Category: Accident

An industrial accident is a sudden and unanticipated event that can result in injuries, fatalities, property damage and lost production time. Mishaps in the workplace are fairly frequent despite federal laws to protect worker safety. Ignoring safety procedures and using poor judgment are among factors that put workers at greater risk, resulting in serious job-related injury or illness

1. Poor leadership from the top
2. Inadequate supervision
3. Insufficient attention to the design of safety into the system or careless attitude on EMS.
4. An unsystematic approach to the identification, analysis and elimination of hazards.
5. Poor training facilities and employee motivation
6. Taking Shortcuts
7. Being over-confident:
8. Starting a Task with Incomplete Instructions
9. Poor Housekeeping
10. Ignoring Safety Procedures:
11. Mental Distractions from Work:
12. Failure to Pre-Plan the Work

Worker Fault

While multiple factors can contribute to n accident, usually it comes down to someone making a mistake. Employee behavior often leads to workplace mishaps, whether they’re related to improper procedures, misuse or poor maintenance of equipment, fatigue or the lack of training. Despite the establishment and enforcement of Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) safety standards, the agency estimates the annual cost of known workplace fatalities alone at some $40 billion.

Risky Behavior

Failing to follow safety procedures not only endangers workers but often puts others at risk. Likewise, overconfidence can affect a worker’s ability to make sound decisions. An employee who overestimates his abilities can underestimate the risk associated with a particular action, leading to costly errors or physical harm. Taking shortcuts intended to save time or increase productivity can also cause problems. Even relatively minor mishaps can come at a high price in direct and indirect costs.

Unsafe Procedures

Employers generally create written policies that include proper procedures for completing specific tasks. Neglecting to follow them can lead to unsafe conditions. Specific instructions should give employees a clear understanding of how to go about a task and the safety precautions needed to complete it. Handling materials in the wrong way or using the wrong equipment can cause problems.

Known and Unknown Dangers

Unless workers know what kinds of dangers to watch for, hazards can be hard to avoid or protect against. Falls, being struck by objects, getting caught in machinery and exposure to hazardous chemicals are common causes of on-the-job injuries. Inexperienced workers in particular are at higher risk for accident-related injuries. Manufacturing defects involving machinery and poorly designed equipment often are involved in work-related accidents as well. Consequently, it’s important to minimize workers’ exposure to dangerous substances or conditions.

Therefore, safety is required. Because safety increase employee moral, increased productivity, helps to follow the legal instruction and finally save the cost related to accident and after. When an injured worker returns (if he / she is lucky to do so) he/she may operate at less than his / her normal efficiency for sometimes. Co workers, too may become emotionally upset for some time and consequently turnout fewer and inferior goods. Finally, customers may be lost because of the non-execution of orders on time.

Safety programmes deals with the prevention of accidents and with minimum the resulting loss and damage to persons and property. Five basic principles must govern the safety programmes of an organization:

• Trace out the root cause of Accident.
• Identify the potential hazards
• Continuous monitoring the safety performance
• Assuring the accountability of employee and employer for safety performance in the working areas.
• Assuring the continuous training and education on eliminating safety hazards and prevention of accidents

What are the road traffic accidents?

A road accident refers to any accident involving at least one road automobile and occurring on a street open to public flow. Wherein as a minimum one character is injured or killed. Intentional acts (murder, suicide) and natural screw-ups are excluded.

‘Killed folks’ are coincidence sufferers who die without delay or inside thirty days following the coincidence. Earlier than 1 January 2005, the time period considered was the handiest six days.

‘Injured individuals’ are accident sufferers having suffered trauma requiring medical remedy (with or without hospitalization).

