Category: Aggression

Have you ever been so into a video game that you were playing you were literally spaced out of reality? Have you ever played a video game so long that you lost track of time? I know I have on more than one occasion. Have you ever wondered why you get so into a game and almost have to be forced to put a controller down? Doctors have finally figured out of some of the affects that video games have on your brain and the reason video games can become so addicting.

For as long as I can remember, I have always been very fond of video games. I remember receiving my first gaming platform and playing it endlessly for hours. At one point in my life it became such a problem that I would find myself often spending most of my time gaming, almost locking myself in my room with nothing but the remote, the TV, and video games, lots of video games. I became so drawn in to gaming that I frequently fall behind on my school work, receiving extremely low grades, and missing out on activities with friends and families. I wonder at times how damaging video games may be to my life. However, I never took into consideration that video games may be beneficial and important in many ways, that it is more than just a source of entertainment. With my knowledge and experiences I begin to view video games in a different light. Nevertheless, I realize that video games have been flagged in history as a disadvantage in society due to the fact that it keeps students from focusing on school work as well as portraying graphic and violent images to young children. As a result, video games are often weighted down as being a time consumer and harm to one’s life. Though this may true, what’s also true is that video games have multiple of other purposes. Because of its popularity, video games are now being used in important fields such as psychology; it can also be use for scientific research, and even in education. Due to its complexity video games have many different views and uses, however we often associate gaming with negative experiences or ideas. Therefore, I want to dive deeply into this intricate and often overlooked matter to explore the different side of gaming. So now I wonder, are video games as bad as we depict them to be?

My curiosity first led me to an article I found in the textbook ‘Writing Arguments: A Rhetoric with Readings’, titled, ‘Be a Gamer, Save the World’ by Jane McGonigal, a popular speaker and consultant known for her positivity towards video games. In this article, McGonigal reveals the truth about video games such as ‘Guitar Heroes’ or ‘World of Warcraft’, stating that they “consistently fulfill genuine human needs that the real world fails to satisfy” (465). She also acknowledge the popularity of video games and its importance in real world problems solving, and she cleverly reinforce her argument with statistics such as the amount of time gamers spend gaming and the money video games take in. McGonigal argues that gamers aren’t completely tuned out of reality as they have “careers, goals, schoolwork, families, and real lives that they care about” (465), but rather they dedicate their time in the more interesting and appealing virtual world of gaming. She opposes critics who negatively misinterpret video games by claiming that video games contribute to a happy life as it fulfills our hope for success and a sense of challenge and accomplishment.

The American Medical Association defined that an addicted video gamer was spending a quarter of their free time playing video games averaging to around six to twelve hours a week playing. What is even more surprising is that in 2010 a study showed that on average a gamer played eight hours a week. Yet, there are only about 10-15% of video gamers that meet criteria of addiction. “A person developing a liking for it can go on and on with it for hours together, not even realizing the amount of time he has been spending on it’ (D’Silva). Video games can give the person playing a high that they cannot achieve anywhere else. For example: when I play the video game ‘Call of Duty: Black Ops’, and I get a kill, the excitement and even enjoyment I feel is sometimes overwhelming. The kill is what makes me want to keep playing because I know what it feels like to get it so I want it again and again. However, when I get killed by the opposing team it makes me want to try even harder to stay alive and not get killed. Either way there is something that is going to motivate me to continue playing until I am completely satisfied.

In the past sixty years video games have become a multi-billion dollar industry. Do not let the numbers fool you, the industry may be a multi-billion dollar industry but has definitely had its fair share of scrutiny. Video games, especially recent games, have been getting bad press as well as blame for violence.

What is interesting to me is that no one really thinks of the positives video games can bring forward. For example, video games can improve hand-eye coordination especially in gun based games like ‘Call of Duty’ or ‘Modern Warfare’. The enemy may be running and the player must maintain position, aim, and shoot at the same exact time. These skills are vital for trainees, especially in the Air Force. The most well-known simulations are flight simulators, which attempt to mimic the reality of flying a plane. All of the controls, including airspeed, wing angles, altimeter, and so on, are displayed for the player, as well as a visual representation of the world, and are updated in real time.

Another example of hand-eye coordination as well an example that shows video games to be a useful tool is the study of doctors who play. “Researchers found that doctors who spent at least three hours a week playing video games made about 37% fewer mistakes in laparoscopic surgery and performed the task 27% faster than their counterparts who did not play video games’. James Rosser, a doctor, who participated in the study said “the skill needed for laparoscopic surgery is ‘like tying your shoelaces with 3-foot-long chopsticks’. Video games can be used to train soldiers and surgeons.

Whether you play video games or not almost everyone has heard, read or even said that video games have a certain effect on someone, usually a bad one. These accusations are not entirely wrong no matter how much video gamers do not want to believe it. Children who play more violent video games are more likely to have increased aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and decreased prosocial helping, according to a scientific study (Anderson and Bushman, 2001). The repetitiveness of the actions increases the intensity of said actions. Other negative effects of video games can include but are not limited to not being able to tell the difference between reality and fantasy in the video game as well as undesirable grades in school. Studies have shown that the more time a kid spends playing video games, the poorer is his performance in school. Another study showed that children who are video game addicts are more likely to score lower on tests than children who do not play video games as often and are also more likely to argue with their teachers and friends.

When I play a video game I sometimes get lost in it and completely about reality. However, once I am knocked back into reality I know the difference. I know that I cannot take a gun and go around killing people for points. With this, I found that a negative effect for serious gamers can actually be the inability to realize the difference between fantasy and reality. The consequence is that they end up believing that the real world is similar to the virtual world of the game they have been playing and hence, behave and interact in the same way as they do during.

The effects of video games can be bad for someone who is constantly playing. However, as Ronald Reagan said previously video games can be helpful, like with the hand-eye coordination aspect. An immense advantage of playing video games is the ability to make quicker decisions and analysis. According to researchers at the University of Rochester, led by Daphne Bavelier, a cognitive scientist, games simulating stressful events such as those found in battle or action games could be a training tool for real-world situations (The Positive and Negative Effects). Another benefit of video games can be physical activity. Not every video game has violence and guns. Nintendo Wii, a cordless system based on one holding the controller moving around, is one of the most popular for active games. The results show most teens that play active video games play at moderate or vigorous intensity levels that would help them meet the recommended 60 minutes of physical activity on most days Jason Ritter said. A final example of how video games can be helpful is the ability to manage things. Games such as ‘Sims’ or ‘the Tycoon series of games’ allow players to do just that. The games require the player to make decisions that control the entire game and possibly the outcome. For example: In the game Sims the player decides what the people in it do whether it be eat, talk, shower, sleep or use the restroom. It is these actions that make the game all the more fun because the player is in complete control and as a result manages what happens.

