Category: Addiction

Background

Addiction to substances can be perplexing and difficult to comprehend. Despite the progressively unfavorable consequences, addicted people take drugs and alcohol obsessively. Psychiatrists and psychologists have created a variety of theoretical models to explain the paradoxical and complicated character of addictive behavior throughout the years. Various techniques have been taken in an attempt to understand why people get addicted to drugs. However, the models utilized by addiction treatment centers do not provide the activities necessary to address concerns of alcohol and drug misuse. As a result, addiction counselors must develop new models within the recovery field and focus on assisting clients in dealing with their addiction. In Connors case, his history of early instances of alcohol use throughout adolescence and military service put him into a risk group for behavioral-based alcoholism.

Application of Disease Models

It may be determined that Conner has an alcohol use problem based on the clients behavioral patterns as examined above. The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for alcoholism are also used to make this determination. To understand why people drink abusively, one must first understand their drinking habits and routines, as well as their attitudes about alcohol and themselves. This method is known as cognitive behavioral theory, and it was used to emphasize the clients addiction during the analysis. Cognitive behavioral theory perceives alcoholism as a maladaptive approach for people to deal with issues and satisfy specific needs; a series of learned behaviors that can therefore be unlearned.

Such behaviors are taught through emulating role models or by experiencing the beneficial consequences of drinking, which include pain relief, increased sociability, and reduced anxiety, among other things. Individuals get reliant on alcohol as a preferred method of dealing with issues after experiencing repeated favorable benefits (Käll et al., 2020). These learned habits, according to this idea, can be changed through both cognitive and behavioral treatments. These therapies are appropriate for this client as they assist alcoholics in achieving and maintaining recovery.

The variables that lead to and maintain drinking are the focus of cognitive-behavioral methods to treating alcoholism. The practitioners focus on finding the most powerful antecedents for each addict, which might be social, psychological, or biological. These techniques help alcoholics break their addiction to alcohol by teaching them new ways to avoid and respond to the potential triggers. The said triggers are known to be a major obstacle in the recovery process as most alcoholics are not capable of avoiding them without the presence of proper support. This support is generally incorporated into the treatment and is known as coping skills training: a part of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) recommended to Connor. When it comes to treating alcoholism, CBT has two key components: functional analysis and skills training (Käll et al., 2020). A therapist will do a functional analysis to determine the relationship between the clients drinking and its antecedents and consequences in this method. This understanding helps to define the function of drinking in a persons life and provides a focus for efforts to change behavior.

Sociocultural Factors and the Disease Models

As a multi-layered phenomenon, alcoholism is associated with a variety of causes and correlating factors, the precise combination of which depends on an individual case. Culture, religion, family, and job are all factors that might impact a persons conduct. As previously said, the family is the most important factor in determining the chance of having an alcohol addiction. Children who are exposed to alcohol misuse at a young age are more likely to develop hazardous drinking habits. This might have been the situation with Conner, who is stated to having begun drinking as a teenager in the company of peers. A persons susceptibility to alcohol consumption may increase when they start a new job. It is during these moments that a person looks for new acquaintances and forms new ties with peers.

Furthermore, if a person is already interested in such activities, being around others who are also active in them reinforces the habit, making it difficult for them to stop even if they wanted to. Alcohol addiction is influenced by culture as well. For example, some cultures, such as Irish culture, are linked with heavy drinking. To begin with, Conner is Irish, which might explain his drinking habits. Second, he works in a construction business where drinking is tolerated to a great degree. It implies that the majority of his coworkers are alcoholics, and that they have encouraged his bad habits.

Various psychological variables have been shown to enhance the likelihood of compulsive drinking. Every person has their own method of dealing with problems. However, the ways in which children learn to cope with these emotions might have an impact on their conduct (Fosha et al., 2019). Individuals suffering from stress, sadness, and anxiety, as well as other mental illnesses, are more likely to develop an alcohol addiction (Käll et al., 2020). People use alcohol to repress sentiments as well as relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders in such situations. When someone has a stressful occupation, they may resort to alcohol to help them deal with the emotional baggage. Connors employment in the military fits the aforementioned pattern, especially since it correlated with his episodes of heightened alcohol abuse.

References

Fosha, D., Thoma, N., & Yeung, D. (2019). Transforming emotional suffering into flourishing: Metatherapeutic processing of positive affect as a trans-theoretical vehicle for change. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 32(3-4), 563-593.

Käll, A., Shafran, R., Lindegaard, T., Bennett, S., Cooper, Z., Coughtrey, A., & Andersson, G. (2020). A common elements approach to the development of a modular cognitive behavioral theory for chronic loneliness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 88(3), 269.

Introduction

The case study concerns Juan, a 59-year-old commercial pilot who has come to visit a clinician at the urging of his son. He lives alone, having divorced his wife and had his children move away. He engages in extensive daily drinking of both beer and hard alcohol, which he has been able to sustain due to his high tolerance for the substance. However, recently, he has been experiencing symptoms such as memory loss and occasional loss of consciousness, followed by an inability to get up. Earlier, he has also suffered a heart attack, which his son attributes to his drinking habit. Juan himself claims that he does not have an alcohol-related problem, only drinking socially and in moderation. The purpose of this analysis is to evaluate his symptoms, produce a DSM-5 compliant diagnosis, and suggest treatment options.

Diagnosis

Juan describes some episodes that may be indicative of an inability to control himself with regard to alcohol, but overall, his drinking patterns seem consistent. His two-day period of not drinking after Guillermos departure may qualify as an unsuccessful attempt to stop drinking or cut down. He also spends a lot of time drinking, though he does not seem to suffer hangovers. Over the interview, Juan showed no signs of craving alcohol at any time, viewing it as entertainment rather than a necessity. Drinking does not appear to have interfered with his career or taking care of his family per se, though the health problems associated with it have placed him on leave. With that said, his drinking was at least a partial cause of Juans divorce from his wife.

Juan does not appear to have prioritized drinking over other activities, though he spends a lot of time at home engaging in it. He also gives no indication of having gotten into unsafe situations during or after drinking. With that said, he has kept drinking even after memory blackout episodes while knowing that it added to his existing health issues. Juan does not appear to have experienced diminished effects from alcohol, as he could always handle large amounts of it well. Lastly, from the conversation, it does not appear that he has experienced withdrawal effects when the alcohol was wearing off. As such, in total, Juan qualifies for four of the symptoms presented for determining the severity of alcohol use disorder in the DSM-5. This figure places him in the moderate category for the condition, represented by the code 303.90 (American Psychological Association, 2013). The diagnosis appears to be justified, as Juan does not seem to have other mental issues and has denied taking other substances or smoking emphatically.

Experienced Symptoms

From a chronological standpoint, the first symptom Juan has experienced is the heart attack that he had several years ago. The pathological nature of the symptom does not need an explanation, as it can potentially cause permanent disability or death. It should be noted that the degree of alcohols contribution to the heart attack is not necessarily clear. While Juans son and doctor assert that it was a direct cause, the lack of a recommendation to stop drinking from a physician should be noted. Juan was asked to quit smoking and did so successfully, which indicates that the role of substances in facilitating the problem was taken into consideration. With that said, the overall deterioration of his health described by his son, particularly the weight gain, is likely the result of alcohol.

