new enhancements and programs vital for attaining current goals and improving the health of the nation.

Altogether, the given recommendations can be viewed as a practical and potent solution to the existing issues associated with the health of the elderly in the UAE. Eliminating the knowledge gap linked to their states and creating new facilities to meet their demands, it is possible to move forward towards the creation of a new environment characterized by the absence of such concerns and new opportunities for healthy aging available to most of the UAE population. These suggestions are justified by the relevant data and the current state of the problem in the UAE.

References

Al Ali, A. Aging in the UAE and services available for the elderly: structured interviews with experts in the field. Policy Brief. 2013; 34: 1-12.

Al Hashemi, B, Underwood, M. Elderly Emiratis a key part of family life. The National News [Internet]. 2013. Web.

Cameron, E, Green, M. Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. 5th ed. New York: Kogan Page, 2019.

Daleure, G. Holistic sustainability policies: preserving local cultural identity in the UAE in the face of globalisation. In J Public Administration. 2019, June; 65(3): 749768.

Global Health Aging (US). Healthcare and aging in the UAE. [Internet]. Web.

Greenhalgh, T. How to implement evidence-based healthcare. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2017.

Halabi, A, Zafar, J. M. Care of the elderly in United Arab Emirates. Int J Geriatric Psychiatry. 2010; 25(9): 925927.

National Strategy for Wellbeing 2031. U.AE [Internet]. 2020. Web.

Senior peoples health and rehabilitation. U.AE [Internet]. 2019. Web.

Zriqat, T. Sharjah elderly care home hopes to draw young volunteers to engage with residents. The National News [Internet]. 2017. Web.

Introduction

Aging is a long-term process that starts when an individual attains adulthood. In America, a good number of the population comprises older adults vulnerable in society. The immune system of older adults weakens as they grow, leading to the acquirement of several conditions. In communities, many aging people need care and support to achieve their goals in life. However, most people develop a negative attitude towards them, lowering their self-esteem. The government plays a significant role in ensuring that their needs are satisfied by offering the necessary support in a different. The setting of policies and rules that govern the aging population and implementation approaches are government roles. This paper discusses the policies and deficits affecting aging in the United States and the role of government in ensuring that they are protected. Additionally, an examination of the recommendations that one can make to respond to the challenges they experience is done.

The Current Deficits Affecting the Aging Population

To date, several deficits directly affect the aging population. First of all, one should note such a problem as the lack of stability, consistency, and security within the framework of workplaces, responsibilities, and competencies. Most often, aging experiences many challenges due to the dynamic nature of events, occurrences, and changes. Job competition in society is high, and the employment rate reduces drastically. Most aging people experience financial challenges, especially those who cannot assess the pension scheme (Kapucu & Hu, 2022). Many older individuals are competent and eager to labor beyond the average retirement years, but not every citizen has such opportunities. In addition, operating day-to-day money and preparing for future life may be challenging for older generations since much is now done online or remotely. Some initiatives by the government give them some money monthly to enable them to afford basic needs.

Secondly, separately, it is also worth highlighting the lack of social components and support measures that could help the aging in difficult times. As individuals age, their mobility and skillfulness gradually decline, causing everyday duties to be more demanding. Older peoples energy and strength decrease as they actively participate in their favorite activities and travel to fascinating places. One should assign daily responsibilities to caregivers or close family members. The aging reaches a stage where they need to be treated as children to survive. Locomotion is limited due to complications that may affect the limbs. Fitness keeping and flexibility require regular exercising, which is not present in the old. Their bones have become weak and therefore need to support themselves while walking.

Thirdly, it is also necessary to mention the lack of communicative aspects and interpersonal communication. Nevertheless, this is one of the most serious problems that strike the economy, medicine, and social components of the country (Cotterell, 2018). Most older adults experience the challenge of loneliness as they have less time and energy to visit friends and relatives. In most cases, they have lost their loved ones, or they have started their own families due to maturity. Interaction promotes skill acquisition and promotes interaction boosts Self-esteem. Furthermore, the points listed above are not exhaustive but only shed light on the main problems that every older person can face.

Attributing the Deficits

The deficits can be correlated with neglect and disregard for the rights of older people. Certainly, limitations in opportunities and gaps in the organization of social protection create special risks within the institutionalization framework. Despite the governments several attempts to amend legislative projects, their funding and requirement seem insufficient to meet the needs of older people. Many aging residents of the United States are still forced to stay on the sidelines, while they should be guaranteed equal possibilities and prospects.