Video games are without a doubt my stress relief from built up anxiety throughout the day and sometimes week. I love getting ahold of a controller and releasing all of the tension. I think being able to become swallowed into the virtual realm of a video game is one of the most appealing parts of the entire process. The idea of being able to leave reality is the most appealing part of video games to me. It gives me the opportunity to escape from whatever is troubling or adding stress to me that day. I remember reading that cursing can help reduce pain. The study had a person get shocked with electricity, being unable to curse; the subject was not able to tolerate the enduring pain. Next, the study allowed the subject to curse as much as they wanted and the results were the person endured the electric shock multiple times longer. I know that when I play video games I curse, not because I’m in pain, but rather to express my anger and frustration. I’ve also noticed that I’m not the only one who curses while playing video games; my boyfriend, his roommates and his friend Jordan all do too.I thought it would be really interesting to do my own research on myself playing video games. I decided to record myself playing ‘Call of Duty: Black Ops’, one of my favorite video games. I played the first game, ‘Kill Confirmed’, in which the objective is to kill the opponent and get their “dog tag” left behind afterwards for 100 extra points. I recorded myself to see how many times I would curse. I ended up cursing eighteen times within a less than ten minute game. I also realized that I used the “F bomb” more times than a “lady” should. But the way I see it, when you’re playing a video game like that, being a lady is out the door! I also did another recording of myself, playing the same game Kill Confirmed, this time not being able to swear. It was one of the hardest things I’ve done! I found myself screaming or rather screeching instead of swearing. While I was playing the game that I couldn’t swear I ended up saying “F#@%” and then said “S@!+” because I realized I swore before!

Video games have almost always been associated as well as blamed for violence in the world today. Could video game really be behind the actions of criminals? Not all video games are violent but the ones that are do have an effect on the brain. Research suggests, even though some have been faulty, video games have indeed an effect of violence. When one combines all relevant empirical studies using meta-analytic techniques, five separate effects emerge with considerable consistency. Violent video games are significantly associated with: increased aggressive behavior, thoughts, and affect; increased physiological arousal; and decreased prosocial (helping) behavior (Anderson). People who play video games moderately are less likely to develop symptoms and signs of violence and aggression compared to someone who is an addicted video gamer. High levels of violent video game exposure have been linked to delinquency, fighting at school and during free play periods, and violent criminal behavior. Journalist Tom Bissell said, “We are no longer worried that children are missing school because of video games, though. We are worried that they are murdering their classmates because of video games”. I think this quote emphasizes people’s fear, today, when dealing with video games. I also found it interesting that games do not have to be rated Teen or Mature in order to expose someone’s aggression; even rated everyone has been proven to depict aggression (Anderson).

Another example of how video games can affect the brain with violence exposure is desensitizing violence in everyday life. This means that when someone who plays video games, violent ones in particular, sees something that is gruesome in real life it is less likely to affect them because they are used to seeing such actions with the video games they play on a daily basis. In one study, 161 college students were randomly assigned to play one of several violent games, neutral games, or pro-social games (in which helpful behavior was required). After playing, the students completed a task in which they could either help or hurt another student. Those who had played the violent games were more hurtful to other students, whereas those who had played the pro-social games were more helpful (Gentile).

For me, who plays violent video games at least a few times a week, I could never imagine not being disgusting at some of the things people do in this world. It truly is amazing what things can and do effect someone.

Video games have been around for the last forty plus years. It is not news to anyone that they are only going to become more and more popular. I am a video gamer myself which is the main reason I wanted to do this paper. I thought it would be interesting to figure out what I can or even cannot get out of playing in real life scenarios. I found, in my personal opinion, that while video games can in fact have negative effects there are more positive ones. I think that the negative effects that have been proven to actually happen do not occur as often as the positive ones. I think researching this topic has almost eased my mind about playing video games as often as I do; it’s almost like I don’t feel guilty playing them!

Introduction

Bullying is a pervasive issue that affects individuals across various age groups and environments. While it is widely acknowledged as a harmful and negative behavior, it is essential to examine the topic from a critical perspective to fully understand its complexities. In this essay, we will explore the pros and cons of bullying, shedding light on different viewpoints and considering the broader implications of this behavior on individuals and society.

Cons of Bullying

1. Emotional and Psychological Impact: One of the most significant drawbacks of bullying is the detrimental impact it has on the victims’ emotional and psychological well-being. Constant harassment, humiliation, and intimidation can lead to low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and even suicidal thoughts. The long-lasting emotional scars inflicted by bullying can have severe consequences for individuals throughout their lives.
2. Negative Social Dynamics: Bullying disrupts social dynamics and creates a toxic environment. It fosters fear, mistrust, and division among peers, inhibiting healthy relationships and collaboration. It can also perpetuate cycles of aggression, as victims may become bullies themselves in an attempt to regain power or control.
3. Academic Consequences: Bullying often hampers a victim’s ability to focus on their studies, resulting in poor academic performance. The constant fear and anxiety associated with being bullied can lead to decreased concentration, absenteeism, and a lack of motivation, hindering educational progress and overall success.
4. Long-Term Effects: The negative effects of bullying can extend beyond the immediate impact. Studies have shown that individuals who have been bullied are more likely to experience difficulties in personal relationships, employment, and overall well-being even in adulthood. The long-term consequences can be far-reaching and can impede an individual’s personal and professional growth.

Pros of Bullying

1. Power and Control: In some instances, individuals engaging in bullying behavior may experience a sense of power and control over others. This temporary feeling of dominance can provide a false sense of confidence and influence over their immediate surroundings. However, it is important to note that this perceived “pro” is rooted in an imbalance of power and is morally and ethically wrong.
2. Social Status: Bullying can, unfortunately, confer a distorted sense of social status to the perpetrators. In certain social circles, individuals who engage in bullying behavior may be seen as powerful, popular, or influential, leading to a misguided perception of social acceptance and validation. However, this form of status is based on fear and intimidation rather than genuine respect or admiration.
3. Reinforcement of Social Norms: Bullying can reinforce social norms and hierarchies within certain groups. By targeting individuals who deviate from perceived norms, bullies attempt to enforce conformity and maintain social order. However, this pro is highly problematic, as it disregards the importance of diversity, individuality, and inclusivity.

Conclusion

While it is crucial to critically analyze the pros and cons of bullying, it is evident that the negative consequences far outweigh any potential benefits. The emotional and psychological impact, disruption of social dynamics, academic consequences, and long-term effects emphasize the harmful nature of bullying. The perceived pros, such as power and control or a distorted sense of social status, are rooted in toxic behaviors that have no place in a healthy and inclusive society.

Efforts to combat bullying should focus on fostering empathy, compassion, and respect, promoting positive social interactions, and creating safe environments for individuals to thrive. By raising awareness, implementing preventive measures, and providing support for victims and bullies alike, we can work towards eradicating bullying and creating a more inclusive and harmonious society for all.