Factors of accident:

1. Distracted riding Distracted use will become a larger chance every year and has been the leading motive of car accidents for the beyond a long time. Please take note of the street even as you are riding.
2. under the influence of alcohol driving: Inebriated riding is one of the most dangerous causes of injuries in U.S. and is the maximum lethal. When you have had something to drink and take a taxi or give your keys to a sober pal. It isn’t always worth the chance.
3. Speeding: Even though it can be tempting to push the rate restriction while you are walking late, rushing is the second maximum common reason for accidents, so that you must resist the urge and live within the criminal limits.
4. Reckless riding: Changing lanes too quickly, dashing well over the limit and acting aggressively on the roads can result in terrible injuries. It’s far critical to take it slow and stay calm while driving to avoid unnecessary accidents caused by simple carelessness.
5. Rain: While you can’t continually avoid riding in the rain, the slippery and treacherous street situations resulting from heavy rains have to be prevented whilst in any respect possible.

Types of road accident

Depending on how these automobiles collide with one another affects the ensuing accidents. Here’s a listing of the pinnacle 5 maximum commonplace types of auto accidents.

Automobile rollover

These particular kinds of crashes are complicated and violent in nature. Extra than some other type of crash, rollovers mirror the interplay of the driver, avenue, car and environmental factors. Even though a vehicle’s kind has a large function inside the accident, so does driver behavior, street and environmental circumstance.

Unmarried automobile coincidence

This is a form of an avenue traffic accident in which the handiest one automobile is worried. A majority of those varieties of crashes are run-off-road collisions, collisions with fallen debris, rollovers and collisions with animals.

Rear-stop collision

A traffic accident where an automobile crashes into the car in front of it. Those are commonly due to driver inattention or distraction, tailgating, panic stops, and decreased traction due to abnormal street situations due to weather.

Facet-impact collision

These accidents, additionally called broadside or T-bone collisions, are where the side of 1 or extra cars is impacted. Those crashes typically occur at intersections, parking masses and when two cars bypass on a roadway accounting for about a quarter of passenger vehicle occupant deaths, in step with the IIH.

Head-on collision

This form of twist of fate is when the front ends of two automobiles hit each different in opposite directions. Head-on collisions are a frequently deadly avenue traffic twist of fate. Being privacy to site visitors’ symptoms, avenue conditions and staying on your lane play an essential position in warding off these types of injuries.

Who is responsible for road accident?

Many automobile accidents are as a result of a blunder at the part of a driving force. Even though drivers are anticipated to operate their cars and vehicles in a reasonably safe way, they do now not constantly manipulate to accomplish that. When a driver is dangerous and causes damage, they can be discovered negligent and liable for any losses incurred through sufferers. A few examples of motive force negligence include:

• Impaired riding
• Distracted driving1
• Drowsy driving2
• Aggressive using
• Violating traffic laws
• Flawed passing
• Failing to keep Their cars

How can we control road accident?

We could reduce collisions with the aid of getting rid of a human’s driver’s license once they pressure badly and grow the time period of the license suspension for repeat offenders. Making them pay a pleasant does nothing at all to trade their behavior. Taking away their capability to pressure could get them off the road and both it would inspire change or it would result in longer and longer suspensions.

The other idea I really like has already been stated. If you want to textual content and drive, you have to be able to, if you install a safety spike in the center of your steering wheel. No seat belt, no airbag, and an eight-inch spike pointing at your chest in the center of the steerage wheel.

Prevention of road accident:

Toddler coincidence prevention:

• Discover hazards (on domestic visits or if treatment hunted for unintended harm).
• Propose approximately prevention – e.g., stair gates, keeping chemicals out of attaining, and many others.

Sufferers with medical situations:

• Become aware of and treat twist of fate-inflicting conditions – e.g., obstructive sleep apnoea, visible or stability problems.

Give suitable advice on fitness to force.

• Recommend sufferers on a way to minimize accident dangers from their medical situation.
• Pick out unacceptable risks and intervene herein suitable.
• Perceive vulnerable kids and adults with recurrent injuries or at high hazard.

Conclusion

Road coincidence is increasing every 12 months and is dangerous to all people. In this example, absolutely everyone ought to comprehend and give greater interest to decrease the rate of road coincidence. At the same time, everybody must cooperate with a government like the police to settle this trouble. As we know many factors that cause this hassle and the main factor is from a human. After that, the causes are street situation from poor and weather a car factors. The rate of road accidents can be decreased by means of the numerous moves which include education, relaxed avenue circumstance, campaign and enforced the regulation. If everybody deliver support and cooperation, this trouble may be settled without difficulty and our us of an also can decrease the variety of deaths that end result from the street accidents.