Type of Issue

These aspects are an issue of the quality and characteristics of the implementation. There are still flaws in the social services system for aging, which are corrected only for a checkmark. Despite all the reforms, the system of providing social services often does not fully meet the needs of older people in such a way that they can fully live, work and relax. The allocated funding, time, and effort are often not enough to cover the absolute need for essential and significant services for the honorary citizens of the country. The system of biases and prejudices still operates in working enterprises. Children turn away from their descendants, and social workers are so overloaded that they cannot provide the full range of services. Accordingly, the quality of the fulfillment of the Governments promises leaves much to be desired; a more comprehensive approach to the problem is needed, which could take into account indirect factors.

The Root of the Issue

There are quite deep roots of the actual, topical issue. Firstly, these may be reasons related to cultural, and institutional aspects, as well as banal human stereotypes about helplessness and infirmity of aging in general (Mohammadpour et al., 2018). Secondly, another factor affecting the problem is the lack of effective mechanisms to minimize, prevent or combat the poor attitude toward aging in modern society.

Involving with This Problem

From a policy point of view, the issues of care, support, and protection of the rights of aging are usually dealt with by the US Congress. This core of the government system considers, evaluates, and decides on the implementation of specific laws. Due to Congress, measures called Reauthorization of the OAA, The Patient Protection, Affordable Care Act, and more were taken. These documents, for instance, give more choices in healthcare and enhances protection for disabled Americans. They issue new options for continuous support and services and improve opportunities for community-based and Medicaid home services (Kanter, 2019). In brief, these acts pass disability status as a social-economic category.

Discrimination in Policies

Indeed, the government of the US and individual states strive to implement laws and policies that equally protect the rights and freedoms of citizens. Nevertheless, some older adults are occasionally forced to face injustice, inequality, and harsh treatment of their person due to specific state regulations, norms, and standards. For example, in America, federal and regional laws concerning eliminating age discrimination are quite widespread. Nonetheless, the research results demonstrate some pitfalls and loopholes that some employers actively take note of (Button, 2020). In particular, these non-official rules apply more to older women, exposing also a hidden hint of sexism and gender disparities.

As a rule, employers classify old people as second class, not considering applications from the aging, and refusing to hire. In the modern world, there are also cases when the oppressed category of citizens are forcibly asked to leave the profession when they reach a certain age. Undoubtedly, an experienced lawyer will be able to defend an aged client in court based on these points. However, even if a person manages to keep their workplace, no one cancels the possibility that the authorities or colleagues will not look for vulnerabilities in an unnecessary employee. Therefore, as practice shows, the existing US policy in a formal sense demonstrates infallible adherence to age laws, excluding any discrimination against citizens. Nevertheless, speaking informally, these policies do not affect the standards of some companies or even the personal views of some managers on older people.

Recommendations

To put an end to various misunderstandings and unpleasant circumstances concerning the aging population, it is necessary to evaluate multiple factors to ensure an equal and peaceful society. The aging persons should have a representative in the government who would push for the allocation of more funds to support them. Moreover, families should play significant roles in protecting their loved ones, especially aging (Cotterell, 2018). This ensures that their grievances are aired and possible solutions are given. One should do public sensitization and awareness of the aged and its effects. In most cases, the mass is illiterate about aging and how to take care of aging in society. Older people should make savings while young for future uses. Such plans will cater to upcoming needs, specifically to those individuals who were not employees when they were youths.

Conclusion

In conclusion, aging is a significant concern that should be given attention to protect the less fortunate. This is because anybody can get old and need special care. Policies were created to protect them from facing societal challenges due to differences in age, gender, legal status, and race. Poverty is also a major contributing factor affecting the incapacitated. Accessibility to services is a significant issue, and the government plays a vital role in curbing the denial of equal opportunities. Recommendations such as public sensitization and setting laws to protect the disabled have been developed to deal with this problem. The countrys authorities should build special centers for the aged to allow caregivers who cannot take care of the old to find free places that are secure to shelter them.

References

Button, P. (2020). Population aging, age discrimination, and age discrimination protections at the 50th anniversary of the age discrimination in employment act. In S. J. Czaja, J. Sharit, & J. B. James (Eds.), Current and emerging trends in aging and work (pp. 163-188). Springer.

Cotterell, N., Buffel, T., & Phillipson, C. (2018). Preventing social isolation in older people. Maturitas, 113, pp. 80-84.

Kapucu, N., & Hu, Q. (2022). An old puzzle and unprecedented challenges: Coordination in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. Public Performance &Amp; Management Review, pp. 1-26.

Kanter, A. S. (2019). Lets try again: Why the United States should ratify the United Nations Convention on the rights of people with disabilities. Touro L. Rev., 35, p. 301. Web.