In this essay I am going to argue my point that aggressive driving should be averted.

Aggressive driving is a phenomenon, which has completely presently bought the public worried. The National Highway Traffic Safety Council (NHTSC) defines aggressive riding as “the operation of a motor car in a manner that endangers or is in all probability to endanger humans or property”. Actions such as going for walks red lights, improper passing, overtaking on the left, improper lane change, failing to yield, incorrect turns, taking walks and signs, tailgating, careless using and speeding are examples of aggressive driving. Such strikes are unstable to first-rate avenue users. I absolutely believe that aggressive the utilization of ought to be averted due to the fact that it explanations crashes, accidents and fatalities.

The first reason why aggressive using have to be avoided is it explanations of crashes. According to NHTSC, between seventy-eight share (excessive speed) and a hundred percentage (improper passing) of the instances of aggressive driving resulted in site visitors’ crashes, and ninety-six percentage of the drivers referred to for ‘following too closely’ or tailgating triggered crashes as an end result of their aggressive driving. Moreover, ‘running crimson light’, ‘improper passing’, and ‘overtaking on the left’ topped tremendous training of aggressive the use of in contributing to Internet site on line visitors’ crashes.

Another reason why aggressive the use of have to be averted is it motives to injuries. NHTSC states that the percentages of the accidents precipitated through way of ability of aggressive the use of are, in almost all instructions of aggressive driving, above a hundred percent. Furthermore, the Department of Highway Safety (DHS) reviews that this is due to the truth that every motor auto crash pay for one or large injuries. It used to be decided that of the ten training of aggressive driving, ‘running a crimson light’, ‘failing to yield’, and ‘running give up signs’ are the most serious elements contributing to injuries.

Yet, each one-of-a-kind cause why aggressive the usage of want to be averted is it motives fatalities. ‘Overtaking on the left’ appears to be the most necessary contributing component in web page traffic fatalities, as it relates to aggressive driving. ‘Improper lane change’, ‘running stop sign’ and ‘running crimson light’ rank second with the useful resource of four in phrases of their contribution to web site traffic fatalities (DHS, 2008).

The above proof suggests that aggressive the use of motives crashes, accidents and fatalities. Therefore, it is better to avoid aggressive driving. Since the opening of the North-South Highway, to vary of kilometers of roads in the USA, it has prolonged with the really helpful resource of one percent, even as the extent of automobile miles pushed has prolonged with the useful resource of capability of 35 percent. More motors and larger drivers are moreover on the road, primary to greater aggressive drivers.

Deviance can be described as the diverging of what is seen as acceptable and the social standards set in our society it is seen in social and sexual behaviour. Deviance in sport can refer to purposely fouling an opponent to cause harm, the abuse of drugs and other forms of foul play like cheating. (BBC, 2019) Many sports may include aggression as part of the game sports like rugby and boxing require psychically touch and aggression however the difference to violence is when players go past the game and actively try to cause harm to their opponents. Violence in sport can be hard to pin point because of the aggression associated with certain sports, although the line of truly intended to cause serious harm and playing the game is thin and grey it is still there, with social media athletes are pressured further hearing the opinions of others constantly while trying to maintain a victorious perception. This contributes significantly to the way players act and present themselves, a game they are all trying to win. It is suggested that violence in sport is caused by “win at all costs” athletes are driven to believe in. Depending on the athlete this may cause a negative or positive reaction on how they treat opponents. However violence and deviance in sport doesn’t just happen among players but the people that support the game. There are various reasons to believe violence and deviance are out of control in todays society. It is seen largely in football we can easily find articles relating to racism towards the players from fans.

Violence and aggression in sport can be easily mixed up we see sports that include aggression often sports like rugby, ufc and boxing are all aggressive sports that include contact with your opponent in an violent manner, but where is the line drawn between the game and intending to cause unnecessary harm to your opponent. However we often see situations where this happens an example of this would be with Mike Tyson. He bit the ear of his opponent off as retaliation and then was disqualified. The ears of opponents are not always bitten off and it may not always be the players often time the violent behaviour is seen in the supporters due to a different opinion on which team is better or what players are playing. This problem is seen largely in soccer, an example of the violence that can be associated with soccer included the mayhem caused in summer 2019 with English fans in Porto, Portugal. “The most serious incident which was witnessed by the Guardian occurred in the large fan zone in Liberdade Square in central Porto after Cristiano Ronaldo had put Portugal one-up in their Nations League semi-final against Switzerland. A Portugal supporter threw a drink in the air to celebrate after which several drunken England fans retaliated by hurling bottles at the locals and then the police.” (Ingle, 2019) Fanatic loyalty can be associated with violence in sport and it’s hard to control an extreme case of this happened in 2002 with the world cup playing rounds. Japan against Russia due to a first round defeat annoyed fans began beating up people and two people lost their lives. “The violence erupted before the match had ended, after Japan scored a goal and few police officers were nearby at the time. Firefighters arrived first, and the rioters attacked their trucks, as well as an ambulance.” (The Guardian, 2002)

I believe being aggressive would have allowed the Native Americans to keep their culture, land, and freedom longer. Native Americans were forced into treaties and agreements that went against their beliefs. Americans then unfairly broke the agreements that were made and didn’t follow through on the promises made to the Native Americans. The Native Americans were too soft, and it didn’t end well for them. It resulted in them losing a lot of land and even worse, a lot of men. If they had been aggressive the Americans would have feared them or at least it would have slowed them down. They could’ve given threats that maybe would have held the Americans off longer or all together. For these reasons, the Native Americans should have been more aggressive in protecting their rights.

The Americans consistently broke treaties, promises, and amendments with the goal of moving the Native Americans off their land at any expense. The treaties were forced on them and the Native Americans cowardly agreed to them. For example, Native Americans accepted living in a smaller portion or area of the land that they owned or they risked being killed. They should have put up a fight. I do not think it was fair that the Americans were stealing the land from the Native Americans. The Indians were there first and rightfully should have been able to protect their homes. The Native Americans had every right to fight them. However, once the treaties were made, the Native Americans were given less food than promised and also all the animals such as deer and bison in the surrounding areas were killed, leaving them without enough food to hunt. The Americans wanted them gone and were not afraid to starve or kill them for the land. Secondly, Americans took away their basic rights such as freedom of religion. An example is when a Native American named Sitting Bull wanted to participate and lead his tribe in a Ghost Dance. This is a type of dance which they believed is a spiritual movement that allows them to interact with the spirits. Sitting Bull was a great leader and said to his tribe “If we must die, we die defending our rights.” (Appleby 545). The Americans feared this dance and didn’t understand it because it was so different from their Christian beliefs. In order to put an end to the “crazy” dancing and talking to spirits, The Americans shot Sitting Bull. The Americans continued with their belief that the Indians were crazy and it resulted in a massacre of Native Americans. It was considered a massacre because, without guns or weapon which were taken from them, the Native Americans didn’t have a fighting chance. (Dee 37). If the Indians had guns, knives or arrows and had been more aggressive, they maybe could have had a way to defend themselves (Battistoni, Alyssa). Third, the Native Americans continued to preach that, they didn’t want to live like the White Man. They wanted to hunt and eat and live off the land. The land was their home and they respected and enjoyed it. If it were me, I wouldn’t want to be forced to accept a different way of life than my religious beliefs. It would have been worth it to be aggressive and stand up for their rights. I believe they should have fought harder and more aggressive and if so, they may not have lost their land. In summary, being forced into treaties and to live on smaller land and to give up religious beliefs in trade for promises and treaties that were not kept was not good for the Native Americans.