More recent issues Juan has experienced are cases of memory loss and his blackout incident. Memory loss is pathological because it impedes Juans ability to operate normally, which is especially relevant in his job as a commercial pilot, where he is responsible for the lives of other people. Additionally, it may be indicative of broader damage to his nervous system that may develop into other issues if he continues drinking excessive amounts of alcohol. The blackout is pathological because it is also indicative of underlying issues. Moreover, Juan could not get up after regaining consciousness, which would have been highly problematic if his phone had not been within easy reach. Overall, Juans symptoms are substantial and require immediate attention as well as an intervention to ensure that they are mitigated.

Juan has likely continued drinking despite all of these issues due to how he has been socially and culturally conditioned throughout his life. At a relatively young age, he discovered his love of alcohol as well as his high tolerance for it. As he himself mentions, the ability to out-drink people made him popular, driving him to continue. With time, drinking became his principal form of entertainment, as is the prevailing theme in both fraternities and the Air Force. As a result, even after leaving both of these communities, he stayed reliant on alcohol as a way to spend time. Moreover, his endurance has led him to believe that the substance does not have any ill effects on him, as it has not impeded him from having a long and successful career. As a result, once it started failing him and causing issues, he refused to recognize the connection and kept drinking, partially out of stubbornness.

Treatment Options

Juan does not appear to have severe self-control issues and an overt dependence on alcohol. As such, an extensive medication-based intervention will likely not be necessary, and the focus should be on nonpharmacological options. With that said, he likely has a psychological reliance on alcohol, at the very least as his preferred way of alleviating boredom, though he is in partial denial about it. As such, in addition to a recommendation to quit drinking, behavioral therapy will likely be necessary. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is one option that will help Juan recognize and avoid the triggers that drive him to drink excessively, though it is better suited to stress- and coping-related drinking. Motivational enhancement therapy may be a better fit, as it will help Juan find the strength to change his behavior in a purposeful manner.

Still, medication may deserve consideration, especially if, over time, Juan struggles to stop his drinking. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2019) outlines four FDA-approved medications: acamprosate calcium, disulfiram, and oral as well as extended-release injectable forms of naltrexone. Of these, disulfiram is not suitable for treatment because it is used for different situations than Juans. Oral naltrexone may be the best immediate option in the case that it is necessary, blocking the receptors that produce pleasure due to alcohol. If Juan proves to be able to stay abstinent for extended periods, the other two medications may also be considered. Extended-release naltrexone is easier to manage because it is injected once a month, while acamprosate has to be taken three times a day, creating nonadherence opportunities. Moreover, acamprosate is better suited for patients who are already abstinent at the treatments beginning, which is not the case for Juan.

Overall, Juans treatment should begin with motivational enhancement therapy. He will undergo four sessions with a qualified provider, who will help him understand the necessity of not drinking as much, develop a plan, and learn the skills needed to adhere to it. Then, Juan will implement that plan while living normally, with occasional check-ins with the care provider. If he is unable to maintain the regimen and relapses into drinking, he should be prescribed oral naltrexone. If he is able to abstain but complains about craving alcohol, the extended-release version should be used instead. The treatment will be considered finished when Juan has been able to abstain from alcohol for three months and improve his overall health.

Conclusion

Despite Juans remarkable ability to handle alcohol, it ultimately started having significant adverse effects on him. Though he denies that and tries to defend his drinking habit, the decision to visit a medical care provider with his son shows that he has taken the first step toward recovery. Based on the analysis of his symptoms and relationship with alcohol, the diagnosis of alcohol use disorder was made. His symptoms are substantial but not permanent, assuming he quits alcohol or reduces his consumption of it significantly. Therefore, the focus of the treatment should be on persuading him to do so and providing him with the help he needs. Motivational enhancement therapy can help achieve this goal, and naltrexone in both oral and extended-release injectable forms can aid in removing his alcohol dependency in the case where such assistance is needed.

References

American Psychological Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Publishing.

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2019). Medication for the treatment of alcohol use disorder: A brief guide. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Addiction treatment is not universal for all, and it might differ depending on the patients requirements. The specialist can pick the treatment that turns out best for every individual considering the substance he or she is abusing, the degree of care required, the patients very own psychological wellness needs, or what medical services alternatives the person can manage. Here are probably the most widely recognized compulsion medicines that have set patients on a fruitful way to healing.

Drug addiction keeps on being punished, regardless of the knowledge that discipline does not enhance substance use issues or related issues. One investigation discovered no measurable connection between state drug detainment rates and three markers of state addictions to drugs: self-detailed medication use, deaths from overdose, and drug use arrests (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2019). Restorative detox permits the patient to free from an assortment of drugs in a protected climate. This is useful for substance withdrawal since it can cause terrible or even dangerous actual side effects (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2019). Since detox does not treat the hidden conduct reasons for the compulsion, it is commonly utilized in mix with different treatments.

As indicated by American Addiction Centers, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a vital treatment which tends to be utilized for a wide range of dependence, including a compulsive eating disorder, alcoholism, and long-term drug use (Recovery Centers of America, 2021). CBT does not only assist an addict with perceiving his or her standards of conduct, but it can assist with learning to distinguish triggers and foster adapting abilities (Recovery Centers of America, 2021). Other restorative procedures can be applied together with CBT to make the therapy more efficient.

A methodology that utilizes a profound spirituality and a completely incorporated faith-focused program that works together with evidence-based clinical practice guidelines is what I accept to be a compelling strategy. I believe that it is essential to join the spiritual part with other clinical programs, including clinical gatherings, relapse prediction, and individual clinical meetings. These projects comprise a Bible report and a weekly outside church gathering (Faith in Recovery, 2021). As a Christian-based program, each part of the medication and drug abuse recuperation program focuses on the spiritual standards and associating with God.

Successful addiction treatment is comprised of three aspects, constructing the addiction treatment: body, mind, and soul. The physical body is treated throughout the therapy, but particularly during detoxification. Then, the mind is treated through individual and group guiding and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). During this procedure, the behavioral therapists may propose a patient with a background marked by trauma or various endeavors to enter one of the specific programs for recuperation (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2019). This way, their trauma can be managed comprehensively, improving the probability of recovery.

Lastly, nourishing the soul or strengthening religious standards as a mode of treatment can assist a patient with rediscovering his or her self-esteem and reason. It additionally gives an opportunity to mend, fix, reconnect, or revitalize someones relationship with the Higher Power. Rehabilitation Centers of America has also made a Christian Faith-Based Program for individuals who wish to join their confidence in substance abuse treatment (Recovery Centers of America, 2021). Building a connection with someones spirit or religion could be the impetus to heal the injuries which caused the addiction problem in person.

References

Faith in Recovery. (2021). About our Faith-Based Addiction Treatment Program. Faith in Recovery. Web.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2019). Treatment Resources. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Web.

Recovery Centers of America. (2021). Drug & Alcohol Detox. Recovery Centers of America. Web.