Abstract

In highly populated Countries like India, everyday people lose their lives due to accidents and poor emergency facilities. A number of the rescue teams face difficulty in reaching the injured people due to late alerts and insufficient information of the particular accident location. The appearance of the portable And Internet of Things (IOT) industries reshaped the way people communicate and brought a paradigm shift to public and personal services. This ever-evolving technology marked the start of recent era affecting the lives of individuals and various businesses.

This paper express to produce an answer for such a controversy we are visiting proposed an IOT system which instantly notifies the General Public Safety Organization (PSO) headquarter whenever an accident takes place it pinpoints its geographic coordinates on the map.

Introduction

Smartphone-based accident detection applications have each benefits and downsides relative to traditional in- vehicle accident detection systems, e.g., they’re vehicle- independent, more and more pervasive, and supply wealthy information for accident analysis, together with photos and videos. Building a Smartphone-based accident detection system is tough, however, as a result of phones may be dropped (and generate false positives) and therefore the phone isn’t directly connected to the vehicle. In distinction, standard in-vehicle accident detection systems seldom incur false positives as a result of they consider sensors, like accelerometers and airbag sensors that directly observe injury to the vehicle. The quantity between the prevalence of an accident and therefore the arrival of an ambulance is crucial in reducing the rate. The victims of the accident is also in associate unconscious state, and can’t be expected to position a decision to the emergency services room, once an accident happens.

Hence, associate in-vehicle accident detection module may be used. Further, during a country like Asian country, wherever the witnesses are expected to inform the emergency services room once an accident happens, tons of delay will happen. In India, it takes thirty seconds on a median for the Communications Officer to gather relevant info, associated 3 minutes for the Dispatchment Officer to dispatch an ambulance to the location. Further, the ambulance driver has to determine the accident location supported cues provided by the officer and sail through the significant traffic. It takes another forty eight hours once the accident to conduct a follow-up to see the impact of the care. Tons of delay arises in each and every stage because of the human component concerned. during this paper, we have a tendency to propose a system which will showing intelligence detect accidents, and dispatch and guide the closest ambulance to the accident location with bottom delay involved. Before getting in the details of the proposed technique we have a tendency to briefly review the connected literature.

Literature Survey

An IOT Approach to Vehicle Accident Detection, coverage & Navigation One specific concern that Public Safety Organizations (PSO) should account for while participating in several activities is decreasing the impact of vehicle accidents, aiding as several possible individuals as doable and providing 24/7 on the spot rescue. The nongovernmental organization humanitarian organization is one in all the foremost noted PSOs to be present on-the- spot whenever an accident or a disaster takes place.

However, a number of the rescue groups face issue in reaching the injured individuals to due late alerts and insufficient data of the precise accident location. The appearance of the mobile and internet of Things (IOT) industries reshaped the manner individuals communicate and brought a paradigm shift to public and personal services. This technology marked the start of recent era moving the lives of individuals and varied businesses. This paper conveys a wise and reliable IOT system answer that instantly notifies the PSO headquarter whenever an accident takes place and pinpoints its geographic coordination the map. Once an accident takes place, a shock sensor detects it. Then, method the sensor signal and send the geographic location together with some auxiliary data to the PSO headquarter, indicating accident prevalence. This is often a promising system expected to assist within the tedious rescuing method by coverage matter of seconds the situation of an accident, the passengers injured, blood varieties, therefore lowering death’s rates. The geographical information collected from this method may be relied upon as admit table proof or indicator of road state and conditions

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

The Automatic accident alert system was created utilizing android Studio throughout the exploration and currently a User Interfaced (UI) android application program existent on an Android-based GPS empowered and a raspberrypi3 kit, which may act with varied sensors and consequently offer live info of accident occurred. The framework depends on the raspberrypi3 kit Signal information transmission utilizing internet (GPS) correspondence as a part of the request to encourage the accident mapping tool. This framework guarantees a secure trade of data on remote correspondence. A User interface (UI) on the android empowered cell offers framework association. The Live-update operated android and RaspberryPi3 kit uses an Android-based Internet-enabled phone for its application and therefore the RaspberryPi3 kit because the microcontroller. The key elements of this technique are Android-based phones, internet module (GPS), RaspberryPi3 kit and sensors like collision sensor, IR, Ultrasonic.

