Category: Adventure Sports

Exercise is a method often implemented by health professionals within western civilisation, who aim to combat the increasing number of people suffering from conditions such as heart disease and obesity. I have developed an awareness of the role exercise plays in maintaining the health of the global population, and how its benefits extend not only to physical health, but social and mental health also. Subsequently, I believe that a degree in sports and exercise science will act as a pivotal stepping-stone, and equip me with the knowledge and research skills necessary to positively impact the well-being of individuals within society. Having read ‘Mindful Running’ by M. L. Havey, I now understand how aerobic activities can alter both body and mind. The concepts discussed within the book influenced me when attending the Sutton Trust summer school programme where I was presented with the opportunity to design my own research project. My investigation aimed to explore the potential that running possesses in alleviating symptoms of depression in young adults. I shadowed multiple personal trainers at my local fitness centre, observing as they aided their clients’ progression towards achieving a set of personalised goals. This insight into the workings of the leisure industry improved my communication skills immensely, as I learned to interact with gym-users in a professional manner.

Additionally, it reinforced my enthusiasm for the subject as I witnessed how exercise can enhance quality of life. For instance, a GP referral used abdominal-focused resistance machines to increase their core strength, benefitting her weakened spine. A year earlier, I spent a week at an outdoor activity centre. Here, I participated in a range of tasks including leading groups of children through obstacle courses, and, alongside instructors, guiding them in a number of orienteering exercises. As well as being extremely enjoyable, the experience allowed me to build upon a variety of existing skills such as leadership and teamwork. Physiology, primarily the cardiovascular system, is a topic that I particularly enjoy. I also believe it to be a crucial component of degree-level physiological studies as a result of its influence on every other bodily system. This is something that the documentary series “Anatomy of” places great emphasis upon working to determine what distinguishes an elite athlete from non-athletes. On watching this I was inspired to research further into the realm of elite sporting performance. Live Science articles such as “How do ski jumpers fall huge distances without breaking their legs?” and “The brutal neuroscience of figure skating: how spinning athletes overcome dizziness” came to my attention as they acknowledged the physics within sport, highlighting the broad nature of the discipline. For four years I attended weekly training sessions and competitive fixtures for Bruton Hockey Club. I continue to play badminton, as I have done for the past five years outside of school. My passion for sport is what lead me to seek the attainment of my UKCC Level One Award for Assistant Coaches in Badminton and NPLQ.

The course taught me importance of values such as self-discipline and maintaining a positive attitude even in the most adverse of situations. I feel that it is the unique ability of sport to instil such values and desirable attributes that has given me the confidence to take on positions of responsibility such as Head Girl of Sexey’s sixth form, pushed me to complete NCS and achieve my Bronze DofE. Participation in sporting activities has played a major part in moulding me as an individual. Not only has it been an emotional outlet for all the stresses and anxieties that accompany daily life, but it has also strengthened my love for physical pursuits and proven to be a decisive influence on my future study and career ambitions.

Trekking around Bangalore is on the rise among the millennials and travel enthusiasts. Since this city is known for its stressful and hectic urban lifestyle, individuals living there are looking forward to more places that are far away from the hustle and bustle of city-life. Hence, trekking to Dhavalappa Gudda with rappelling is an impressive blend just waiting to be explored by people. Dhavalappa Gudda is a gorgeous hidden gem located in Chitradurga city of Karnataka.