Mohammadpour, A., Sadeghmoghadam, L., Shareinia, H., Jahani, S., & Amiri, F. (2018). Investigating the role of perception of aging and associated factors in death anxiety among the aging. Clinical interventions in aging, 13, p. 405.

Nowadays, several alternative aging theories partly contradict and complement each other. Modern biology pays much attention to the issue of aging, and every year unique facts emerge that allow a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of this process. One of the most exciting and rational theories is the free radical view. Almost simultaneously put forward by D. Harman (1956) and N.M. Emanuel (1958), the free radical theory explains the mechanism of aging and a wide range of related pathological processes (Pomatto & Davies, 2018). According to this theory, cell malfunction is caused by free radicals, which are necessary for numerous biochemical processes like reactive oxygen species synthesized mainly in mitochondria, the energy factories of cells. If a very aggressive, chemically active free radical accidentally leaves the place where it is needed, it can damage DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids.

Nature has provided a mechanism to protect against excess free radicals: in addition to superoxide dismutase, many substances from food, including vitamins A, C, and E, have antioxidant properties. Regular consumption of fruits and vegetables and even a few cups of tea or coffee daily will provide one with enough polyphenols, which are good antioxidants (Pomatto & Davies, 2018). Unfortunately, excessive antioxidants such as in an overdose of supplements are not only not helpful but can even increase cell oxidative processes. Biological systems are imperfect, and this imperfection makes obvious sense: nature does not need immortal organisms for apparent reasons. Therefore, biosystems at all levels of the organization have limited reliability. All humans are victims of a genetically programmed deficiency in the reliability of molecular and cellular machines (Pomatto & Davies, 2018). Except for free radicals, there are other failures; however, free oxygen radicals are, after all, universal means of implementing one of the essential ideas of being.

Aging processes are inevitable, but scientists have been trying to understand them for decades. Nowadays, there are numerous theories about the mechanisms of age-related changes, and another such hypothesis is the theory of somatic mutations or mutation theory. Its meaning is that genes with harmful mutations that manifest themselves in old age do not meet significant resistance to natural selection, so changes in such genes accumulate and cause aging. According to the theory of mutation accumulation, genes useful in early human life are maintained by natural selection, in contrast to genes useful in old age (Al et al., 2020). Thus, it is the younger generation that makes the main contribution to the creation of new generations. On this basis, Peter Medawar concluded that older individuals are too few and cannot influence the populations gene pool either in favor of or against aging (Al et al., 2020). Mutation accumulation theory advocates the absence of specific genes that cause programmed aging.

That is, the changes an organism undergoes after reproductive age have no meaning for evolution. At the same time, harmful mutations manifested in youth meet stiff resistance to natural selection because of the negative effect on reproductive fitness. Similar mutations appearing in old age are relatively neutral since their carriers have already passed their genes to their offspring. According to this theory, people with a deleterious mutation are less likely to reproduce if its negative effect occurs earlier (Al et al., 2020). For example, progeria patients live only about twelve years, so they cannot pass on their mutant genes to the next generation. In such conditions, progeria comes only from new mutations, not parental genes. In contrast, people who show the mutation at an older age can reproduce before the disease occurs, like inherited Alzheimers disease (Al et al., 2020). As a result, progeria is less common than diseases such as Alzheimers because the mutant genes responsible for the disease are not removed from the gene pool as quickly as progeria genes.

References

Al, O., Rimental, P., Basic, M., & Ien, S. (2020). Effects of DNA Methylation on Cancer and Aging. Journal of Experimental and Basic Medical Sciences, 1(3), 126-130. doi: 10.5606/jebms.2020.75627

Pomatto, L. C., & Davies, K. J. (2018). Adaptive homeostasis and the free radical theory of ageing. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 124, 420-430. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.016

Introduction

Biologically, aging entails the process of growing old, which involves biological changes in the body systems, organs, and body parts of an organism. Aging has both positive and negative aspects simply because it covers numerous aspects of ones life including physical, psychological, and social changes, which vary and differ greatly from the activities of the young age. In human beings, physical changes in aging may include a reduction in body growth and muscle wasting while psychological changes imply mental changes, response and reaction time changes coupled with emotional changes. Some attributes of aging lead to reduced responses to stimulus while other dimensions of aging cause an increase in knowledge of events and circumstances due to wisdom gained over time.