The most perplexing aspect of addiction is its nature. People always have reasons to fall into drug addiction. A mentally healthy person living a fulfilling life will never consider drugs to alleviate mental pain. From my point of view, the core reason for drug addiction is societys order: poverty, stigmatization, discrimination, and bullying. People deprived of the average living condition from the mental or material perspective seek salvation in oblivion. Drugs are the perfect way to escape the cruel reality. However, the social order is challenging to be changed.

Peoples nature often strives to stigmatize weak minorities. This is aggravated by the fact that even addiction today is often considered as shame. Even in healthcare, people who need mental and physical help are bullied and stigmatized more. According to the statistics, many addicted people reduce seeking medical treatment due to stigmatization (Volkow, 2020). Such a perception of the problem serves as a trigger to even more severe drug addiction. Therefore, the horrifying nature of stigmatization is one of the perplexing factors of drug addiction. From my point of view, society should understand the role of mental and physical help for such people. Moreover, the development of empathy for the problems of others within the community can potentially reduce drug addiction.

There are three adjectives that I associate with addiction. They can be used to describe addicted people and others near them. The first one is helpful because all addicted people need urgent help. The second word characterizing the addiction is oppressive. From my perspective, people always have a reason to fall into drug addiction. It is usually in the desire to forget the painful moments or avoid stress caused by living conditions or other people. The last adjective is fearful, which is correlated with peoples mental state. Mentally strong people who are ready to fight their fears are not likely to be addicted.

Reference

Volkow, N. (2020). Stigma and the toll of addiction. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(14), 12891290. Web.

Interview Report

Many students are often confused about the subject that they should focus on and the potential employers that they will get. Within the mental health careers, there are many opportunities that require different licensure, skills, educational qualification, earning potential, and overall philosophy (Metz, 2016). Having the right knowledge regarding the available opportunities helps the students to compare and contrast various options before deciding the one that is right for them. Getting information from professionals who are already practicing can provide first-hand information regarding career choice. This report provides a brief summary and analysis of the interview response by an addiction counselor who works at a rehabilitation center.

Brief Summary

Mental health counselors have the sole responsibility of helping people to cope with their mental and emotional issues. Their roles include client assessment, counseling, record-keeping, and reporting. For the addiction counselors, the main clients are those who have drug dependence or substance use disorder and the family or other people that have been impacted negatively by their addiction. The interviewees theoretical orientation is Rogerian, which emphasizes empathy, congruence, and unconditional positive regard. In addition, she also uses behavioral and cognitive-behavioral models while counseling some clients.

The interviewee stated that, like is the case with most jobs, there are many pluses and minuses to being an addiction counselor. The biggest positive outcome of the job is that it provides an opportunity to help individuals to be sober and regain a sense of purpose in life is very fulfilling. Hence, the greatest plus is the gratification that comes from helping people. In addition, a person trained in this profession will land a job faster than in other professions. The salary is also enough to afford some basic needs.

There are also some negative sides to being an addiction counselor that the respondent mentioned. To start with, there is a high potential for work burnout and job-related stress due to the nature of clients. Also, the job is not as financially rewarding as others, such as psychiatrists. The other major drawback, both for an addiction counselor and mental health specialist in general, is that the work is always emotionally exhausting. The interviewee mentioned high levels of job-related stress as well as work burnout. The vision that the counselor had was to become a private provider by starting her own organization within the next five years.

Commentary

Choosing a career is a significant aspect for students, which should consider different aspects such as passion, career outlook, and education. In this regard, selection of a career should be made when a person is well informed so that, like the interviewee, they will have a sense of fulfillment while working. Intrinsic motivation to be a part of a specific career is more relevant compared to the drive that comes from the outside, more so in jobs that are very demanding. People who choose their work without compulsion always love and enjoy what they are doing regardless of the challenges faced.

Mental health providers directly contribute to a high quality of life among people in society. They are part of the helping profession that is needed by the current society. Notably, there is an influx of people with depression, stress, and anxiety due to the demands of contemporary society. Moreover, an increase in the number of people with chronic disorders such as cancer and emerging diseases such as the Covid 19 has caused more people to have emotional challenges (Palmer et al., 2020). The implication is that the need for mental health professionals is ever-increasing.

Moreover, there are people who resolve to drug use when they have stress, hoping that they will forget their problems. To their surprise, what began as a casual routine leads to dependence and starts affecting daily functioning, such as personal hygiene, job, and family relations. A person may feel insignificant and lose hope in life due to critics who see their negative behaviors as a failure. The addiction counselor, thus, makes the people feel that they can reform and become useful members of society. In turn, the counselor also feels a sense of fulfillment knowing that their contributions have transformed a person whose right to live will become a motivation to the people that are still struggling with addiction.

Different theoretical paradigms exist to guide psychologists in their therapeutic dealings with their clients. For the interviewee, her default model was Rogerian therapy, although she also used behavioral therapy and cognitive-behavioral models when counseling her patients. Thus, it is relevant to always have a specific brand that a mental health specialist identifies with. However, given the differences in complexity and nature of the mental need that different patients present with, being pragmatic is prudent. Moreover, even when dealing with a single case, concepts from different theories can apply at different stages of the counseling process. In addition, the psychologist should always seek to be up-to-date with theoretical changes because new evidence is ever emerging.

One of the factors that people consider when making a career decision is the current and future outlook. Expectedly, humans have a need for financial security and independence, which makes them look for a job that will ensure they are able to cater to their basic needs without struggle. For instance, the interviewee correctly stated that her work sustains her economically. According to McKay (2019), the median annual salary of a mental health counselor is $44,630, which is equivalent to $21.46 per hour. Depending on the qualifications of a person and the organization that they are working they can earn more than $72,990 or less than $28,240 (McKay, 2019). The wide range of salaries indicates that there is an opportunity for growth and personal branding if a person desires a better monetary reward.

Additionally, there is also a plus of the job being stable because there are many people in need of mental health care. A person who is qualified to work as an addiction counselor will always have a job. As such, a person can gain experience faster and even start their own organization to help more people and create employment, just as the respondent stated. There are also more people joining the profession because of their desire to promote positivity among patients struggling with psychological disorders. However, like most helping professions, the work is always emotionally demanding. There are clients who will always be problematic and those that will never appreciate the help that they get. Furthermore, listening to heartbreaking stories from the clients and their relatives may be emotionally taxing to the counselor. Therefore, it is essential for mental health professionals to have regular supervision and social support.

References

McKay, D. R. (2019). Mental health counselor job description: Salary, skills, & more. The Balance Careers.

Metz, K. (2016). Careers in mental health: Opportunities in psychology, counseling, and social work. John Wiley & Sons.

Palmer, K., Monaco, A., Kivipelto, M., Onder, G., Maggi, S., Michel, J., Prieto, R., Sykara, G., & Donde, S. (2020). The potential long-term impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on patients with non-communicable diseases in Europe: Consequences for healthy ageing. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 32(7), 1189-1194.

Appendix 1: Interview Questions

Please describe the work that you do and the setting in which you do it

My primary role as an addiction counsellor is to help clients cope with psychological illness and achieve their optimal wellness. My therapeutic relation with the patient involves different practices. First, I have to conduct an in-depth assessment to understand his family background, medical history, drug use and abuse among others. I also provide counselling using different skills to help clients confront their incongruencies and adopt a better lifestyle. I also have to report and file progress of each client. With regards to my work setting, I work in a drug rehabilitation center.