The quaint hill brags of numerous temples and small treks that showcases the sheer exquisiteness of this place. Dhavalappa Gudda trek offer lush green landscapes and tranquil water bodies which adds more splendour to this place. Whereas Chitradurga is a popular antiquated city, well known for its citadels, sculptures, wall carvings and stone buildings. The name is derived from the canopy shaped lofty hills found in this region. Stone forts and buildings are the centre of attraction of this city, built by several dynasties that ruled over time. Imprints of their existence can be seen in the carvings of these stunning forts. Chitradurga fort is a remarkable fort set in the valley of the Vedavati River in the southern part of the Indian state of Karnataka. Settled on the north-eastern base of rocky hills, the marvellous fort is embellished with 19 grandiose doors, 38 smaller doors, 35 special entry points and four hidden entrances. Rappelling is also famous here, so if you wish for some thrill, you can also try your hand in this adventure. Moreover, caving in Chitradurga is an experience that one should have if theyare planning to visit this city. It is an adventure activity full of physical challenges that can be easily overpowered if you have an explorer spirit. It is a unique gift of nature where one might encounter magical sights, formation rocks that took thousands of years in the making, and the delicate formations are a joy to behold.

The caver has to walk, swim, twist, climb, stoop, crawl, and they may plunge; moving forth or backwards through the magnificent spaces left between rock and water. For the beginner, this unique adventure activity is waiting to be unleashed. One can easily get to Chitradurga city by bus from Bangalore, a five hour journey from state capital or can simply take a train from Bangalore that will drop you at Chitradurga railway station. ItineraryMake sure you have packed everything required for an adventure expedition. Keep your bags ready and leave for Chitradurga by 10:30 AM from Peenva Metro Station. It will be an overnight journey of 4-5 hours depending on the route you will take. You will reach by 3:30 am at early morning. Rest and get ready by 8:00am after your breakfast to explore the city. Explore the forts and do caving at Chitradurga, Dhavalappa Gudda located nearby each other. After the exploration, head out for some lunch at 1:30 pm. After retaining back your lost energy, it is time for some adventure. Try out rappelling, as it might offer you some thrill. Explore the nature around you and relax in the lap of nature while enjoying your evening snack at 5:30 pm. At 9:00 PM, you will start your return journey to Bangalore with beautiful memories of your trip.

Ownership of franchises in sports leagues in India has proven to be quite popular, at least optically, with the private sector. Most leagues have a standard format of a central league structure owned by promoters, who then seek corporate owners and partner them with celebrities as co-owners, with varying financial terms and equity allocations. Central sponsorship and team sponsorship are the key revenue models for such leagues, since broadcasting and gate revenues for a majority of the leagues do not contribute much to the top-line at least for the initial years. Even for relatively established leagues such as the ISL or the PKL, broadcast revenues do not exist since one of the key promoters is the broadcaster itself. Also, unlike international leagues, no tangible infrastructure or assets accrue to the league itself or to any of its franchise owners since stadiums are rented and not owned, even for the IPL or ISL.

This of course limits growth potential beyond the ‘rights’ that are owned by the league or the franchises, but as with the IPL and the PKL, even the ‘rights’ have significant value and exponential leaps in valuation potential. While a league first approach has had its positives, the sports vertical today is flooded with start-up leagues, and unfortunately a finite sub-set of potential investors or sponsors. There is also significant overlap of stakeholders across leagues, with the same consortium or corporate owning teams in multiple leagues – for example, Iquest Enterprises is the consortium that owns the Chennai PKL team, the Kerala Blasters in the ISL and the Bengaluru Blasters team which was recently offloaded from the Premier Badminton League. This is great for synergies and consistent practices from the franchise owners’ perspective, but not so much the increase in the overall number of corporates demanding investable opportunities in leagues. The end result is that many leagues fold shortly after their initial few seasons, and the biggest sufferers then are the sportspersons or personnel who often don’t have a plan B. This loops back to how best to protect the rights of those who are the most vulnerable in this structure. Leagues across sports have limited chances at succeeding, and many simply do not because of the market situation and competition.

The IPL actually had a valuable blue-print. It took a phenomenon, surrounded it with what works for Indian entertainment, and improved upon what was time-tested. Novice leagues frequently don’t have the baseline ingredients for a successful product, and are unable to achieve critical mass soon enough for the promoters or investors. Many also do not have any unique overriding aspect that would allow them to build a value proposition that doesn’t merely replicate the IPL or PKL model without the attraction to investors or audiences that the two leagues already have built up. But, through the market realities, a few leagues have and will eventually emerge, either through the elite home-grown talent, the growing popularity of a particular sport, or a well-marketed property that derives and provides value to investors, sponsors, participants, and critically, the audiences.