The Native Americans and Americans had many encounters with each other and fought many times. Here are some examples. One example was a battle with Sitting Bull. He was shot and killed for wanting to lead the Ghost Dance (Battistoni, Alyssa). This was unfair because all Sitting Bull was doing what he believed in. I do not think this was fair to him or his tribe. Another encounter with the Americans was when the Americans were trying to confiscate all their guns, Black Coyote was deaf and did not know what he had to do. When they tried to take it from him, he claimed that he had paid a lot of money for it and it was his. Suddenly, a shot went off from Black Coyote’s gun ( Native Americans). This started a battle that can only be defined as a massacre because at this point the Americans had already taken most of the weapons from the Indians (Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee). This was also unfair, this should have never happened and the Americans should’ve been more understanding of the fact that he was deaf. Another battle that happened was when Big Foot was leading his tribe south to the Pine Ridge Reservation and ended up seeing Col. James W. Forsyth and his troops. When they saw each other guns immediatly began to fire. The Native Americans couldn’t do anything about it considering they were caught off guard (History and Culture). I think that this should not have happened and that the Americans knew that they were heading to a reservation and the Indians were not willing to fight them. I think that this could have been avoided by asking the Native Americans questions instead of firing as soon as they saw each other. These are how some of the battles began between the Native Americans and the Americans.

Life on today’s reservations is not good. Unfortunately, there is not a lot of money as unemployment is more than 80%. People are very poor and as a result, healthy food is difficult to come by and a lot of people have diabetes (Sartore, Melissa). I feel very bad for these people even though they refuse to move out of their homes and into other places in America. Most people have unhealthy habits of smoking and drinking alcohol, many also attempt suicide (American Reservation Really Looks Like). This is not good because it gives people bad diseases and can shorten life span by a lot it also makes the population a lot less when people commit suicide. Most people do not have access to clean water or electricity. Clean water is considered a luxury there (Sartore, Melissa). I can’t imagine living without clean water or electricity. I don’t think about how lucky I am to have running water and electricity because its something I use every day without effort. Even though they live in America and have the option to move off their reservations, most feel most comfortable on the reservation and choose to stay (American Reservation Really Looks Like). This is what life is like on today’s reservations.

I thought that the Indians were treated very badly and did not deserve to be treated like this. I thought the Indians didn’t do anything wrong except want to continue to live as they did and on their own land. They were just trying to live their life the way they wanted, yet received horrible treatment from Americans, especially when they stole their land. Stealing someone’s land is wrong. I also thought the Americans were not helpful to the problems that they caused. The Americans stole their freedom, culture, and land. They made promises they didn’t keep. I also believe it was not right for them to kill Sitting Bull for doing his form of religion, the Ghost Dance. They should’ve just respected each other’s way of life. This wasn’t smart for the Americans to do as it led to resistance from the Indians. With better communication, kindness and respect they could have both lived peacefully and maybe even better with the adoption of the best of both cultures. For all of these reasons, the Native Americans should have stood their ground and been more aggressive in protecting their land and rights.

Works Cited

1. American Reservation Really Looks Like. “Huck Magazine,” 12 Sept. 2016, Appleby, Joyce, Alan Brinkley, and James M. McPherson. The American Journey. Chicago: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2006.
2. Battistoni, Alyssa, et al. “Remember the Massacre at Wounded Knee.” Jacobin, Brown, Dee Alexander, and Judee Shipman. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West.
3. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. Screenplay by Daniel Giat.
4. Dir.Yves Simoneau. Perf. Aidan Quinn, Adam Beach, August Schellenberg, and Anna Paquin. Home Box Office, Inc., 2007.
5. History and Culture: Wounded Knee – 1890 – American Indian Relief Council Is Now Northern Plains Reservation Aid, “Native Americans.” Ducksters Educational Site, Sartore, Melissa. “What Life On A Native American Reservation Is Really Like.”

Drinking enough alcohol to become intoxicated is significantly found the people who have one personality trait. On the other hand, the people without that trait are less likely to get more aggressive than they would they are sober. Some people are more likely to become aggressive after the consumption of alcohol. Studies on alcohol use and aggression states that the individual differences in behaviour and bio-chemistry that exists, plays a major role among the subjects, who become aggressive after alcohol consumption.

Individuals who abuse alcohol drink large amounts regularly and depend on it to support them face troublesome circumstances. In the long run, the drinking meddles with their social conduct what’s more, capacity to think and work. Their bodies at that point develop a tolerance for alcohol and they need to drink even greater amounts to feel the same effects each time. They also experience withdrawal responses when they stop drinking. Alcoholism devastates a great many families, social connections and vocations. Inebriated drivers are answerable for some street mishaps. It also has serious effects on the children of the people who are alcoholic. These children have higher rates of mental issues, especially anxiety, depression, phobias and substance-related disorders. Excessive drinking can genuinely harm physical wellbeing.

Alcohol is a well-known disinhibitor, which means it brings down your restraints. Numerous individuals who consume alcohol in a social event enjoy this experience because they feel closer to the people they are around with, they feel more liberated to talk and less compelled by other’s desires.

However, individuals who become aggressive when they consume alcohol may not just experience this emotion more, but they also may be able to express their anger more, which may be disruptive, dangerous and frightening.

Consumption of alcohol and becoming even a little intoxicated can lead to misguided thinking and poor judgements, which means you’re less inclined to be worried about the results of your action. In a situation, where you are battling with resentment at an individual or circumstance, you are more likely to express that feeling in a negative way when you are intoxicated, instead of trying to work through it constructively. Your behaviour may have a negative impact, yet when you’re intoxicated, you are barely able to make the decision to moderate or withhold those behaviours.

Alcohol is known to increase anxiety and stress as well. While drinking a little at the end of a hard day on occasion can help you feel better for a time being. If this behaviour is consistent for a long time, it can change how neurotransmitter are released in an individual’s brain. As the brain becomes accustomed to manage alcohol calming the neurotransmitter, the brain will start to lose its ability to manage these neurotransmitter without help. This can trigger symptoms of depression and anxiety when make stress harder to deal with. This also increases the likelihood of the consumption of alcohol more often to cope with higher levels of stress.