Who are your clients?

Most of my clients are people who are addicted to alcohol or other drugs such as opioid, tobacco, marijuana, cocaine and heroin. In addition, their family members or other people who have been affected due to living with individuals who have substance abuse disorder.

What is your theoretical orientation with these clients?

My theoretical orientation is Rogerian. I mean, I tend to embrace the concepts of Carl Rogers theory which emphasizes empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard. I also find behavioral and cognitive behavioral theories especially relevant to people who are drug dependent

What do you see as the pluses and minuses of your current position?

The fact that I help individuals to be sober and regain a sense of purpose in life is very fulfilling. Hence, the greatest plus in this job is the gratification that comes from helping people. This job is also stable because there are many people in need of mental health care. Moreover, I earn a decent amount of money from the job that affords me a relatively good life. The minuses of working as an addiction counselor include high potential for work burnout and job-related stress due to the nature of clients. Also, the job is not as financially rewarding as others such as psychiatrists.

What do you see as the pluses and minuses of the field of mental health counseling?

Th responses here are not much different from those of the previous question. The pulses include fulfilment due to the feeling of helping people enhance their quality of life. Also, there is a high demand for the job, hence a person can find employment easily. With regards to the minuses, this job is emotionally taxing, especially when the addict refuses to change.

Where do you see your work trajectory going?

In five years, I wish to start my own rehabilitation center. With regards to mental health in general, I think there is a rise in demand for the job. Many people have psychological issues and the trend of drug addiction continue to rise. I also think that more people will join this career in future.

Recovery from addiction leads to lifestyle change. Individuals whose loved ones undergo the recovery process may feel long when they have doubtful expectations. Six stages of change, also known as the trans-theoretical model, explain how treatment works and how recovery is eventually attained. The six stages of change follow a sequential manner and include pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination.

Pre-contemplation is the most demanding and challenging stage of change, as addicts do not treat their behavior as an issue. Drug users remain reluctant to change due to numerous reasons such as being in denial stage or lacking contrary concerns due to their behavior (Treatment approaches for drug addiction, n.d.). At this stage, an individuals behavior is positive for not causing any negative impact to their surroundings. Moreover, addicts find it difficult to listen to advice of quitting using drugs or hear about the side effects of the substance they are consuming. The pre-contemplation stage is divided into four substages: reluctant, rebellious, resigned, and rationalizing contemplators.

Reluctant contemplators lack awareness of their issue and the motivation to change. Rebellious contemplators remain clinched to their behavior, as they do not like being given instructions on what to do. Resigned contemplators tend to be overwhelmed by their behavior and seem to have lost hope in the possibilities of change (Treatment approaches for drug addiction, n.d.). Rationalizing contemplators who do not believe in the debate about substance abuse should emanate with them and not anyone else. The pre-contemplation stage of change requires persistence and determination in dealing with substance abuse. Recovery procedure takes time; therefore, counselors should assist addicts through the rescue process with much patience.

Reference

Treatment approaches for drug addiction. (n.d). National Institute on Durg Abuse. Web.

Introduction

Addiction is a compound issue that needs to be examined from different aspects. However, there is a lack of emphasis on the evidence that trauma and addiction are similar in terms of effects on neurochemistry. This illustrates that not addressing certain traumatic events may negatively influence people with substance abuse disorder due to the correlation between the two concepts. Moreover, the treatment of addiction-related issues may be compromised without the inclusion of mitigation of prior impacts of trauma. Since evidence shows that the two notions are interconnected, addiction treatment should involve specific trauma therapy which incorporates resilience or spirituality for some individuals.

Background

Philological trauma is a relatively new term that has been incorporated long after individuals were experiencing traumatic events that were influencing their lives on many different levels. Currently, the general population views trauma as a consequence of such impacts as military service, car accidents, and childhood abuse. However, as the realm of phycology is constantly improving and becoming more informative, the general population is less likely to judge people based on their self-destructive behaviors. The reason for this is the overall understanding that addiction is more of a symptom rather than the entire issue.

Historical Overview

The views of addiction are also less narrow-minded than they used to be. An example is the term shell shock, used to describe people who were not able to mentally recover from the stress experienced during World Word `. Now that the term is considered a derogatory description of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the views on mental health have changed. While certain connotations of addiction are derived from historical facts (alcohol use in ancient Rome and Greece and opium in 18^th century China), more modern views are much more specific. For example, many individuals imagine homeless people drinking out of brown paper bags as the truthful faces of addiction. An even more innovative overview includes middle-class mothers abusing painkillers through prescriptions.

Historical Healthcare Overview

Trauma has been stigmatized for a long time due to a lack of adequate information and proper treatment strategies. The most prominent historical issue that reflects how traumatic experiences and their effect on ones mental health has been addressed is the stigma around such a diagnosis. Doctors did not have the information and resources on how to deal with such patients. This misunderstood issue has resulted in centuries of improper care, isolating individuals from society, and performing inefficient treatment measures. Moreover, they were viewed through a lens of discrimination and deception by the rest of the population.

Gaps in Research

As mentioned before, historical data illustrates how lack of research and information leads to improper care. However, there is not enough reliable information in terms of resilience and recovery after particular measures are implemented. Such an informational gap makes it difficult to incorporate effective strategies that would help mitigate the effects of trauma. Moreover, the inability to quantify existing data regarding positive or negative implications of specific treatment significantly affects the overall domain of quality healthcare and mental health awareness.

Neurochemical Effects of Addiction and Trauma

Researchers found evidence that trauma and addiction have similar neurochemical effects. Fisher (2000) points out that both trauma and addiction activate the survival mechanism in the brain. In case of substance abuse, the patient seeks self-medication to ease the pain. The same behavior is observed in individuals with PTSD and other trauma-related conditions. This illustrated how a damaging event and the subsequent self-medication are interconnected on a neurochemical level.

Another similarity between the two is illustrated in the fact that both addiction and trauma have specific effects on the brain that are permanent. Moreover, Fowler (2006) refers to the long-term effect that continues even after the patient addresses issues related to this topic. The evidence shows that both traumatic and experiences and substance abuse are not to be viewed separately. Self-medicating patients with prior trauma need a complex solution that takes into consideration both the cause and the symptom.

Addressing Trauma During Addiction Treatment

As argued before, trauma and addiction are interconnected, which means that they should be addressed within the same recovery treatment. Researchers point out that patients dealing with substance abuse are more likely to have ineffective treatment if they experience stress (Russo & Ford, 2006). Moreover, since traumatic events cause individuals to have difficulty coping with stressful situations, addiction programs become less proficient. This causes patients to relapse or have an overall negative overview of the recovery.

On the opposite, patients who receive the necessary skills to cope with stress are more likely to be successful with their addiction programs. According to researchers, if specialists help their patients by giving them a tool to mitigate stress and anxiety related to trauma, there is a greater chance for better outcomes (Ackley, 2019). This proves that recovery programs would benefit from having a more in-depth approach in linking addiction and its cause before combating some of the psychological barriers, fears, and other trauma-related symptoms.