Tourism remains as the most trending topic across the world. With contribution of over 9% of GDP globally to finding at least 1 out of 11 people working in tourism sector, it is indeed one of the rising challenges that individuals are taking up. The Indian youth is all set to shatter the myths around travel getting their backpack on and exploring the wild. And this is not just limited to the early 20s and 30s but for the people also reaching their 40s and 50s.

Adventure tourism, although not defined under the UNWTO literature yet, essentially involves a trip that includes physical activities, exploring the natural environment and a cultural immersion! People are more than ready to cut out from their usual lifestyle and wonder across the wild. This helps them unplug, seek the inner monk and of course get a mental retreat considering the mental health hazards that exist into the lives of people today.

Let’s talk about numbers now. With over 1,322 million departures in 2017, the international tourism grew at a rate of about 7% globally, as per UNWTO. As per the ATTA reports of 2016, the travel and tourism was responsible for about 10% of global GDP with a creation of almost 10% of the jobs around the world. As for 2018, the trends have been soaring high with a considerable growth in global economy, creation of jobs and revenues.

Given that 2019 is already experiencing a rise in adventure tourism, solo travels and experiential traveling, there is only going to be a steady rise in numbers ahead. If Visa estimates are to be believed, almost 280 million households will carry their passports for their travels by 2025, meaning an emerging rise in international travels globally.

The funda about Adventure traveling is simple. People, especially the Generation Z, is keen to explore the unexplored, meet the quest for adventure and go on thrilling experiences that serves their need of self-realization and peace attainment. Needless to say that this shall involve a lot of blogging, Youtube videos, instagram pictures and postcards (the next big travel trend!)!

The travelers are today focused on key aspects of exploring new places. It is about indulging into activities like trekking, hiking, adventure sports, photography, etc. The desire to complete the bucket list of activities will make people take at least two holiday trips in a year. And the number is higher for the solo travelers than the traditional formats of packaged tours. Itineraries will involve more of early bookings around international travel destinations with cluster of Indian travelers willingly taking 15 days of break from their regular life and go exploring.

2019 is the time when luxury holidays will take a back seat and more number of people will embark on a journey to seek close to nature experiences. The rejuvenation of body, mind and soul with the thrill to find alternatives where the quest can be served for longer, there will be growth of more travel friendly jobs, blogging and tourism activities.

For the travel passionate hippies, independent individuals and explorers it’s a perfect time to take that off-road traveling experiences and find something new. Offbeat travel experiences are here to stay!

Promoting sport the travel industry requires sport and the host goal to be cross-utilized to advance the nature of encounters that the game traveller acquires. Diverse types of game the travel industry (spectating, partaking, adoring game locales) are hence potential supplements, and the nature of foundation and administrations at the goal give fundamental help to the general game the travel industry encounter. Chances to associate with travelers who share a game intrigue can likewise upgrade sport vacationers’ involvement. Cross leveraging of game and goals is encouraged when vertical and even collusions are shaped among game and the travel industry suppliers. Further research is expected to investigate the social and mental universes of game vacationers, and to recognize compelling utilizing strategies.

Marketing is more than advertising and selling. Yet it is common to see sport tourism marketing, particularly for events, described only in terms of the marketing communications and sales roles. Whilst these come under the rubric of the promotion element of marketing, the practice of marketing involves much more. Marketing is essentially about exchanges that create value for customers. The target and, therefore, the basis for marketing strategy is the consumer. To reflect this, rather than considering the consumer in a separate section in this essay, the consumer is considered throughout our examination of the elements of sport tourism marketing. When examining the role of marketing within sport tourism, it is important to reflect on who is included as a sport tourist. There has been some debate about whether professional sports people should be included, and whether recreational leisure activities constitute sport. Others have focused on active participants in sport rather than spectators of sport . Gibson defined sport tourism as ‘leisure based travel that takes individuals temporarily outside of their home communities to participate in physical activities, to watch physical activities or to venerate attractions associated with physical activities’. This definition will be used throughout this essay, and the discussions about marketing to sport tourists will demonstrate why this definition is a particularly useful one for examining sport tourism from a marketing perspective.