Aging and nervous system

Aging affects many body systems including the nervous system whereby, as aging sets in, there is a correspondent decrease in the rate of protein production in the body. The reduced protein synthesis affects among others, the production, and secretion of the neurotransmitters, which on the other hand slow down or reduce the reaction time following a stimulus (Kahn, & Rowe 1987, p.144). This reduces the functions of the target cells and organs hence ineffective delayed responses occur in many aging people. According to Bowling, In aging, there is an increase in synaptic delay and a 5-10% decrease in the speed of nerve conduction, causing reflexes to slow (2005, p.23). This synaptic delay results from the reduced production and secretion of the neurotransmitters and the less functioning synaptic knob, which retarded physiological reactions in the body. The body adapts to the low secretion of the neurotransmitters by slowing the response time to allow enough time for enough neurotransmitter production to carry out an effective response or reflex.

Aging in addition affects the brain as the central nervous system and causes mental impairments such as memory loss and alertness. According to Bowling, there is weight of the brain decline with age due to brain shrinkage caused by loss of brain cortical neuron (2005, p. 24). The loss of brain weight results from the decrease in the number of nerve cells due to aging and the nerve cells have less dendrite at their ends. These aspects affect the normal functions of the brain as a center for nervous coordination and therefore lead to malfunctioning of the nervous system in elderly people.

Increased activity of the nervous cells over a long period as aging continues, results in some of the nerve cells losing their myelin sheath or coating and therefore, the speed of nerve impulse transmission in a nerve cell reduces significantly making the elderly less responsive to stimulus especially with sight, sound and taste (Willis 1996, p. 112). Wearing out of the myelin coat of the nerve cell exposes the nerve axon and diminishes the ability of the nerve cell to transmit impulses leading to conditions such as impaired sound perception by the eardrum, reduced light sensation by the cornea, and low taste sensation by the taste buds in the tongue.

Effects of aging on the nervous system lead to a reduction in the velocity of signal transmission due to varied effects on the nerve cells or on the neurotransmitter secretion. With reduced production of the neurotransmitter, synaptic function slows down consequently slowing the rate of signal transmission through the nerve and therefore delayed response to a stimulus. Furthermore, deformation of some nerve cells because of aging such as loss of myelin sheath and decreased receptors on the surfaces of nerve cells and organs such as cornea, eardrum, and taste bud can lead to visual impairment, deafness or complete lack of taste sensation in elderly people

Hormone production and aging

Hormonal secretions in the body can decrease, increase, or remain unchanged during the course of aging but this trend differs from person to person depending on sex. Numerous body systems depend on hormonal secretions for their functioning and therefore, hormones form a major component of control of body systems (Minaker 2007, p. 221). Aging results in changes in manner and mechanism of the body systems control with some target organs becoming less sensitive to their hormones or low production of enough hormones to cause the control. Reduction in metabolic rate with aging leads to reduction in the secretion of thyroid hormones resulting in a reduction in body mass of many aging people (Manker 2007, p. 224). With the low production of thyroid hormone, metabolic rate decreases gradually from the age of 30 years onwards.

The parathyroid gland reduces the secretion of the parathyroid hormones with advance in age causing weakness of bones as calcium accumulation gradually declines. This phenomenon can cause osteoporosis in the elderly hence leading to impaired mobility or pain (Knopman 2007, p.442) implying that elderly people require calcium and phosphorus supplements to avoid osteoporosis. In addition, aldosterone and cortisol secretion by the adrenal gland reduces with age whereby the reduction of these hormones leads to a reduction in blood pressure. Electrolytes balance in the kidneys, controlled by the aldosterone hormone ensures the stability of blood pressure and therefore age poses the risk of low blood pressure.

Sexual hormones variation changes with age depending on the sex of the person with a slight decrease in the secretion of testosterone in males while on the other hand, females experience reduced levels of estradiol and estrogens especially after menopause (Knopman 2007, p.444). In women, prolactin hormones diminish drastically while in males there is a slight reduction of the testosterone hormone and therefore, the reproductive hormones of males remain slightly unchanged even in old age. This implies that, after menopause females remain sexually inactive while on the contrary, males remain sexually active.

Aging and drug pharmacokinetics

Aging not only involves hormonal and nervous system effects, but also entails pharmacological and surgical intervention effects. These effects propagate the initiation of responses to therapeutic interventions applied to the aged in cases of illness. According to Dugdale, &aging has a dramatic effect on the response to pharmacological, surgical and rehabilitative interventions with altered response to drugs (2009, p.452). Alteration in response to drugs may lead to low efficacy of drugs prescribed to the aged and this can lead to an increase in mortality rates for the elderly out of adverse drug reactions. As old age becomes a risk factor to disease due to the decreasing immunity, medication becomes inevitable to the old and therefore, this can increase exponentially the mortality rate of the aged from drug-related reactions.