Raspberry Pi 3

The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B features a quad-core 64-bit ARM Cortex A53 clocked at 1.2 GHz. This puts the Pi 3 roughly 500th quicker than the Pi two. Compared to the Pi 2, the RAM remains an equivalent – 1GB of LPDDR2-900 SDRAM, and therefore the graphics capabilities, provided by the Video Core IV GPU, are an equivalent as they ever were. Because the leaked FCC docs can tell you, the Pi 3 currently includes aboard 802.11n Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 4.0. Wi-Fi, wireless keyboards, and wireless mice currently work out of the box. The headlining feature of the Pi 3 is that the inbuilt Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, the whole specs for the Pi 3:SoC: Broadcom BCM2837 (roughly 500th quicker than the Pi 2); CPU: 1.2 gigahertz quad-core ARM Cortex A53 (ARMv8 Instruction Set); GPU: Broadcom Video Core IV @ 400 MHz; Memory: 1 GB LPDDR2-900 SDRAM; USB ports: 4; Network: 10/100 MBPS local area network, 802.11n Wireless local area network, Bluetooth 4.0, CSI camera port for connecting the Raspberry Pi camera, DSI show port for connecting the Raspberry Pi bit screen display, small micro SD port for loading your OS and storing information, Micro USB.

GPS Module

GPS stands for global Positioning System and used to discover the Latitude and longitude of any location on the world, with precise UT (Universal Time coordinated). GPS module is that the main element in our vehicle tracking system project. This device receives the coordinates from the satellite for each second, with time and date. GPS module sends the info associated with the real-time position in time period, and it sends most information in NMEA format. NMEA format consists of many sentences, within which we have a tendency to solely want one sentence. This sentence starts from $GPGGA and contains the coordinates, time and alternative helpful info. This GPGGA is remarked as world Positioning System Fix information.

Importance of GPS in Accident mapping

In the Accident alert system, GPS or GPS technology these days extends any than simply a tool to assist emergency services to navigate to locations. With the advancement in mobile technology and mobile apps for accident response solutions, GPS technology has absolutely reworked the mapping of vehicles with accuracy. The standard of the GPS system is extremely abundant regarding as unhealthy quality merchandise could result in false detection or the incorrect location of the accident.

Android Based Phone

Android is a mobile OS (OS) supported the UNIX system kernel and presently developed by Google. With a interface supported direct manipulation, the OS uses touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching to control onscreen objects, and a virtual keyboard. We’ve used the robot platform due to its immense market globally and straightforward to use user interface.

Collision Sensor

Collision sensing element will notice whether or not any collision movement or vibration happens. It’ll output a low pulse signal once vibration is detected. To create the signaling additional reliable and neat, we tend to another a necessary exterior circuit to cut back the noise impact. So, traditional shaking won’t cause any output. The device features a high sensitivity. You’ll be able to use it to apply to your project, like automatic wake-up and power-down for battery management. Its operating voltage is 5V that makes it compatible with the quality Adriano 5V system.

IR Sensor

IR (INFRA-RED) sensor relies on lumen 358 IC that is an Operational electronic equipment acting as a comparator. The comparator compares the analog voltages of a potentiometer and therefore the voltage generated by the photodiode.IR Sensors also are employed in Contactless Digital Tachometers. A number of the other applications wherever IR Sensors are implemented are Line Follower Robots, Obstacle Avoiding Robots, Edge Avoiding Robots and many more. The two voltages are applied on the 2 terminals of the IC and correspondingly it generates a digital output on the output pin that’s indicated by a Red diode.