Most of the studies completed on the sport promotion and development has been conducted across the global. Sports can be developed and promoted through various activities engaging the sports reviews have shown sport tourism, league, marketing development etc. taken place for the development and promotion of sport.

A study on sport tourism was conducted in Taiwan which reported that event sport tourism (EST) has become an important economic sector around the world EST could also be used as an instrument of city development strategy. In India Smart cities concept is fest being developed which can use the Event Sport Tourism as of its blocks.

Sport studies are also being conducted by premium India Institution like IIMA. A study was conducted on Sports League which identified the constituents of the sport leagues being successful the study identified fan acceptability as a measure of success of leagues.

It has been studied that the sport business industry has a direct influence on entrepreneurship, small, medium and micro enterprises as reported for the country of South Africa.

Media coverage has also an upward trend with specific implication to host the sporting events which has been reported in studies making sport a consumer decision making model.

Sport history is analysed in one of the studies. A case of Oman was studied which showed that organised history of sport was not available and also commented that to make sport professionally organised will require various challenges to be overcome.

Tourists’ arrival also is impacted by mega-sports events as reported by one of the studies. Conducts of the sports events are provide lucrative opportunities for tourism. Study has reported that tourism flow toward host countries between 1995-2006 as reported of 200 countries had seen a positive influx of the tourists.

Involvement differences exist among gender characteristic and also reveal that individuals’ involvement level more significantly impact to recall the sponsors. Study also said that marketer investing more on sponsorship – linked marketing in emerging economics.

Applying of sponsorship and brand management in global marketing significantly enhance achievement sport business goal and organizational performance in global sport industry.

Sports sponsorship grows hence sporting arena has approaches platform where sponsor become an intricate pillar in the sports industry of Singapore. (Wai) Sponsorship of Resources and financial support of many companies and stage events relied on event promoter and sport organization.

The tourism industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. The demand of travelling is growing every year and new creative products to supply in this sector are increasing. It has involved into new directions within the tourist market. In the past, tourism was taken as a new development and only recently it has been considered as serious business or an academic field of study. The travel to a destination and the staying at the destination are the two key elements in tourism. A destination is the temporary and short-term activity which means that the visitors return to their own permanent destination within days, weeks, months or within a year. There are three ways to classify the visit as a tourist. The leisure and recreation category includes the holiday of cultural, sports and visiting relatives and friends. The business and professional category includes meetings, conferences, incentives and business tourism. The third category other purpose includes study and health activities. According to (World Tourism Organization 1992), subsequently ratified by the UN statistical Commission in 1994 defines that tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and for spending some days or nights out of the environment for less than a year in purpose of leisure, holiday, business or research or any other specific purpose. In the early 1980s, Matheson and Wall (1982, 1) indicated that tourism comprised of the Short-term movement of tourists to another destination out of the regular place of living, of work and home place. Actions that need to be taken while the spending the time in such a place are facilities created to cater for the need of the tourist.