Although adverse drug reactions pose a threat to the lives of the elderly, little is done on clinical trials of pharmacological effects of the drugs on the elderly. According to McLean, & Le-Couteur, It is estimated that adverse drug reactions are the fourth to the sixth greatest cause of death and about 5% of the hospital admissions are related to the management of people suffering from drug reaction related toxicity (2000, p.664). These estimates represent a significant number of death risks accruing from the unreported prevalence of occurrence of adverse drug reactions in elderly people. In most cases, adverse drug reactions in the elderly are associated with altered drug pharmacokinetics and the usage of more than two drugs at a time (Polypharmacy), which causes drug-drug reactions; therefore, this association of drug reaction to polypharmacy and altered pharmacokinetics reduces the quest for clinical trials on the effect of aging on the adverse drug reactions.

None severity of adverse drug reactions in the elderly makes them less likely to notice and report and therefore, little or no documentation about adverse drug reactions in the aged. This allows the use of clinical trials data obtained from the younger generation because there is little about the elderly although they continue suffering from adverse drug reactions. In addition, adverse drug reactions in the elderly occur with specific types or classes of drugs and are not dependent on polypharmacy nor on altered pharmacokinetics (Dugdale 2009, p.454). This trend, therefore, calls for replacement of these drugs evoking reaction in elderly instead of undertaking clinical trials to collect enough data and information on the effects of age on drug reactions and therefore as a result, elderly representation in clinical trials remains minimal.

Conclusion

Age affects most of the body systems ranging from the nervous system, hormonal systems, and pharmacological activity and reactions of the body among other effects. Each aspect of the biological system affected by aging results in varied outcomes with some leading to physical impairment; for instance, loss of vision while others lead to drug-reaction-related disorders. There are pharmacological changes about aging even though there is minimal information and data from clinical trials calls for dosage manipulation especially in elderly medication.

Reference list

Bowling, A., (2005). Ageing well. New York: Open University press.

Dugdale, D., 2009. General medicine. Washington: Washington university press.

Kahn, R., & Rowe, W., 1987. Human ageing. Usual aging science journal, 237(48), pp.144-145.

Knopman, S., 2007. Alzheimers disease and other dementias. Philadelphia: Saunders

McLean, A., & Le-Couteur, M., 2000. Aging biology and Geriatric clinical pharmacology, Australia: University of Sydney press.

Minaker, K., 2007. Common clinical sequel of aging. Baltimore: University of Maryland Press.

Willis, S., 1996. Adult development and aging. New York: HarperCollins College Publishers.

Introduction

Anti-aging products and numerous advertisements associated with the products are clear signals of an aging population that desires to remain youthful. Ageing is associated with many complications, and very few people are ready to embrace the complications. Wrinkled skin, muscle weakness, bladder issues, decreased libido in men, and weakened bones are some of the major signs of aging. However, the invention of anti-aging products acted as a solution of most of the problems in spite of associated side effects. While the beauty industry floods the market with skin anti-aging products, some physicians publicize the hormonal products that facilitate anti-aging.

Apparently, the beauty realm assures people that all wrinkles can become plump, and no spot is too dark to brighten. While the subject on anti-aging products is politicized over time, the manufacturers of the products defend themselves by saying that the customers are informed, they understand the risks associated with anti-aging products, and they choose to accept to use them provided they look youthful. This paper will give a detailed discussion of the pros and cons of anti-aging products and the numerous advertisements that come with the products.

Pros

Staying youthful

People desire to remain youthful for the rest of their lives, and the anti-aging products are always present to fulfill their desires. The products offer a delightful experience of having moisturized, and extremely attractive skin. The light and pleasant smell of the anti-aging products enhances the users self-esteem. The hydrated complexion and relaxed skin free from wrinkles keeps users youthful for as long as they want. Aged people have always found a reason to smile, as the anti-wrinkle products rejuvenate their skin to give them an attractive youthful look (Bulger 13). The confidence that comes with a youthful look enhances the productivity levels, and others can even increase their retirement age without much difficulty.

It is worth noting that anti-aging hormonal products work perfectly in dealing with aging problems like muscle weakness, bladder issues, decreased libido in men, and weakened bones. As long as the users use the products correctly, and under maximum care of the physicians, they will experience positive results and live as if they were young.

Manageable prices

The manufacturers of anti-aging products aim at availing the products to all people with the desire to remain youthful. They pack the products in all sizes to reach consumers of all classes. Some anti-aging products would cost a consumer less than $10 while the high-class consumers can purchase expensive products according to their ability (Rana and Brett 972). Apparently, dealers of anti-aging products make massive sales because people are happy with the beauty products that reverse the natural aging process. From a literal point of view, using anti-aging products is more economical than maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Anti-aging products would save users from the hustles of maintaining a balanced diet, exercising, and keeping away from sun, which is almost impossible during summer.