Resilience and Spirituality

Both resilience and spirituality are two of the concepts that are often addressed during recovery programs. While these two aspects are hard to measure or objectively assess, researchers found that resilience correlates with overall positive outcomes in terms of recovery (Peres, 2017). Since resilience is the skill of dealing with difficulties and overcoming obstacles, patients find it easier to go through treatment and experience a sense of empowerment from having the right tools to address their situation.

Spirituality is another subjective concept that is personal for each individual. Yet, people who choose religion or any belief in a higher power as an addition to their recovery program find it beneficial. A research examined patients with addiction problems who have reported spirituality as one of the concepts that helped them mitigate the prior issue with substance abuse (Koenig, 2009). These individuals have stated that religion has motivated them and contributed to their well-being during the challenging path of fighting with addiction. This suggests that multiple people benefit from believing in a higher power while taking the journey of getting clean from alcohol or drugs, with the exception of people with severe mental health conditions, delusions, etc.

Conclusion

While specialists often choose to separate trauma and addiction, evidence shows that these two issues need to be addressed simultaneously for a more efficient recovery. Historically, both these concepts have been stigmatized and perceived through stereotypical views. There is not enough research to this day, yet specific experts point out that trauma and addiction have the same neurochemical effects. This is exemplified by the brains survival mode and the overall long-term or permanent effects that are observed in patients in both cases. Moreover, recovery is more efficient if both substance use and traumatic experiences are addressed together. Other additional factors that may facilitate recovery are resilience and spirituality. However, such subjective measures are hard to objectively assess and scientifically prove. Individuals with severe mental health issues are less likely to see positive effects by being resilient or believing in a higher power. It is certain that patients will have better outcomes if specialists consider trauma and addiction a symbiotic and complex human response to a negative experience rather than two separate notions.

References

Ackley, C. (2019) The brain chemistry of addiction and trauma: Intricate links. [Video]. Vimeo.

Fisher, J. (2000). Addictions and trauma recovery. International Society for the Study of Dissociation.

Ford, J. D., & Russo, E. (2006). Trauma-focused, present-centered, emotional self-regulation approach to integrated treatment for post-traumatic stress and addiction: Trauma adaptive recovery group education and therapy (TARGET). American journal of psychotherapy, 60(4), 335-355.

Fowler, J. (2006). Psychoneurobiology of co-occurring trauma and addictions. Journal of Chemical Dependency Treatment, 8(2), 129-152.

Koenig, H. G. (2009). Research on religion, spirituality, and mental health: A review. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(5), 283-291. Web.

Peres, J. F., Moreira-Almeida, A., Nasello, A. G., & Koenig, H. G. (2007). Spirituality and resilience in trauma victims. Journal of religion and health, 46(3), 343-350. Web.

Introduction

Drug addiction is a brain and behavior condition that causes a persons inability to manage substance use. Substance abuse begins in childhood when parents and families are unable or unwilling to provide the necessary encouragement and guidance. Many addicts lives are shaped by the events they witnessed as children when it comes to addiction. However, regardless of the damage, specific measures are set to help keep the affected ones alive and healthy and agencies to help. The provided case study provides a platform for evaluating treatment priorities and agencies crucial for the full recovery of substance abuse patients.

Treatment Priorities

Positive Motivation

Treatment priorities are crucial steps and objectives that must be followed to recover faster and more effectively. The importance of this method is to improve the individuals and their loved ones situation. One aim of addiction treatment is to teach victims about the stages of relapse so that they can recognize and control them before their recovery is threatened. Positive motivation is the first treatment priority to facilitate the patients recovery. Chan (2019) explains that positive motivation allows patients to embrace themselves and provides a driving force for recovery. This allows patients to face life in a more positive light.

During treatment, a person begins to reconstruct elements of their life that have been harmed or lost due to addiction and create new pieces. When cravings are detected, reminding them of how they have been affected can help them reconsider their actions. Positive motivation helps patients maintain healthy habits and quickens their recovery (Chan, 2018). Positive behavior includes consuming the right foods, getting adequate sleep, regular exercise, avoiding areas where drugs may be available, and interacting with sober friends and family.

Medical Treatment

The second priority of treatment is medical intervention. The patient must be admitted to a drug treatment center. These are controlled environments where people with mental health and addiction issues are closely monitored and treated. They are given medical detox, which aids in the withdrawal of narcotics that have been ingested. The goal of detoxification is to reduce the physical harm caused by substance usage. Many addictive substances affect the brain in various ways, leading the brains machinery to malfunction (Worley, 2021). It is necessary to expel the substance from ones system and deal with the bodily symptoms that follow its absence to quit taking drugs and begin rehabilitation. When the body is deprived of certain substances, it starts the healing process.

The body requires delicate chemical stability to function effectively. Repeated drug usage disrupts this balance, altering the brains structure and the way it regulates critical chemicals. When one tries to live without drugs, they become unwell and angry. The body is indicating that it requires more in order to function correctly. Worley (2021) expounds that detox forces the body to go without pharmaceuticals for some time, allowing the brain chemistry to return to normal. Detox is a vital element of recovery because of the way addictive chemicals influence the body. Accepting ones addiction and deciding to complete drug detox to heal is a crucial first step. A comprehensive detox program is an essential aspect of that decision and the first step on the road to recovery. One can start learning to live without drugs once completed the detox.

Understanding world complexities

Understanding the worlds complex concerns is the third treatment priority. Drug use is both a social and an individual choice, taking place inside a social system of peddlers, sellers, distributors, and makers. One must understand that the process is tedious and requires significant effort for recovery. Facilities have advanced into better treatment methods that are more practical than physical. The rapid development and use of technology such as electronic health records, telehealth, and mobile health technologies is another aspect of the worlds shifting health care landscape that has the potential to alter substance use disorder treatment (Chan, 2018). Enabling more effective care integration can change health institutions outcomes and promote new recovery ways.

Maintenance

The fourth recovery goal of drug addiction is maintenance. At this stage, the person works hard to avoid relapsing into addiction. They stick to their new lifestyle and attending support groups. They do not have a solid desire to relapse as persons in the action stage, so their confidence rises, and they have faith in their capacity to stay sober in the long run. Depending on the severity of the addiction and the individuals genes and experience, this period can last anywhere from six months to five years (Kelly, 2017). When in the latter stages of rehabilitation, the patient experiences advanced recuperation. At this moment, a person applies all of the techniques and abilities learned during rehab therapy to living a meaningful and fulfilling life. Creating long-term goals, having a steady daily plan, and creating social interactions with sober people are all strategies that can help at this juncture.

Healing

The fifth objective in patient recovery from drug abuse is to facilitate their healing. At this point, the recovered individual uses all the instruments and abilities they have acquired during their rehabilitation therapy and practices them (Worley, 2021). These individuals can indulge in learning and profitable employment. They remain self-sufficient in the society and reduce the call for a nursing support. Once this target is accomplished, they now try to live the best life possible and create an awareness to others to prevent drug use. However, ignoring relapse would be a mistake, so regular follow-up is undertaken. This is a critical stage where one can live life normally once again. Different agencies have proven best in rehabilitation processes that aid in better health and recovery.