Ultrasonic sensor

An ultrasonic sensor is an device that measures the distance of a target object by emitting inaudible sound waves, and converts the mirrored sound into an electrical signal. supersonic waves travel quicker than the speed of perceptible sound (i.e. supersonic sensors have 2 main components: the transmitter (which emits the sound victimization piezoelectric crystals) and also the receiver (which encounters the sound when it’s travelled to and from In order to calculate the space between the sensor and the object, the sensing element measures the time it takes between the emission of the sound by the transmitter to for instance, if an individual originated an supersonic sensing element aimed toward a box and it took 0.025 seconds for the sound to make a comeback, the space between the supersonic sensor and also the box would be: D = 0.5 x 0.025 x 343

SYSTEM DESIGN

The accident alert system uses an Android-based GPS enabled phone for its application and also the Raspberry Pi3 kit as the microcontroller. A server may be a computer program or a tool that gives practicality for alternative programs or Devices, known as ‘clients”. This design is termed the client-server model, and one overall computation is distributed across multiple processes or devices. Python used as an application development language and server that works with info to extract and process knowledge. Info is the: structured set of information that may be accessed in varied ways in which MySQL queries are fired.

CONCLUSION

We projected and enforced an IoT system that will facilitate the community decreasing the death rates ensuing from vehicle accidents. This resolution provided several benefits compared to traditional systems, namely, minimizing injured passengers’ interaction, providing basic medical info to rescue groups, recognizing actual and correct accident locations, and facilitating the routing method. dependability check showed that the system is strong, that’s accessible and serviceable particularly once the IoT device keeps sending continuous notification of crash incidence till it makes certain its reception by the headquarter (server) The presence of a server with secured login for administration workers, lets us keep an eye fixed on emergency dispatch services for multiple accidents at a similar time. It’s straightforward to observe the performance of emergency services too. With the android application, navigating through the serious traffic becomes straightforward for the emergency services, as routes with less traffic are automatically advised.

The main purpose of the system is to seek out the closest medical unit from the accident location. This was achieved by using some options that the GPS receiver and Google Maps are providing

References

1. J. White, C. Thompson, H. Turner, B. Dougherty, and D. . chmidt, “Wreckwatch Automatic traffic accident detection and notification with smartphones,” Mobile Networks and Applications, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 285–303, 2011.
2. Amin, J. Jalil, and .Reaz, “Accident detection and reporting system using GPS, G R and G technology,” in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Informatics, Electronics & Vision (ICIEV), pp. 640–643, 2012.
3. ]S.Kamijo, Y. Matsushita, K. Ikeuchi, and M. akauchi, “Traffic monitoring and accident detection at intersections,” IEEE Trans. on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 108–118, 2000.
4. Y.-K. Ki and D.-Y. Lee, “A traffic accident recording and reporting model at intersections,” IEEE Trans. on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 188–194, 2007.
5. Chris Thompson, Jules White, Brian Dougherty, Adam Albright, and Douglas C. SchmidtUsing Smartphones to Detect Car Accidents and Provide Situational Awareness to Emergency Responders, @c Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering 2010.
6. Harrald J, Jefferson T (2007) Shared situational awareness in emergency management mitigation and response. In: 40th annual Hawaii international conference on system sciences, 2007. HICSS2007.IEEE
7. Khot I., Jadhav M., Desai A., Bangar V. Go Safe: Android application for accident detection and notification. Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol. 2018;5:4118–4122.
8. Faiz A.B., Imteaj A., Chowdhury M. Smart vehicle accident detection and alarming system using a smartphone; Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Computer and Information Engineering (ICCIE); Rajshahi, Bangladesh. 26–27 November 2016; pp. 66–69.
9. Yee T.H., Lau P.Y. Mobile vehicle crash detection system; Proceedings of the 2018 International Workshop on Advanced Image Technology (IWAIT); Chiang Mai, Thailand. 7–9 January 2018; pp. 1– 4.
10. Dogru N., Subasi A. Traffic accident detection using random forest classifier; Proceedings of the 2018 15th Learning and Technology Conference (LT); Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. 25–26 February 2018; pp. 40– 45.
11. POP A.F., Puscasiu A., Folea S., Vălean H. Trauma accident detecting and reporting system; Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Automation, Quality and Testing, Robotics (AQTR); luj- Napoca, Romania. 24–26 May 2018; pp. 1–5.
12. Young R.A. Association between embedded cellular phone calls and vehicle crashes involving airbag deployment; Proceedings of the First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design; Aspen, CO, USA. 17 August 2001; pp. 1–10.
13. Ki Y.K., Lee D.Y. A traffic accident recording and reporting model at intersections. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 2007;8:188–194. doi: 10.1109/TITS.2006.890070.
14. Tushara D.B., Vardhini P.A. Wireless vehicle alert and collision prevention system design using Atmel microcontroller; Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT); Chennai, India. 3–5 March 2016; pp. 2784–2787.