Consumption of alcohol to the point of being drunk has been associated with increased level of aggression towards oneself and others. It is also linked to and increased risk of psychotic symptoms such as delusions, and greater risk of suicide or self-harm. While they don’t directly measure aggressive behaviour, they exhibit signs of greatly increased aggression, which can start with an outburst.

Excessive alcohol consumption is also associated with the higher rates of domestic violence, intimate partner violence and sexual assault, which can begin with aggressive behaviour as a sign that the situation will escalate. These types of violence are simply not due to being stressed at work or any personal issues that can be resolved. They are indicators of the underlying behavioural or mental condition that is being worsen by drinking too much.

Researches has been done to identify the link, or relationship, between alcohol and aggression. The individual differences have been appeared to be associated with the childhood experiences, encounter with alcohol and stability in an individual’s life. It’s been found out that both the perpetrator and the victims of certain aggressive acts are likely to have consumed alcohol prior to such behaviour. Although, it is also observed that not all alcoholics are violent. They are more likely to have a history with violent behaviour than non-alcoholics.

There is growing concern about the consumption of alcohol and its relation to violent and aggressive behaviour. A comprehensive meta analyses analysed a study, which concluded that aggression increases after the consumption of alcohol under certain conditions and at certain level in individuals.

Even though it is widely believed, alcohol use and aggression are strongly related yet most people consume alcohol without acting aggressively. Predicting which individual exhibit aggression following the consumption of alcohol is an important yet difficult research problem. Alcohol consumption increases aggression in some people but decreases in others. Researches indicates a strong link between alcohol and aggression is found in individuals with certain traits, such as anti-social personality, alcohol dependency and previous aggressive episodes. To study the relationship between alcohol and aggression in humans has several limitations. One solution to this problem was to use animals model, or subjects. Although studies with animal subjects have helped the researchers to outline alcohol effects on aggressive behaviour and the mechanism that induce these changes. This studies also showed that the effects are nit universal, but they widely vary from individual-to-individual.

To study the effect of alcohol on aggression in humans, experimental approach was used in which a person consume alcohol and was then provoked to compete with some other individual. The method used to measure aggression of the individual was how the person was given the opportunity to verbally threaten another person. Many studies stated that aggression is more likely to occur after the consumption of alcohol. Few studies, also, focused on the differences in individuals and other variables that induce some people to become aggressive.

However, to predict which individual will exhibit aggressive behaviour after consuming alcohol in real world remains elusive. The relationship between alcohol-induced aggression in laboratory and real world may vary. Research like these are difficult to study as the individual differences plays a crucial role which cannot be identified easily at first and difficulties arises while measuring the underlying ethological mechanisms.

The link between alcohol and aggression isn’t merely a correlation. Alcohol has a casual effect on increasing aggression. Dr Parrott and his colleagues conducted an experiment on a group of 136 male individuals to drink an alcoholic beverage or a non-alcoholic control beverage. Individuals who consumed the alcoholic beverage administered greater shocks to those who had consumed the non-alcoholic beverage. There was a clear evidence that alcohol increases aggressive behaviour.

Another experiment, performed by Parrott and his colleagues, was conducted to identify the reasons how aggression increases according to the amount of alcohol people consume at a time. A sample of 24 social drinkers were brought at the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) center. There, they completed an aggression task in the MRI scanner, in which they were repeatedly had to chose how loud the noise had to blast to administer to an opponent while their brain activity was measured. As they has replicated some of their previous research, which showed that aggressive behaviour is associated with greater activity in parts of the brain that promote the experience of reward and pleasure.

The participants were then taken out of the MRI scanner and four, frosty beers were set in front of them, informing them that they would be doing a taste test of the beers. The experimenter told them they could drink as much of the beer as they would like to and not to worry if they got drunk as they had to hang around the lab for a while anyways. The beers were, in fact, non-alcoholic, but the participants didn’t notice the difference until the experiment was over and experimenter told them so. It was found out that the more aggressive participants were in the MRI scanner (the louder they set the volume of the noise that blasted their opponent), the more beer they drank. This result was obtained from a small sample, but it provided a preliminary evidence that aggressive behaviour can be predict excessive alcohol consumption and greater alcohol consumption can predict aggressive behaviour of an individual. Indeed, it is a two-way street that flows between alcohol and aggression and it is paved with the pleasure of both of these acts.

While much debate has taken place about alcohol, we have failed to draw out the reasons why so many people have troubled relationship with it. The reasons we drink, and the consequences of excessive drinking are intimately linked with our mental health, and this holds the key to dealing with growing worries about misuse. The co-existence of mental ill-health and alcohol use is very common. Often people self-medicate their mental ill-health with alcohol, which helps individuals deal with the negative effects of mental health problem by altering the chemicals in the brain and hormonal systems.

The alcohol dependency is very much prevalent among the people suffering from any psychiatric disorder than that an individual in the general population. In addition to the pharmacological effects of alcohol on the functioning of the brain, psycho-social stressors that commonly occur in an alcoholic patient may contribute to ongoing alcohol-related symptoms, such as anxiety, despair and sadness.

Alcoholism is associated with several psychological disorders that develop independently and may lead to alcohol use and abuse. The independent disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder, mood disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, etc., may make certain patient more prone to alcohol dependency. This suggests that an individual use alcohol as a coping mechanism. Regular drinking effects the bio-chemistry of the brain and depletes the levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which is implicated in depression. The cycle of alcohol consumption to relieve depression results in more depressive emotions as the levels of serotonin depletes even more, thus an individual need more alcohol to medicate the depression.

It is concluded in many studies that socially anxious individuals are more likely to develop a dependency towards alcohol, ‘to cope’ with the social situation. It has been stated that people with high social anxiety who use alcohol regularly to relieve their stress, may come to depend on alcohol as their primary coping mechanism. Bipolar disorder patients are more likely to abuse drugs other than alcohol, which complicate the diagnosis.

Psychopathic behavior is associated with a construct of social and behavioral problems including violence, criminal activity, and overall failure to conform to social standards. In this study, psychopathic and antisocial personality disorder-based traits are measured. Using reliability and factor analyses were used to validate the inventory and create factor-based indices that were used to predict anti-social behavioral outcomes including violence, seeking revenge on people and assisted suicidal plans for other people.

Rationale

The particular mental disorders I intend to look more closely into is a personality disorder also known as “Anti-Social Personality Disorder” (ASPD). Anti-Social Personality Disorder, or what’s also referred to as “Narcissistic Personality Disorder”, is a more formal way of describing what psychologists and psychiatrists would refer to as a Narcissist, a Sociopath and a Psychopath. The study is based on a qualitative research content analysis of numerous films. When society is seen from a social constructionist perspective, the social worker becomes equally influenced as the rest of the population by the image that the media conveys and produces. One prejudiced or biased social workers will not achieve the effectiveness of their profession or the purpose of their profession. I am investigating the comparison between ASPD sufferers in film as opposed to real life and if there are any visible cultural differences in use and description of psychopathy as concepts or a psychopath as a person in film.