Treatment Agencies

The Dunes East Hampton

This is a center that enables drug addicts to achieve meaningful and long-term addiction recovery. They give a safe, pleasant, and healing atmosphere with highly trained and sympathetic therapists. Mental-behavioral treatment, dialectical interactive therapy, optic motion and recovering, family and objective treatments, and drug therapy are among the services offered. The treatment at The Dunes aims to treat the whole individual, including concentrating the mind, regenerating the body, and reawakening the spirit (The Dunes of East Hampton, 2022). Furthermore, the agency provides treatment for depression, anxiety, and co-dependency. This facility provides therapy through medical detox and ketamine.

The Recovery Lighthouse, England

The Recovery Lighthouse is a substance reformation center that greatly helps human reconstruction. They provide detox, victim diagnosis, and uncharged support services for a long time. Their rehabilitation programs project a wide variety of quality and complete treatment in a secure and homey reforming environment. they help avoid triggers of Depression, bipolar, anxiety, and panic attacks. They offer therapeutic programs which provide the patient with the keys to overcome their mental health disorder (Recovery Lighthouse | UK-Rehab [Feb 2022], 2022). Referrals are accepted by the clients, family, friends, and health professionals. They help treat addictions for alcohol, cocaine, cannabis, gambling, pornography, eating disorders, depression, and trauma. Personalized rehab is further implemented where one-to-one counselling, dietary needs, fitness programs, and medical detox are all tailored to the individual requirements.

Reasons for Choosing the Above Agencies

The Dunes East Hampton

They give a drug addiction treatment program that heals a recovering addict in all aspects of their lives, providing emotional, physical, and spiritual nutrition throughout the recovery process. According to the type of addiction and the individuals experience, treatment therapies and modalities are matched with each client. They offer recovery classes that help build self-confidence and self-esteem (The Dunes of East Hampton, 2022). In addition, they give customers long-term follow-up after rehabilitation, laying the groundwork for long-life healing.

The Recovery Lighthouse

This agency helps the addicts develop vital life skills through a holistic treatment approach and provides a life full of hope and opportunity to the depressed. This training gives the client the tools to make good decisions, solve problems, communicate effectively (Recovery Lighthouse | UK-Rehab [Feb 2022], 2022). They provide therapies and counseling that help the clients cope with stress. The organizations costs are pocket-friendly and accommodate all kinds of addictions at all ages and gender.

Conclusion

Early detection of substance use helps to reduce significant consequences such as severe addiction leading to dangerous depression. From developing positive motivation to full recovery, patients are guided by the treatment priorities aimed at mitigating substance abuse and related disorders. The Dunes East Hampton and The Recovery Lighthouse, England are some of the helpful agencies to which substance abuse patients may be referred. In conclusion, regardless of the addiction stage, full recovery can be attained.

References

Chan, G., Lo, T. W., Tam, C., & Lee, G. (2019). Intrinsic motivation and psychological connectedness to drug abuse and rehabilitation: The perspective of self-determination. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(11), 1934. Web.

Kelly, J. F., Bergman, B., Hoeppner, B. B., Vilsaint, C., & White, W. L. (2017). Prevalence and pathways of recovery from drug and alcohol problems in the United States population: Implications for practice, research, and policy. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 181, 162169. Web.

Recovery Lighthouse | UK-Rehab [Feb 2022]. UK-Rehab. (2022). Web.

The Dunes of East Hampton. Luxuryrehabs.com. (2022). Web.

Worley, J. (2021). Substance Use Withdrawal and Detox Strategies That Work. Journal of psychosocial nursing and mental health services, 59(9), 12-15.14. Web.

The modern world is full of diverse activities and hobbies that can have both strictly positive and negative effects. In other words, the worlds versatility becomes both a virtue because each individual can find his own business, and a disadvantage because among the hobbies are often destructive addiction. One of these habits is teenage drug addiction, which usually leads to drug obsession as an adult. Particular emphasis is placed on teenage drug addiction because it is the most vulnerable and fragile time in a persons life when emotional and mental experiences can cause unhealthy hobbies. This essay is aimed at discussing the phenomenon of teenage drug addiction.

First of all, it should be noted that adolescent drug addiction is a pathological dependence on narcotic drugs in teenagers, which develops, as a rule, as a result of a combination of psychological, biological, and social factors. Much research has been done to identify the causes of addiction, and most of the research has focused on complex family relationships, problems in study or work, peer humiliation, and the influence of pop culture (Pathak & Pokharel, 2017). The impetus for teenage drug addiction often comes from mental problems stemming from distorted upbringing, an unhealthy family atmosphere, and age-specific emotional and psychological features of the puberty period. Other external factors may also include a lack of feeling of freedom, oppression based on opinions, sexual orientation, religion or ethnicity, and the death of a loved one.

It is essential to accept that adolescent drug addiction entirely is not an abstract problem, but a very tangible one, with a negative impact on a significant proportion of young people. According to Drug use among youth (2020), 43% of all college students are dependent on drugs, which is a considerable number. The diagnosis is made based on external signs, conversations with the patient and his relatives, and special tests. Screens in the form of rapid tests based on biochemical analysis of urine, saliva, or blood are widely used to determine whether drugs are used among adolescents (Hayley et al., 2018). However, it is essential to note that such an intervention is not painless for the adolescent, hence advanced medical science is developing ethically neutral oral tests that allow for a certain degree of accuracy (Iannelli, 2020). Diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation should only be carried out by a licensed specialist since the strategy of care is that the teenager needs regular psychological professional support. It is through the specialists actions that the degree of neglect can be determined, but more importantly, it is possible to learn the external factors underlying the choice of drugs in order to limit influence. The examination of the childs patient should be accompanied by understanding and not disdain on the part of the doctor, and, most importantly, by medical secrecy. The family therapist should establish broken links between family members and show respect for the adolescents identity without giving away all secrets to parents. This is important because even if a young person refuses to use drugs, the constant stressful environment within the family will one day cause drug addiction again.

The primary mission of support is to recognize the problem, not ignore it. In addition, the factor that motivates an individual to use drugs must first be identified, and then this reason minimized. The child needs serious support and love, so the parent, teacher, or doctor should demonstrate that they care about the child. It is essential to learn to listen to young peoples problems, act as a team, and remain calm. Only constructive care can help a teenager get out of a problem.

References

Drug use among youth: Facts & statistics. (2020). NCDAS.

Iannelli, V. (2020). Drug testing and drug screening for teens. VeryWell Mind.

Hayley, A. C., Downey, L. A., Hansen, G., Dowell, A., Savins, D., Buchta, R.,& & Stough, C. K. (2018). Detection of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in oral fluid, blood and urine following oral consumption of low-content THC hemp oil. Forensic Science International, 284, 101-106.

Pathak, D. C., & Pokharel, B. (2017). Causes of drug abuse in youth: Case of Mid-Western region of Nepal. Journal of Advanced Academic Research, 4(2), 44-54.