The world tourism organization estimated (UNWTO, 2007) that there were 842 million international travelers in 2006 (this amounts was almost 12 percent of the world’s population). Among all the travelers, adventure and nature travelling is one of the fastest and youngest sectors in tourism. It creates physical and mental excitement and efforts that involve some kind of risk, real or perceived, the expectation varies depending on level of experience which may be taken as an element of physical danger. However, some of these activities may comprise of the same travelers involved in more than one journey per year and hence the precise scale of tourism as an industry is in some doubt (Leiper, 1999). Tens of millions of people globally work directly in the industry and many more are employed indirectly (Hudson 2003, 4.) Travel and transport, accommodation and catering, leisure, recreation and entertainment, promoting and developing create most employment opportunities in the tourism field. Both the demand and supply side of the destination in tourism is clear. The demand side describes the destinations as the people travel and they choose accommodation where they want to stay in order to gain experiences. The supply sided of describes the destinations as the visitors know the geographical areas with their politics and government and approved for the tourism marketing and planning. The tourism products, place and the system of products always depend upon the tourism industry which effects its management.

In Sports tourism market is witnessing 10-12 per cent growth as Indians are showing more enthusiasm for visiting a country to attend sports event, according to industry experts. ‘Globally sports tourism is a multi-billion dollar industry. According to estimates, global sports tourism was worth USD 7 billion in 2017. While it is a mature industry overseas, in India it is in infancy (stage),’ Cox and Kings Head, relationships, Karan Anand told here.

The first love for Indians is cricket and they travel to watch the game, whether in India or overseas, he added. ‘There has also been a shift in the interest for other sporting events like the Soccer World Cup or the Olympics. We see 10-12 per cent growth in arrivals to these destinations, when a major sporting event takes place,’ he said. Indians travel to Australia, New Zealand, Sri Lanka and England to watch cricket matches, however, over the last 10 years there is a growing interest to watch the Olympics, the Soccer World Cup and Grand Prix Formula One motor events.

Over the years, Indians have explored and shown interest in other sporting events, including football, tennis, Olympics, Commonwealth Games, Grand Prix Formula One motor events among others, he added. KAYAK Director, India and Middle East, Abhijit Mishra said, the sports-tourism industry is growing at an unprecedented rate, which is projected to shoot up to USD 5.72 trillion by 2021.

A holiday with friends or family to witness a mega sporting event is no longer an alien concept for Indian travellers. The number of travellers keen on a ring side seat to cheer for the ‘men in blue’ at the upcoming ICC Cricket World Cup 2011 in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh or their favourite team during T20 tournament or driver in a formula one race is rapidly growing. And these sporting enthusiasts are willing to spend ‘top dollar’ to jet set across the globe to experience the thrill of watching their favourite game live. These fans also like to ‘live it up’ exploring and enjoying the destination simultaneously.

Correspondingly, there has also been a marked rise in the number of tour operators and agents specializing in servicing the requirements of this particular segment. It’s not only niche specialists, but also big mainstream tour operators who set up a separate division to tap the potential of Sports Tourism. An alien concept in India about a decade ago, Sports Tourism, though a niche segment has evolved rapidly over the past five years. A large number of agents and tour operators are introducing interesting packages surrounding major sporting events. Sports Tourism is a well organised sector and major revenue churner in several nations around the world like UK, Germany, Singapore, South Africa, Malaysia etc. Several National Tourist Offices (NTOs) are aggressively working towards promoting their destinations for Sport Tourism in India to tap the corporate, as well as fast growing upper middle class and the youth.

It was the ICC Cricket World Cup 2003, which kick started the trend in India and offered the kind of exposure which Indian spectators never witnessed. Another major event, the Indian Premier League (IPL) Twenty20, which commenced in 2008, proved to be a milestone in the Indian sports scenario. In the following year, IPL despite being shifted to South Africa played the pied piper, successfully attracting Indian and international spectators generating great volume of outbound traffic for Sports Tourism. Indians today travel abroad to watch a broad range of sporting events including cricket, soccer, tennis and Formula One.

While Sports Tourism in India is primarily outbound, there are small inroads also being made on the inbound and domestic front. Overall, according to industry experts, the segment is expected to have a growth rate of 10-20 per cent in the coming years.

The concept of people traveling to participate and watch sports dates back to the ancient Olympic Games and the practice of encouraging tourism through sport has existed for over a century.However, sport and tourism professionals alike are realizing the significant potential of sports tourism and are aggressively pursuing this market requirement.India has always been big in the tourism industry because of its extreme diversity. However, India’s sports tourism is also carving a niche for itself in the Indian tourism industry, attracting many adventurers to grab flights to India.