Instant results

In the contemporary world, people like instant things, and anti-aging products are instantaneous. Unlike the highly proposed healthy lifestyles that take ages for one to experience visible results, most anti-aging products have the ability to portray visible results within a few weeks. Although the instant results would be superficial, the users become satisfied that they are able to appear youthful. Whenever aged people obtain a product that can make them look young, they regain their confidence, and some even get the attention that they need in their errands. The compliments from friends and family may not work towards reversing the concept of aging, but the contentedness elongates their life.

Easy availability and reliability

One of the greatest fears that people have is discovering an effective product, and lacking it on the shelves in their subsequent purchase. Such cases are rare in anti-aging products, as the products are readily available in malls, pharmacy stores, and beauty shops among other places. It is worth noting that some reliable anti-aging products have existed in the market for more than 40 years. Manufacturers are constantly producing the same products and making improvements on products that do not attain certain standards (Olshansky 72). Moreover, medical practitioners and cosmeticians are working tirelessly to understand the anti-aging concern and the best products to address the associated issues. Drug companies are indeed investing in research and development to ensure that they manufacturer safe and effective anti-aging products.

Safety of the products

Most anti-aging skin care products contain prescription elements such as Retin-A, Differin, and Avage, which are derivatives of vitamin A. Other than being the best remedies for aging skin, the products have existed in the market for over 40 years, and the customer satisfaction levels are high. These products are harmless to the body, as they only facilitate stellar resurfacing of the skin, increased cell turnover, and thickening of the skin without affecting other functions of the body. The few cases that portray the dangers of the products arise from people who failed to adhere to the rightful prescriptions given by the manufacturers and physicians. The same applies to the hormonal products that are perfectly safe to use as long as users adhere to the physicians prescriptions.

Cons

Wasters of time and money

Occasionally, the anti-aging products do not produce the desired results, and the consumers become frustrated. Cases have occurred where sellers make fraudulent advertisements that assert that products have the capacity of producing certain results, but in real sense, the results are inferior to the expectations of the customers. Such cases oblige users to keep on trying different products before finally finding those that work perfectly on their skin. The entire process is tedious and frustrating, and it wastes much time and money.

It is worth noting that dermal fillers are some of the anti-aging products that do not last long; therefore, users have to seek their treatments from one time to another, which is very expensive. Users ought to become slaves of such products to maintain their youthful appearance, and failure to adhere to the prescriptions would result in hurting the normal functioning of the body. An average person may give up on the way, and consequences of surrendering are fatal (Davis 22). The worse experience occurs when the entire process backfires, and a person ends up looking worse than expected. Most people have criticized anti-aging products with collagen, as they give adverse reactions to the users. Some anti-aging treatments involve the use of harsh drugs, which hurt the skin instead of improving it in the end.

Side effects

It is worth noting that manufacturers use dangerous chemicals to make most anti-aging products. The products, which may seem to work perfectly immediately, can have adverse side effects on the body of the users. Some products can cause skin irritation while some can cause rashes and serious medical conditions. In one or more occasions, people have experienced redness and sun sensitivity whenever they use over-the counter anti-aging products. Some people have even experienced some blistering when they start using the vitamin A-based products owing to the hastened cell turnover rates. Some anti-aging products can even facilitate aging by drying out the skin dramatically and obligating consumers to seek medical treatment. In fact, some people have experienced cases of having serious burns and scars after using certain anti-aging products (Holliday 24).

The overuse of retinoid causes too much skin inflammation, and users may develop lined and sagged skin, which is a very depressing experience at a tender age. It is worth noting that any inflammation damages the skin in the end, as the skin becomes brittle. People with thinned skin are unlikely to survive in case they have to go through surgeries, as the surgical wounds require thick and healthy skin to heal.

Fighting aging using anti-aging injections is very risky, as the consequences may be fatal. An overdose, for example, can weaken the muscles and affect the respiratory system. Whenever cosmeticians overuse the injections, the overall physical appearance of the customer changes over time. Some cases have occurred where users can develop medical conditions like stroke and abnormal growth. The fact that manufacturers disallow pregnant women and people with allergic reactions to use the anti-aging products is a clear indication that the products are more harmful than supposed.

Prolonged use of anti-aging products prompts the penetration of the products into the skin, which affects the normal functioning of the body organs. Cases of skin cancer have occurred owing to the prolonged use of anti-aging products (Stock, Callahan and Grey 32). Although chemotherapy and other procedures can helpful in cancerous cases, treating cancer at an advanced age is almost impossible, and most affected people end up dying painfully. The unpleasant side effects bring guilt, and the affected people regret having ever used the anti-aging products.