Introduction

Addiction is wickedness that deprives people of their freedom and will. It makes them weak, creating false desires for substances. Addictive habits seize control of human lives, making people incapable of making their own decisions and often leading to destructive behavior. While science looks at addiction from an empirical perspective, often disregarding the issues of morality, Christianity and faith offer another perspective on addiction. It emphasizes empathy, emotions, feelings, understanding, and the necessity of principles of right and wrong, particularly when dealing with addiction among adolescents. This paper gives an insight into the problem of addiction among young people, highlighting the spiritual and moral aspects of the phenomenon. It focuses on the Christian perspective on addiction, reflecting on the ways the Christian faith offers young people who deal with addictive habits. The analysis relies on scientific studies about addictive habits and scientific explanations of the adolescence period.

The research paper is divided into four parts. The first three parts describe the most common addictive behaviors among todays youth: alcoholism, illegal substance use, and cell phone and Internet addiction. Empirical data by OECD, UNODC, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, and the Pew Research Center is used to describe the most important relevant trends. The fourth part provides a Christian reflection on addictive behaviors, introduces Christian intervention programs, such as the 12-step program, and emphasizes the role of a pastor in the Christian approach to rehabilitation. The paper discusses the importance of moral principles and understanding the terms sin and the role of God in the rehabilitation of young addicts. It highlights the necessity of complex treatment of adolescents, considering the meaning of a minors family ties, education, culture, and social environment.

Addictive Habits among Adolescents

Many addictive behaviors develop in a persons life in their adolescent years. The studies suggest this occurs due to biological changes occurring in the brain. Developmental changes affect the parts of the brain involved in motivation and control processes, which make young people prone to risky behavior (Ryan 2020, 27). Considering that younger people are less known to judge each other for consuming substances, such as alcohol and tobacco, the environment rarely becomes a discouraging factor in developing addictive behavior (Westreich 2017, 15). The motivation to consume addictive substances thus often remains beyond the biological capabilities of a young person. Simultaneously, developing an addiction in young years frequently results in systemic addictive substances in adulthood, not to mention the detrimental effect of habits on peoples health. This part of the study takes a closer look at different addictive behaviors popular among todays adolescents, compares them with each other, and analyzes possible reasons why these behaviors get established in a persons character.

Drinking

Teenage drinking has been a negative global trend in the past decades. However, more recent studies suggest that alcohol consumption by underage youth has declined in many countries in recent years (Pape et al. 2017, 98). There are various explanations for why this occurs, yet none of them has been scientifically confirmed. Among the suggested reasons why alcohol consumption has dropped among adolescents are the digital revolution or a decline in certain parenting practices. Still, the alcoholism of minors remains a common problem in many countries. While there is no scientifically proven connection between adolescent alcoholism and religious affiliation, European countries display an alarmingly high number of young alcohol consumers (Pape et al. 2017, 101). In todays world, religion is not the only cultural influence that can impact a persons addictive habits. Other factors include, for example, globalization and socioeconomic factors on the public approach to the problem of adolescent alcohol addiction.

Understanding links between culture and alcoholism plays a crucial role in analyzing global trends, such as teenage drinking. Knowing them helps to understand the influence of the environment on developing addictive behaviors and develop relevant intervention mechanisms. Spiritual coping mechanisms are an efficient tool in intervention programs for minors affected by alcoholism (Kuzubova et al. 2021, 2662). According to National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 4.2 million people from 12 to 20 in America reported binge drinking at least once in the past month (NIAAA 2021). Another recent report by OECD shows that one in five teenagers aged 15 years old experienced drunkenness at least twice in life. It also notes that drinking in childhood is predictive of future drinking, raising the probability of developing addiction in the future to up to 68 percent (NIAAA 2021). Thousands of people die each year from underage drinking, and alcoholism is one of the most common causes of lethal automobile accidents involving young people (NIAAA 2021). Unfortunately, many scientific studies tend to overlook the impact of Christianity on drinking habits among adolescents. This research paper aims to improve this misjudgment, suggesting that spirituality and morality are essential aspects of coping with addictions.

The moral sides of alcoholism in adolescents include lies, shame, and fear. Apart from severe dangers to health, alcoholism of underage people leads to problems in school, contributes to destructive behavior, and seriously complicates family relationships (Grossman 2017, 47). While Christianity and the Bible do not explicitly forbid alcohol consumption, the Christian perspective on alcohol-affected immoral behavior is very well-known. Today, the perspectives of Christian scholars on abstention from alcohol vary. Still, the general perception of the destructive impact of alcohol consumption on minors prevails regardless of the country and church affiliation. Christian scholars support civil initiatives and government approaches that would limit alcohol use among teenage drinkers; however, the Christian perspective focuses on the role of family and a pastor in forming teens relation to drinking.

Drug Abuse

Another very alarming global trend is substance use among adolescents. The 2020 Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey of drug use and attitudes in middle and high school students reveals that teen use of nicotine and marijuana remains very high (American Addiction Centers, 2020). Despite that the general levels of substance use among American teens remain low, the report warns about the impact of drug use disorders on youth. For example, there has been an alarming increase in deaths involving stimulant drugs and opioids in the US, and nonfatal stimulant overdoses of teenagers are also on the rise (American Addiction Centers, 2021). Simultaneously, there is a lack of research on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on drug abuse among teenagers and their access to counseling, prevention, and treatment services.

A significant body of research is available to analyze the connection between religiosity and drug abuse in young adults. Unlike alcohol consumption, substance use is a less widespread phenomenon, yet it frequently becomes the center of the publics attention, as often the substances are illegal in many countries. Thus, drug abuse of minors is directly linked to criminality and illicit drug trade and demands direct control measures and law enforcement action. Numerous studies have revealed religiositys protective effect against substance use, including for youth (Jenkins et al. 2017, 53). Still, more research is needed about the direct impact of the Christian faith on young adult behavioral patterns and substance use.

With the legalization of cannabis in some states contributing to changing attitudes to its use throughout the country, legal measures that define marijuana trade and possession greatly vary from state to state. For example, in Connecticut, minors under 18 cannot be arrested for simple marijuana possession. While legal regulations of marijuana vary in every state, the general correlation between religiosity rates and substance use is clear from sociological studies. For example, the use of LSD is 12 times higher among non-religious people than among those who identify themselves as religious (American Addiction Centers, 2020). Generally, more religious states also demonstrate lower levels of alcohol and substance consumption.

Drug abuse among minors leads to a wide range of problems both for an individual and society. Young peoples innocent desire for experimentation can result in years-long destructive habits that dramatically influence health, social and family life, and academic performance. Drugs can quickly impact the developing human brain by affecting memory and perception of pleasure and joy (Ryan 2020, 55). The biological aspects of drug addiction make it particularly difficult to cure. A Christian approach to drug addiction includes such crucial aspects as intentional harm to ones body and an understanding of intoxication and sobriety in the context of moral principles (Counted and Miller 2018, 1). Substance abuse is explained as an evil, destructive temptation, while sobriety offers ways to exercise love, support, and understanding, and God provides the way out of addiction through love.