“Psychopaths, people who have an antisocial personality disorder, are described mostly as “Criminals” or “Madmen” (Jonas Molin 2013). In films, there have been many misconceptions created about people who suffer from a form of mental health disorder, particularly ASPD.

• Rope (1948) “Two men attempt to prove they committed the perfect crime by hosting a dinner party after strangling their former classmate to death”.
• Peeping Tom (1960) “Where a young man murders a woman while using a movie camera to film their dying expression of terror”.
• Once Upon a Time in the West (1968) “Where a mysterious stranger who plays a harmonica joins forces with a gang of notorious desperados to protect a widow from an assassin working for the railroad”.
• Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972) “Set in the 16th Century. A ruthless and insane knight known as Don Lope de Aguirre leads a Spanish expedition in search of El Dorado”.
• Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (1986) “The main character, a drifter, commits a series of brutal murders, supposedly operating with impunity and without a conscience”.
• Blue Velvet (1986) “The discovery of a severed human ear found in a field leads a young man on an investigation related to a beautiful, mysterious nightclub singer and a group of psychopathic criminals who have kidnapped her child”.
• Misery (1990) “Originally a novel by Stephen King and adapted into film format by writer William Goldman. After a famous author is rescued from a car crash by a fan of his novels, he comes to realize that the care he is receiving is only the beginning of a nightmare of captivity and abuse”.
• Cape Fear (1991) “A convicted rapist, released from prison after serving a fourteen-year sentence, stalks the family of the lawyer who originally defended him”.
• Primal Fear (1996) “A psychopathic altar boy is accused of murdering a priest, and the truth is then buried”.
• Scream (1996) “A year after the murder of her mother, a teenage girl is terrorized by a new killer, who targets the girl and her friends by using horror films as part of a deadly game”.
• Training Day (2001) “On his first day on the job as a Los Angeles narcotics officer, a cop goes beyond a full work day in training within the narcotics division of the Los Angeles Police Department with a rogue detective who isn’t what he appears to be”.
• Seven Psychopaths (2012) “A struggling screenwriter inadvertently becomes entangled in the Los Angeles criminal underworld after his crime craving friends kidnap a gangster’s pet dog”.
• Nightcrawler (2014) “A con man desperate for work, gets himself involve in the work of Los Angeles crime journalism and blurs the line between observer and participant to become the star of his own story”.
• Gone Girl (2014) “With the main character’s disappearance having become the focus of an intense media circus, a man sees the spotlight turned on him when it’s suspected that he may not be innocent”.
• The House That Built Jack (2018) “The story follows Jack, a highly intelligent serial killer, over the course of twelve years and depicts the murders that really develop his inner insanity”.

One of the films I intend to look at more closely is Misery: The character of Annie Wilkes (Kathy Bates) is a retired nurse who rescues famed novelist Paul Sheldon (James Caan) from a devastating car crash. While looking after him, she claims to be his biggest fan and demands that Sheldon should change the plot of his new book and if she is still not happy with the result she will ‘kill’ him. Due to Sheldon’s injuries from the car crash, making it near impossible for him to leave, this is in an indirect explanation that Wilkes has “kidnapped” Sheldon.

Another film I looked at was American Psycho (2000) Directed by Mary Harron. The novel was written by Bret Easton Ellis and was adapted into the film by Mary Harron herself. Starring Christian Bale who portrayed the character of Patrick Bateman, a successful New York Banking Executive who starts in the film as a perfectly “normal” person, eventually goes into a constant rage “killing” several other people including some members of the main cast. While viewing this film, during certain scenes I found some of the things that triggered Bateman’s psychopathic behavior very abnormal. Certain things like becoming violent after being touched on the shoulder by a homeless man or one of the main cast members showing him their new business card. “To react in an angry but subtle response to something like having a more valued possession would not necessarily be the sign of a psychopath, sociopath or narcissist” (Hare, 1993). It would be merely be an example or jealousy, which is an emotion that anyone can feel and not just people with mental disorders. However, despite this, Bateman ends up brutally ‘murdering’ the character of Paul Allen (Jared Leto) with an axe in his apartment because one possession had ‘triggered’ Bateman into doing it.

Another film, on the other hand, I personally think is much more accurate in the description of a psychopath. The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Starring Anthony Hopkins portraying the character of Hannibal Lecter, who, according to Wikipedia, described as a ‘brilliant psychiatrist’. Throughout the film he is never seen committing any acts of terror or any crime of any kind. Of course, this is mainly due to the fact that he spends the entire film in captivity in a maximum-security prison. The knowledge I had gained from the film was based on the idea that even though psychopaths are born without ever feeling any empathy, it does not mean that they commit crimes for no reason, but rather they will commit a crime and simply feel no remorse for what they have done which could intend to lead them into doing it again.

The common misconceptions of this disorder reflect a larger misunderstanding of ASPD and its impact on individuals, families and society. We, as a society are quick to attribute bad behavior to shifting social mores, poor parenting, broken families, an excessive amount of time watching television, or countless other factors, many of which probably do influence acts and attitudes. Some of the worst types of people society has to offer are examples of this. The career criminals, drug addicts, abusive fathers and husbands – to name a few – all reveal symptoms of a psychiatric condition that has attracted notice ever since medicine probing the mysteries between the brain and mind. Blaming antisocial behavior on cultural influences and looking isolated acts rather than patterns of behavior diverts attention from the reality of ASPD. Many of the crimes and other social problems that shock and concern us can be traced in large part to a distinct group of individuals, most of them men, who act out in every conceivable way over lives filled with resentment, anger, dishonesty, and moral poverty.

“Visit any country, society or ethnic group, not matter how remote, and individual with anti-social personality disorder becomes evident in those individuals who persistently defy all norms, reject authority and act only out of blind selfishness” (Black, 1999).

As early as 1948, only 21 years after the invention of the television, films have created misconceptions about psychopaths in particular. Nearly all of the films listed do contain a brief description with many phrases and words that they all share in common. Such words as “Convicted”, “Rapist”, “Murdering”, “Kidnapping”, “Madman”, “Kill”, “Criminal” and “Crime”. These particular set of words are what many people would consider to be morally wrong and unpleasant and has led many viewers of some of these films to believe that this is a typicality of a psychopath yet, ironically, according to some psychologists, most sufferers of anti-social personality disorder are not always like this. “Although psychopathy is often equated with criminal behavior, research supports that most psychopaths have never and will never commit a crime”. I took this from the website neuroinstincts.com/psychopathy. The article was analysed by numerous psychologists.