Sports tourism in India is an absolute must for all the thrill and adventure seekers. The Historical and geographical diversities of India open up great avenues for adventure sports and activities. India is a huge country with an extremely varied topography. Be it skiing on the great Himalayan ranges, bicycling on the wobbly Indian roads or rafting on gushing rivers. India holidays offer a range of opportunities to its visitors to test out their sporting skills! Not surprisingly, cheap flights to India are increasingly becoming more popular among sports freaks.

While cricket is the main attraction for tourists from other countries, India falls far behind in other sports and their tourism. Thailand has developed into a major golf tourism destination in a span of 20 years. India needs to bring in tournaments and major players because the amount of money a golf lover spends on a holiday is much more than other sports. A team of 20 American millionaires and golfers recently flew into Kolkata on a private jet to participate in the iconic Royal Calcutta Golf Club. So we can see that there’s demand for such events, and if we can build golfing infrastructure in a place like Goa, which is on the international tourist map, we can generate income that runs into hundreds of millions.

Sports are an investment in the tourism industry, they Create economic growth through filled hotels, restaurants, and retail establishments. They attract high-yield visitors, especially repeaters. They Create exposure and enhances a positive image for your community. A new product is launched with a new tourism destination. It Builds community relationships and strengthens corporate support. An opportunity is created for the youth and a source of entertainment is launched. Favorable image for the destination is being generated with the development of new infrastructure. Media is being used to extend the normal communications reach.

A holiday with friends or family to witness a mega sporting event is no longer a foreign concept for Indian travelers. Today, sporting enthusiasts in India are willing to spend to set across the world to experience the thrill and excitement of watching their favorite game live. Big mainstream tour operators who set up a separate division to tap the potential of Sports Tourism. An alien concept in India about a decade ago, Sports Tourism, has evolved rapidly over the past five years. A large number of agents and tour operators are introducing interesting packages surrounding major sporting events.

Sports tourism is witnessing 10-12 percent growth as Indians are showing more enthusiasm for visiting a country to attend the sports event, according to industry experts. Globally sports tourism is a multi-billion dollar industry. According to estimates, global sports tourism was worth USD 7 billion in 2017. While it is a mature industry overseas, in India it is in infancy The first love for Indians is cricket and they travel to watch the game, whether in India or overseas. There has also been a shift in the interest for other sporting events like the FIFA World Cup or the Olympics.

Scope and future of sports tourism are not going to end in India because of its diverse topography and climatic condition. You can enjoy on land and water, underwater and in the air whatsoever form of adventure sports in India. Future of sports tourism and adventure sports in India is very bright. Low-cost regional airlines (and more affordable long-haul flights) are also in demand for sporting events as flights become more convenient and more affordable. However, sport event organizers and state tourism boards in India should be ready to invest in other metro cities like Mumbai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, and Kolkata. With booming interest among Indian sports enthusiasts to explore their interests in different sports fields, and various NTO’s across the world encouraging tie-ups with Indian tour operators, there is sufficient fodder for India to emerge as a Sports Tourism destination and boost overall tourism in the country. It only needs to be utilized efficiently in order to gain significant benefits.

Sports tourism can be a vital force for world peace and increasing understanding and interdependence. Throughout the world, sport tourism can contribute to the establishment of a new international economic order that will help to eliminate the widening economic gap between developed and developing sports tourism countries and insure the steady acceleration of economic and social development and progress in particular of the developing countries.

The world ‘tour’ is derived from the Latin word “tornus”, meaning a tool for making a circle. Tourism may be defined as the movement of people from their normal place of residence to another place (with the intention to return) for a minimum period of twenty-four hours to a maximum of six months for the sole purpose of leisure and pleasure.