Families of young addicts may feel confused and trapped as they deal with moral aspects of substance abuse. The pastors role is to empower these families and emphasize the importance of love, forgiveness, and faith in family relationships. For a young addict, it can be very dangerous to be left alone to be dealing with the habit without moral support from loved ones. The Christian intervention in these cases relies on understanding forgiveness, courage, and trust in Gods care. The practice of Christian intervention deals primarily with improving family relationships affected by the addiction and offering transportation of an addict to a place for rehabilitation. In this part, it is necessary to add that adequate religious intervention is impossible without professional treatment.

Cell Phone and Internet Addiction

Addiction to the digital world is a rapidly growing new worldwide trend. Compulsive usage of smartphones, laptops, and other electronic devices is another form of addiction behavior, similar to gambling or online gaming. Excessive use of electronic devices by adolescents can affect their daily life, including academic performance. It also alters their perception of public and private relationships and makes them vulnerable to cybercrimes. Digital addiction can be a reason for depression, anxiety, and stress among young adults (Shim 2021, 1780). The perils arising from digital addiction are a reason for concern from a Christian perspective, as it affects young peoples spiritual growth.

Limiting the usage of smartphones and other electronic devices is a common practice in parenting. Many people in their teenage years still need to learn the aspects of emotional intellect to evaluate information and content they find online. Still, the studies show that 45 percent of teenagers say they use the Internet almost constantly, and 59 percent of parents believe their children are addicted to their devices (Shim 2021, 1781). While smartphone and digital addiction is generally viewed as less alarming than alcoholism or drug abuse, it can be destructive to daily life and relationships and lead to severe psychological issues. It also makes a young person vulnerable to cybercrime and privacy violations. While approximately 95 percent of adolescents in America have access to a smartphone, it can be hard to distinguish digital addiction from regular device usage. As teenagers often can be secretive about their digital behavior, it can take time for a parent to acknowledge the problem.

Several specific behavioral patterns characterize cell phone and internet addiction. For example, there is a noticeable lack of control over the electronic device, judging by frequency, intensity, and context. Checking a phone becomes a number one priority in a young persons life to the point it becomes uncomfortable to perform other daily activities or, particularly, to study. Alarmingly, the addiction prevails over harmful side effects (such as a decline in family relationships or academic progress) (Shim 2021, 1785). A teen also becomes anxious, angry, and even violent if the device is inaccessible. While the Internet and online connection are designed to enhance our communication abilities, digital addiction is a big problem, particularly among young people, as it can be tough to address it adequately. Depriving a child entirely of access to the digital realm can be seen as a deprivation of freedom and privacy violation. Christian perspective on the matter focuses on digital threats to young people in the online world and the potential negative impact of Internet addiction on a persons spiritual growth (Shim 2021, 1783). It also highlights the dangers of narcissism and self-worship linked to peoples digital behavior in general.

A Christian intervention in the case of digital addiction is, therefore, similar to the churchs approach to alcoholism and substance use. Three types of addictive behavior described in the article deal with the same problem of adolescents inability to deal with their own addiction independently. Christian intervention encourages not simple withdrawal from an addictive behavior but emphasizes the meaning of God and spiritual growth in ones life. It demands acknowledging and confessing ones sins and developing new, constructive thoughts and behavior, focusing on basic Christian principles of love, forgiveness, faith, and courage.

Implications for Christian Pastoral Guidance and Intervention Plan

Addictive habits in adolescents represent a big challenge for Christian pastors. While addictions destructive impact affects not only an individual but their loved ones, the role of a pastor and a church is to reconnect a young individual with God, acknowledge sinful behavior, and reinstall ones perception of oneself as a Gods creature (Counted and Miller 2018, 3). As statistics show, states with higher levels of religiosity demonstrate lower levels of drug and alcohol addictions. It is a very encouraging trend in a general understanding of religion and its influence on the actual behavior of a congregation. The pastors role as a mediator and a spiritual leader is very demanding, yet it directly affects the life of his young parishioners.

Christian intervention in the case of addictive behaviors among adolescents can vary its design, but it is most effective when combined with other types of therapy and treatment. An addicts family members and family relationships play a significant role in the recovery process. As a lot depends on ones family, some Christian intervention programs demand an addicts relocation to a special facility, where their addictive behavior can be monitored by professional staff (Shim 2021, 1786). A relocation facility can be a camp, a hospital, or a special center, where a young addict can move to minimize the stress of their environment that can influence the recovery process. Also, it enables communication with other addicts; sharing ones problems with others and discussing the Bible and God together should facilitate the recovery process.

There are many approaches to Christian intervention in case of addiction. Still, usually, they make up a combination of regular treatment (medical treatment, therapy, exercise) with counseling sessions with a pastor, studying Bible, and praying for recovery. Like other addiction programs, Christian rehabs usually include four stages of the recovery process: assessment, detox, treatment, and aftercare. Christian addiction counselors frequently use a traditional 12-steps rehabilitation model. A Christian 12-Step Program for adolescent addicts particularly emphasizes the destructive impact of sinful behavior on an addicts life, the role of God, who judges you, and the importance of self-acceptance as a Gods creature. It focuses on the feelings of remorse for sinful, godless behavior and feelings of responsibility for causing others to suffer. Repentance is based on confession and turning to God for forgiveness (Shim 2021, 1785). Experiencing Gods mercy and grace should be supported by a pastors navigation of an addicts feelings, which is needed to understand Gods will and develop a biblical vision of God.

Also, Christian counselors must apply a systemic perspective to analyze sin and its relation to addiction. A superficial understanding of biblical terms encourages studying Bible in the Christian rehabilitation process. While being a prevalent and productive form of addiction treatment, the 12-step program has certain limitations when applied to adolescents. For teenagers, family ties and developmental needs are of overwhelming importance in the rehabilitation process. Pastors should also focus on young peoples necessity to socialize to find an adequate approach to implementing an intervention program.

Conclusion

The addictive behaviors of young people are a widespread problem in todays world. While drinking and substance abuse trends tend to decline in most countries, the phenomenon is still alarmingly high worldwide. Alcoholism and drug addiction are well-studied problems, yet todays existing body of research lacks data on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on young addicts access to therapy. Another relatively new form of addiction, cell phone and Internet addiction, is a less studied trend. Like other addictive behaviors, digital addiction strongly affects the daily life of a young person and can lead to severe psychological issues and a decline in academic performance. Christian counselors goal is to help adolescent addicts understand their problems, acknowledge sinful behavior, and find a solution through Gods mercy.

This research paper explained three widespread addictions among young people from a Christian perspective, relying on statistical data about each one. As it deals with the problem of addiction among young people, it emphasizes the importance of family relationships for adolescent addicts. All three addictions (alcoholism, substance abuse, and digital addiction) are observed from a Christian perspective, focusing on understanding God, sin, mercy, and the moral aspects of addictive behaviors. In the Christian approach to rehabilitation, the role of the pastor is crucial for navigating a young persons understanding of God and his power. The paper critically evaluates the existing studies, as the scientific approach rarely emphasizes religious aspects in treating addictions. Simultaneously, empirical data shows that higher levels of religiosity correlate with lower levels of addictive behaviors among the population. In the end, the research paper introduces Christian intervention programs for addicted adolescents, such as traditional 12-step programs, and highlights the necessity of comprehensive, multidimensional intervention for treating young addicts.

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