Conclusion

From the discussions, it is evident that aging is a bitter truth that most people fail to accept. The anti-aging products have done so much in making the lives of the aging population as comfortable as possible. Other than replenishing their aging skin, the products can even rejuvenate the functioning of their body organs. However, the negative effects such as the associated costs, side effects, and the fatal consequences are worth considering. People with the desire to look young should always make efforts to consult dermatologists and physicians before attempting to use any anti-aging product. Moreover, people ought to know their skin type to match with the right type of anti-aging products.

Most importantly, people with allergic reactions and special medical conditions should avoid the products altogether. Apparently, the best way to fight the aging is keeping fit, eating healthy foods, keeping away from the sun, and exercising. People who stay happy use fewer muscles than those who frown daily, and interestingly, they are not likely to develop wrinkles. People should take plenty of water and stay away from stress to facilitate their skin glow instead to becoming servants of anti-aging products. It is important for people to know that their health and appearance in their old age is a choice that they have to make right from their youthful age.

Works Cited

Bulger, Adam. Want to Live Forever? The Human-Life-Extension Movement Sees a Glorious Future for Us All. Hartford Advocate 8.1 (2008): 10-14. Print.

Davis, John Collective Suttee: Is It Just to Develop Life Extension if It Will Not Be Possible to Provide It to Everyone? Annals NY Academy of Sciences 1019.1 (2004): 11-26. Print.

Holliday, Robin. The Extreme Arrogance of Anti-Aging Medicine. Biogerontology 10.2 (2009): 22-26. Print.

Olshansky, Jay. In Pursuit of the Longevity Dividend: What Should We Be Doing to Prepare for the Unprecedented Aging of Humanity? The Scientist 20.1 (2006): 67-76. Print.

Rana, Sobh, and Martin Brett. Feedback Information and Consumer Motivation: The Moderating Role of Positive and Negative Reference Values in Self-Regulation. European Journal of Marketing 45.6 (2011): 963-986. Print.

Stock, Gregory, Daniel Callahan, and Aubrey Grey. The Ethics of Life Extension. Rejuvenation Research 10.3 (2007): 24-45. Print.

Abstract

The process of aging is acknowledged by all human beings across the world. Throughout our existence, we have developed certain perceptions towards aging, influenced by written materials and media sources.

Introduction

Aging relates to the natural deterioration of physical and mental body organs. Bodies begin to collapse, soon after reproductive years have passed. The elderly can not function fast, think fast, or resist disease as well as it did when they were young. Moreover, ones physical appearance changes significantly with age: The hair color changes, muscles weaken and the skin becomes wrinkled. At a more subtle level, shoulders broaden in men, hips broaden, they experience changes in beard growth and changes in voice pitch. In women, shoulders become broader, their voices change and hair grows around the mouth area.

This paper seeks to identify and outline how the media and written materials have influenced the attitude towards aging. The report will also discuss the feeling and thoughts of people, regarding aging.

Personal Aging Process

In discussing the feelings and thoughts of people towards aging, it is essential to apply ageism to stereotypes. Ageism may be defined as, systematic, stereotyping and discrimination against people because they are of a specific age. Although the term is mostly used to describe negative discrimination against the old, it can also be applied where there is discrimination against the young because of their perceived immaturity. A good example of youth ageism is where it is perceived that young mothers are poor or incapable of raising children properly. In comparison, it is perceived that older mothers, who are perceived to be more responsible, are more competent to raise children.

Stereotyping of the old is done differently in different societies. For example, in Asian and African countries, the young are expected to respect the old since their traditional custom entails filial piety. In these societies, the old are perceived as wise and blessed for having lived for so long. As a result, the old are naturally the leaders of the society and are even expected to make the most consequential decisions that affect the entire society. In some countries e.g. Afghanistan, the old are even awarded underage girls as wives as a sign of honor and respect. In these societies, the elderly enjoy positive ageism. In this society, people look forward to aging since the elderly are loved, respected, and honored.

Ironically, in western culture, it is quite the opposite. The aged are perceived as slow in performing daily activities, resistant to change, weak, and unproductive. Hence, in anticipation of old age, in older years, the young join retirement pensions, Medicare, and devise many other policies and practices that take into account the age change that will inevitably occur. Current stereotypes about aging teach us to ignore the aged because they are a non-productive group in society. In fact, in this society, the young expect the old to be grateful for pensions and benefits which are given to them by the rest of society. In this society, old age is an independent phase in the life cycle in which an individual lacks power, independence and autonomy. The aged are faced with negative ageism in this society.