Methodologies

A video on YouTube, uploaded by a channel known as “MedCircle” hosted by Kyle Kittleson who, using a qualitative research method, interviewed Dr. Ramani Durvasula, PHD, a Psychologist, Author, and a Professor of Psychology, explained very accurately the differences between the three types of sufferers of this disorder. “The fact is; a lot of people are using these terms interchangeably. Every psychopath is narcissistic, but not all narcissists are psychopathic” (Dr. Ramani Durvasula, https://youtu.be/6dv8zJiggBs).

“Many sufferers of anti-social personality disorder come in many different variations. When society is viewed in a social constructive manner, the social worker is as affected as the general population by the media and the images it portrays. A prejudice or bias social worker will not be as effective in his work as his intentions are” (Black, 1999).

The purpose of this research proposal is to discover if there are any differences in the usage and description of the concept of psychopathy or a psychopath themselves in the media, more specifically, in books such as “Anti-Social Personality Disorder” – The NICE guideline on treatment, management, prevention and diagnosis.

“We need to change our views about anti-social personality disorder. From being the ultimate diagnosis of exclusion to a condition requiring informed sympathetic management in a great leap. This guideline is one of the first to plot the way forward, and although we have far to go the path is clear” – Peter Tyrer, Professor of Community Psychiatry, Imperial College, London. The NICE guideline (National Institute for health and Care Excellence research) is a constructed qualitative research practice which is carried out by several psychiatrist and psychologists. The guideline on ASPD, carried out by NICE and developed by the National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (NCCMH), sets out clear, evidence, and consensus-based evidence recommendations for staff working in mental health and social care and the criminal justice system on how to treat, manage and prevent ASPD.

The first step in evaluating patients is to construct an accurate history through a careful interview. Because objective criteria like lab tests, x-rays, and brain scans have little, if any, diagnostic value – aside from their capacity to rule out other problems – the patient’s history is the most important basis for diagnosing ASDP. “A standard of set procedures and definitions provide guidelines for identifying anti-social personality disorder and other mental disorders, but the diagnostic is little more than an educated judgement call” (Black, 1999).

At the beginning of the interview in the attempt to diagnose a possible sufferer of ASPD, the interviewer will make their best effort to create a form of rapport with the patient. A useful strategy is to start by asking the patient about him/herself – what kind of work he/she does, where he/she goes to school, whether he/she is married or single, and so on. “Questions should be asked in a manner that conveys genuine interest and does not make the patient feel like they are under interrogation” (Black, 1999). After a relationship is established, the interviewer then focuses on more detailed and specific questions which circles on the patient’s problem. They usually tend to be answered with a “yes” or a “no”.

The next stage in the diagnostic process is the Psychiatric History. This is the process which helps the interviewer to understand and better predict the future behavior of the patient. It also helps the interviewer find ways to persuade the patient to take any medication that the psychiatrist recommends. “We also take note of past treatment, including medications, hospitalization, psychotherapy or counselling” (Black, 1999).

The medical history of the patient is also taken into account. As physicians and psychiatrists are trained to assess the often-complex relationship with physical and mental health, the understanding of a patients’ history of illness, surgical procedures and medical treatment is vital. “Psychopaths and mainly sociopaths, commonly go through a state of mental trauma within their lives. While digging deeper in to the patients mind during the interview process, all of this information helps rule out some diagnostic possibilities and even suggest lifestyle modifications that can affect any possible symptoms” (Black, 1999).

Family history of the patient is also analysed. Whether it is due to genetics, environment, I.e. growing up in a rough neighborhood, or a combination of both, ASPD passes from generation to generation in some families, families that also may be troubled by depression, alcoholism and drug addiction. “Information about the emotional and psychiatric health of parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other relatives can help identify risk factors linked to heredity or home environment and can suggest possible diagnoses.” (Black, 1999)

The next stage is the Personal and Social History of the patient. The details of a possible ASPD sufferer tend to emerge as questions are being asked to the patient from developmental milestones to criminal violations. This tends to be the toughest step while in the process of the diagnosis. “Collecting a broad range of evidence helps narrow the diagnostic possibilities, supporting or contradicting the patient’s early hunches. Questions become focused and personal, probing information that the patient may be unwilling or unable to provide” (Black 1999)

Psychological tests and other clues are then carried out. This is an especially important area of study for the diagnosis. They look for things such as background information. During the diagnosis mental health professionals focus their attention on the patient’s appearance, habits and demeanour, noting the styles in clothing, attitude, or speaking style.

“Patients may speak with unusual speed or determination, may avoid eye contact, or may assume a defensive tone – all characteristics that shed light on their personalities and colour what they say. Their orientation to time, place and person; ability to reason; and memory can be assessed informally in a mental status examination. (MSE) The MSE can help show whether a patient suffers from delusions or has significant intellectual impairments” (Black, 1999). Donald W. Black, also used quantitative research by giving a list of assumptions while diagnosing a patient who could potentially be a sufferer of anti-social personality disorder. “While diagnosing a patient, mental health professionals try to analyse four elements of misbehavior in four main areas”:

Aggression to people and animals

• Often bullies, threatens, or intimidates others
• Often engages in physical fights
• Has used a weapon that can cause serious physical harm to others
• Has been physically cruel to people
• Has been physically cruel to animals
• Has stolen while confronting a victim
• Has forced someone into sexual activity

Destruction of property

• Has deliberately in fire setting with the intention of causing serious damage
• Has deliberately destroyed others property

Deceitfulness of theft

• Has broken into someone else’s house, building or car
• Often lies to obtain goods or favours to avoid obligation
• Has stolen items of non-trivial value without confronting a victim

Serious violation of rules

• Often stays out at night despite parental prohibitions. Beginning before the age of 13 years
• Has to run away from home overnight while living in parental or parental surrogate home

“Test of intelligence and educational achievement can also predict and provide useful information about the patient, though no particular result predicts any signs of antisocial personality disorder” (Hare 1993). Quantitative research is very rare when it comes to the diagnosis of a possible sufferer of ASPD. However, during the 1950’s and 1960’s, while computers were not as commonly used for testing, a low-tech method known as the “Rorschach”, or “Ink Blot” Test was used. While it is not used for diagnostic purposes since the results often vary, depending in who interprets or scores it. “The Rorschach test can offer clues to a patient’s thinking. It consists of 10 standard images that patients are asked to interpret, some black and white, some in color, but all meaningless” (Hare, 1993). Psychologist Robert Hare has developed a questionnaire that taps many of the characteristics considered typical of an ASPD sufferer. The “50 Item Psychopathy Checklist” is used mainly by researchers to measure the severity of the disorder in criminal populations, and the results appear to predict both criminal mindsets and parole violations.