The Rome conference on tourism in 1963 defined tourism as a visit to a country other than one’s own or where one usually resides and works. This definition, however, did not take into account domestic tourism, which has become an important money-spinner and job generator for the hospitality industry.

The Adventure Travel Trade Association (ATTA) defines adventure tourism as a trip that includes at least two of the following three elements: physical activity, natural environment, and cultural immersion. The definition of adventure tourism only requires two of these come to the fullest adventure travel experience – for example, a trip to Peru that involved trekking (physical activity) through the Machu Picchu trail (natural environment) and genuine interaction with local residents and/or indigenous peoples (cultural immersion). Adventure tourism can be domestic or international, and like all travel, it must include an overnight stay, but not last longer than one year.

Adventure travel is a type of niche tourism, involving exploration or travel with a certain degree of risk, and which may require special skills and physical exertion. According to the U.S.-based Adventure Travel Trade Association, adventure travel may be any tourist activity that includes physical activity, cultural exchange, and a connection with nature.

According to Steve Taylor, Peter Varley, and Tony Johnston authors of Adventure Tourism: Meaning, Experience and learning.” Adventure tourism is an industry sector that has significant global growth as recreational opportunities have in increasingly commercialized. Adventure tourism has a great diversity of activities from those with little risk to those with significant challenges to participants although the perception of this may dramatically different

Adventure Tourism Research: a Guide to the Literature Adventure tourism is a substantial industry sector that to date has received relatively little research attention. The most relevant research is from outdoor recreation. The major research themes are: psychological, including thrills, conflicts, and norms; safety, including injuries, illnesses, and insurance; impacts, whether ecological, social, or economic; and participation and management. There has been rather little research on the structure of adventure tourism products or associated business aspects. Future research priorities include operational audits; commercial statistics; client characteristics; site geography; equipment manufacture; safety and insurance; recreation ecology; adventure destination marketing; and links with amenity migration and lifestyle. Introduction Adventure tourism is a large but little-studied sector. Here, therefore.

I review the principal themes addressed to date in adventure tourism research, to identify future priorities. This review does not attempt to summarise the findings of each individual piece of published research, but rather to discern the major directions in the research literature overall. To achieve this as succinctly as possible, clusters of related references are presented in tabular form. The number of references listed for different topics in these tables is not itself a measure of research effort, since for some topics there are recent reviews and for others, there are not. Rather, the titles and structure of the tables are intended to illustrate the research themes identified, and the references are there to demonstrate the data behind these patterns.

Adventure tourism has been variously defined broadly, it means guided commercial tours where the principal attraction is an outdoor activity that relies on features of the natural terrain, generally requires specialized sporting or similar equipment, and is exciting for the tour clients. There seem to be five books of particular relevance to adventure tourism: Miles and Priest on adventure programming in outdoor education; Hudson, focussing principally on sports tourism; Swarbrooke et al. on human adventure psychology; Easson on the philosophy and psychology of extreme sports; and Buckley on the structure of adventure tourism products. The majority of relevant research literature, however, seems to be derived from other fields of tourism, outdoor recreation, and outdoor education. Texts on ecotourism, recreational tourism, tourism in protected areas, and even wilderness management say little or nothing about adventure tourism, though some do mention commercial outfitters and outdoor recreational activities briefly.

There are multiple issues that are related to the use of information and this can negatively or positively affect the Sports infinity and I will be talking about what the issues are and how they will affect Sports Infinity.

Data Protection Act

The Data Protection Act is an act that was designed by parliament to protect users and peoples data that is stored on companies computers or any computer, this act stops companies from giving out customers information of data without their permission. Sports Infinity will have to follow these guide lines to not break the act an these are; All information that is kept by Sport Infinity must be fairly and lawfully processed which means that Sports Infinity is only allow to collect customers information that they wish to give out, they aren’t allowed to pressure them to giving them information that they don’t want to give out. The Information kept by Sports Infinity must only be used for the correct purposes and information that isn’t needed should be collected. When Sports Infinity collects the data of their customers it must be accurate and recently collect to make sure that it is up to date. Also Sport Infinity must keep customers information safe from people outside the company so that only them can access the information if they are abiding to the data protection act they are breaking the law and customers could sue.