The media and written sources have impacted profoundly the attitude of people towards aging. In the aging process, a persons physical appearance changes significantly, due to the deterioration of physical organs. For example, during aging, the skin naturally becomes thicker and wrinkled. Dr. Gary Cole states in the News Article on Health on 13 April 2012

You are sick of having those deep lines on your skin! You are looking for proven ways to remove wrinkles so you can look and feel better, too. While it may sound superficial, there is no denying that people treat you differently based on your appearance, and how they treat you will be reflected in how you feel about yourself&.(Cole, 2012, p.34).

As much as the doctor is offering a solution, this article gives the perception that as one age, they become less attractive. This will make the aging person feel low self-esteem since they think that the appearance of wrinkles makes them look less attractive. This article impacts negatively the attitude of aging.

Luo (2012) reveals that results from a Taiwanese study found positive attitudes held by the elderly people were related to high hope and determination to work into their old ages, as predicted by the Theory of Reasoned Action. This article promotes a positive attitude towards aging. In addition, it found that more positive daily personal experiences with non-older people enhanced intentions to continue working in older age through fostering more positive attitudes towards aging&(Luo, 2012).

There is evidence that adults can evaluate their own aging and future in negative and anxiety provoking ways. The prospects of ones aging and future can be a troubling issue for many adults. Coupland (2009) also found that, most nurses viewed their identity, appearance and choices in their later years in very negative ways (Coupland, 2009).

Conclusion

Majority of the stereotypes view old age negatively to the extent of provoking anxiety. Positive attitude towards aging promotes healthy aging. Supportive study indicates that those aging with a positive attitude are able to work into old age.

References

Cole, G. (2012). Ways to remove wrinkles. Web.

Coupland, J. (2009). Handbook of Communication and Aging Research. New York: Routledge.

Luo, L. (2012). Attitudes towards aging and older peoples intentions to continue working: a Taiwanese study. Career Development International, 17(1), pp. 83  98.

Introduction

Due to the exponential growth of the population experienced in the 20^th century, the number of people worldwide is at its historical peak. Currently, the world population has almost reached 8 billion people, but due to multiple governments actions, the growth is predicted to slow down. Due to this trend, the near future will leave the world with a very high percentage of older people over the age of 65, which leads to several sociology issues emerging. How will this affect the workforce, demand, health care, and even social values is a question tackling nearly every social science principle? This paper will identify the issues mentioned above and analyze their relation to sociology.

Applying Social Science

The growing percentage of older adults in every part of the world is a problem for the near future, and preparing for it today is a relevant sociology question. According to a study by Francesco Marcellati, (2020) in the last decade, the percentage of people over the age of 65 in Southern Europe has increased by 7%. By the year 2050, the total number will be around 30%, which means for the first time in history, the percent of elders will be higher than the percentage of children under the age of 5. The reasons for this trend are a decrease in mortality due to advancements in medicine and a decline in fertility due to the lack of need for a big family. Another contribution is made by globalization, as immigrants usually tend to be young. The social principles that touch upon this issue are social institutions, such as healthcare and pension programs, and social beliefs and values, such as care for the elderly within a family.

Social institutions that are supposed to take care of the aging issue encounter a wide span of problems that have yet to find a solution. The predominant point of concern for the global economy is a shortage of labor and unsustainable costs of social security systems (Marcaletti et al., 2020). To manage this occurring issue, multiple international assemblies occurred after 1982 to formulate plans on dealing with aging. Some countries like Russia have increased the retirement age for both men and women. Others, like Japan, have entirely cut the pension fund and started promoting a social norm of children caring for their older family members. This led to some changes in the sociological principle of beliefs and values. Most Asian countries faced an increased level of respect towards older people. Moreover, donating money to homes for the elderly and retirement programs became one of the most respectable and popular types of charity.

Conclusion

Increasing the retirement age or removing pension funding entirely comes with an adverse reaction from the population, and many countries cannot afford such measures. Instead, many governments with highly developed infrastructure have taken two routes in changing social norms regarding older people. One course is increasing taxes to support social security and pension funds. This is relevant for countries with high emigration rates and less developed economies. More developed countries instead promote children taking full care of their parents because there retired people have more savings, and the income is much higher for the young workforce. In any case, population growth predictions change every couple of years, and choosing the correct way to deal with the deriving issues will continue to be a relevant question for the years to come.

Reference

Marcaletti, F., Iñiguez, B. T., & Garavaglia, E. (2020). Ageing in Southern Europe. Emerging perspectives and challenges for sociology. Revista Española de Sociologia, 29(1), 117-135. Web.