Competition is one of the areas upon which self-esteem can be dependent and the vanity of people enormously relies upon greater heavily on their performance relative to others. Competition and competition might also share the equal simple DNA however they are not synonymous. While competition commonly stays goal and stakes-based on the other hand contention operates on a greater personal and consequently often the less rational field. Rivals are clearly actors in opposition with one any other whether or not at the character or organizational tiers. I observe Kilduff et al. (2010) [1] in conceptualizing rivalry as a relationship between a focal actor and a goal actor that is characterized by the trip of heightened psychological stakes of opposition by way of the focal actor when competing against the goal actor.” Generally Competitive rivalry is decided by the competitiveness of the industry and all of the different forces affecting and influencing it.

Porter (1979) [2] an creator of 18 books and numerous articles along with Competitive Strategy, Competitive Advantage and Competitive Advantage of Nations recognized that corporations preserve a shut look on their opponents however he prompted them to seem past the moves of their opponents and take a look at what different factors ought to impact the enterprise environment. He identified 5 forces that make up the competitive environment. These are bargaining power of suppliers, threat of new entrants, chance of substitutes, bargaining electricity of buyer and aggressive competition the fifth pressure aggressive rivalry which describes how the other four powers interconnect and form the structure of opposition within an industry. Putting together the influence of these forces the degree of competition of an industry is determined. There are certain elements by using which aggressive competition is immediately affected. If competing organizations are of about equal size, competitor stability will be such that contention will be severe. When industry increase rate is low contention is strong. The existence of high fixed costs to operate in the industry and excessive exit boundaries if a company needs to depart the enterprise will additionally activate high rivalry. Additionally, when there is no longer extensive differentiation between the product offerings of man or woman competitor the stage of rivalry will be strong. Where rivalry is at extreme stage businesses can appeal to customers with forceful price cuts competitive contention is minimum and no different man or woman is doing what you do then you will have first-rate electricity and healthy profits. Many authors criticize his mannequin as Fabian Dälken an author in University of Twente, Netherlands, criticizes his model in accordance to him the fact that Porter (2008) [3] has no justification for choice of the 5 environmental forces which prove the validity of his preference (O’Shaughnessy, 1984; Speed, 1989). An extra criticism is that the mannequin only generates snap-shots. According to Thyrlby (1998), his model is static and does now not take account of time. Thus it is a great deal more difficult to decide on markets with higher competition dynamic due to the fact they can change very quickly. This needs a sound advent of new models. Furthermore making use of his framework does no longer warranty a competitive gain that is unchallengeable and sustained (Aktouf, 2004). The cause for this lies in the truth that his framework is a static model which does no longer consist of continuously changes of competitive surroundings (Karagiannopoulos, Georgopoulos & Nikolopoulos, 2005) two Bang and Markeset (2012) outline higher fee of trade as the “rate of change for products (shorter product cycles) modifications to manufacturing science or changes in competitors”. two two two two two

According to Jason G Cummins although aggressive contention promotes efficiency. However, this contention can additionally have a darkish facet because it makes firms hesitant to act on personal data that is unpopular with customers. Generally, in competiting contention forces firms to make decisions that are in consumer’s exceptional concern. But think about the state of affairs in which companies are higher informed than customers. In this case aggressive contention makes it high priced for firms to make use of their information if it denies customers opinions. In end result there are always some other company that stands prepared to accommodate to the patron if one fail to do so. Hence aggressive rivalry encourages firms to are looking for market share with the aid of eye-catching the comparatively unapprised customers. This want may forestall companies from utilizing their non-public records which reduces social benefits.

Kilduff an assistant professor of administration and companies at New York stern college of business. two . He observed that most rivalries strengthen beneath three stipulations when folks (or teams) are very similar, when they are evenly matched, and when they compete against each other over and over time. More he explains that sure duties in sure work environments afford higher flexibility for humans to have interaction in questionable behaviors. If you are a funding banker with a lengthy lead to do what you choose you can also have a lot of judgment to take dangers or to have interaction in somewhat shady techniques that could be unintentionally promoted by means of rivalry. So that would possibly be an extra volatile environment for competition to exist in. Rivalry is linked with multiplied use of dishonesty and motivation to employ unethical conciliation policies”. Rivalry makes human beings extra like to do “whatever it takes” For example two in a commercial enterprise imitation MBA students greater often provided illegal ‘kickbacks’ to buying agents when they have been positioned in competition with one every other furnished that this behavior benefited their overall performance (Hegarty & Sims, 1978). Rivals are rivals with whom actors have reputed relationships and ride ordinary competition which may additionally encompass expectations of future competition. As an end result humans are greater concerned about their fame comparative to their competitors as adverse to non-rival competitors. Competition is everywhere among individuals, groups, and organizations. People who feel rivalry are extra possibly to have interaction in the form of behavior that has come to outline the ugly facet of competition such as trickery, dishonesty, and harm. two These consequences cowl competition as a powerful motivational and corruptive pressure with primary connotations for organizations. and high-impact advertising and marketing campaigns. Also in markets with plenty of rivals your suppliers and consumers can go somewhere else if they are now not cosy from you. Contrary to it where The success of managers and organizations depends on appreciating irony inherent to competition. While growth depends on an experience of completion in the face of challenge. Still applying rules too strictly may additionally result in setbacks from competitors making use of a looser definition of fairness. For example, in the course of the 2014 winter Olympics, Canadian bobsled pilot Lydon Rush really stated:

“If you aren’t cheating, you aren’t racing.”

Conclusion

two two two two Yes! I agree to all the above referred to authors. In my opinion though via wholesome competition shoppers can stop up getting the fine price for their money which they in any other case may also not. And it permits shoppers a variety of options in who provides the product or provider that they are involved in. it encourages organizations to innovate, make use of manufacturing capacity, minimize expenses and expand efficiency. If done right, the opposition can assist foster a productive economy. A competitive market offers many achievable advantages such as lower prices, monetary growth, incentive to preserve expenses of manufacturing low, technological improvements and advancements, product variety, innovation, quality improvements, and the availability of extra facts allowing for greater informed preferences with the aid of consumers. Another gain of competitive contention is that when corporations have severe rivals the humans in these organizations might also be more dedicated and greater loyal to every other. Moreover, it will amplify motivation and performance.. If people’s motivations are quite low and cooperation among persons is now not truely essential taking steps to promote contention between personnel may additionally work. In a nutshell, man or woman doing the proper thing for the right motive is generally much less newsworthy than disreputable behavior, however nice guys do succeed. But aggressive competition has many drawbacks like at an individual degree it can lead to fraud and chaos furthermore it can rankle into a horrific motivator when success is described solely by using how one measures up in opposition to a single competitor the purpose to engage in immoral behavior sharply increases. In an agency aggressive competition can lead to inefficient selections when producers are higher knowledgeable than customers about the benefits of different alternatives. Furthermore, strong contention can limits profits.