Computer Misuse Act

The Computer Misuse Act is an act that was created by the UK parliament to make sure that users information isn’t access or change their information without their permission. This act is sued to charge hackers and cyber criminals when they break into a system to view or change someone’s information to either benefit them or to steal information. The first principle of this act is Unauthorised access to computer material which means that if some user hacks or gains access into the Sports Infinity’s system without permission they are committing a crime so Sports Infinity will need a good security system to stop these users from hacking into the system. The next principle is to have Unauthorised access with intent to commit or facilitate a crim which means that if a user gains access to Sports Infinities System with intent to commit a crime they will be committing a crime against the Computer Misuse Act. Also unauthorised modification of a computer material is against the act which means that users that don’t have permission to modify users or companies information are committing a crime because they don’t have permission from users or the company to do that. Sports Infinity will need a good security system so that users that don’t have permission to enter the system won’t be able to, also they should have permission set up to allow only certain users that do have permission to edit information this allows users within the company not to be able to edit information as well as users outside the company. For example if a hacker gets into Sports Infinity’s System because they don’t have great security and they change a customer’s information they are committing a crime how if they have good security this will be avoided.

Code Of Practice

By Having Code of practice it allows Sports Infinity to manage the facilities that the company gives their employees and to make sure that they are using those facilities in proper order. An example of this can be emails, when a employees sends an email they need to be using that facilities to the proper order and not using it to send inappropriate content within the information because this can be deemed threatening to whoever they send it to and this Is called banned practice, also by sending spam to customers is also harassment and bad practice this could make Sports Infinity look bad, so by having Code Of Practice it allows Sports Infinity to keep the facilities that they are using for create or transfer information in order and to make sure that those facilities aren’t being used incorrectly and to make sure the information they are sending . Also Sports Infinity could limit their employees to a certain amount of emails that they can send for private purposes.

Operational Polices

There are 2 different types of organizations and these are called centralised and decentralised and these types affect how information is stored and protected. Centralised organisations disputes information on a need to know basis which means that is information that is needed will only be taken in which means that only certain companies will be able to view the information that has been distributed, geographical location which allows the file security to be more relaxed when accessing that information from the current site but more strict when accessing it from another site. Is could affect Sports Infinity because of the hierarchal structure within the company and this will stop the lower team from accessing the information without the correct permission and this can be positive and negative because it stops the users that should have access from having access but the correct users that need access might not be able to have access.

Security Of Information

Keeping information secure is key for Sports Infinity or any company, customers information should be kept private so that their information isn’t viewed by any other users that shouldn’t be able to see their information. The IT manger in Sports Infinity are responsible for setting up the perms for the staff to be able to view the information in the database and the system. The Security of information can affect Sports Infinity because if the IT manger doesn’t set up the permissions correctly a user could be able to access the database and view, edit or steal customers information such as name, address, banking details and this could damage the company, to customers not buying products or sending money there. However if the permissions are set up to the correct state this means that users that should have access are able to have access to the information and users that aren’t meant to have access don’t this allows Sports Infinities information to be safe and protected from outsiders.

Backups

Backing up information on the Sports Infinity’s System allows the company to have multiple copies of the system and data in case the system goes bust or an accidental happens and all data is lost. Backups allows any kind of information to be stored on an external hard drive or stored on the network. By having backups this ensures Sports Infinity that the information that they have collected is safe and protected encase of data lose on the system or network, this allows Sports Infinity to not recollect the information again and then re-type it into the system. Also by having multiple backups allows there to be another backup encase a backup is corrupted or lost. For example Sports Infinity system could do a backup every hour to ensure that the information on the system is safe from any accidents that could cause information to be erased.