ABSTRACT

In Today’s life the use of vehicle and advance technology is growing very fastly because of this there is both the advantages and the disadvantages. The advancing technology has increased lot of vehicle accident which is resulting in lot of life loss. The main purpose of the project is to mainly focus on detecting the vehicle accident and help in tracking the exact location of vehicle and the position where accident occured. Location parameters such as longitude and latitude are sent through SMS.

Microcontroller AT89s51 is the main part of our project around which all other part works and we monitored the above-mentioned parameters through the microcontroller for accident detection. For the measurement GPS modem is used which determine the exact location of vehicle and provide correct coordinates. Hence, we have used SR86 GPS modem. GSM modem sends alert sms after receiving exact location from the GPS.The main part of our project is microcontroller AT89s51.16×2-line crystal display is used showing current status. The interfacing of GPS & GSM modem and microcontroller AT89s51 is done by using MAX232 IC. This MAX232 IC is used for sending the data to the GPS and GSM modem also. Power module supplies 5V power with help of IC7805. Here EEPROM AT24C16 is also used for storing the family members number and the emergency numbers. As a improvement we have also used alcohol sensor which will monitored the level of alcohol consumed by the driver and give alert message if the alcohol level is found more than the level which was set. For further scope we can also add web camera in it so it can provide the accurate situation of the driver.

INTRODUCTION

The advancing technology continuously increasing the traffic hazards and road accidents on the highways. Rash driving is the main reason of accidents. But in many situation the police or the ambulance is not informed in time and because of this reason proper medical attention is not given to the people which lead to loss of life. Our project is designed to avoid such situations. Our project take very less time to find the accident occurred and immediately give the alert message to the family members. And the alert message contains the exact location of the vehicle with proper latitude and the longitude. If the accident is minor and no casualty is there then the driver can immediately terminate the alert message by using the given switch. Our device consists of limit switches which are fitted on the front and back side of the car. When the accident occur and the car is hit to other vehicle or any other object then the limit switches get pressed and and they immediately send signal to the microcontroller. As microcontroller is heart of the device, Once it gets signal from the limit switches, then it will immediately turn on the buzzer.

After that microcontroller will get latitude and longitude from the GPS modem and send this information to GSM modem. GSM modem will then send this information to the family members or to the police station via SMS. So that proper and immediate help will be provided to the victim in very less duration of time.

And in case if driver has consumed the alcohol then the alcohol sensor which is placed on steering wheel of the car will detect the level of the alcohol and if alcohol level is detected more than set level then SMS will be send to the owner of the car or to the family members.

METHODOLOGY

WORKING

• Limit switches will get pressed when the accident occur and its give signal to the microcontroller.
• A buzzer which is present in this device will start beeping which indicates that the whole device is now activated.
• The GPS modem will detect the proper coordinates i.e latitude and longitude and tell the exact location of the vehicle.
• There are many pre saved phone numbers in the EEPROM on which sms will be send. User can change these numbers any time.
• With help of the GSM modem, microcontroller will send alert message to all the numbers that are pre saved. The alert message will contain exact location of the vehicle.
• 16×2 LCD displayed the current status of the output with proper instructions.
• In case if the accident is minor and no casualty is happened, then the driver can immediately terminate the alert message by using the given switch and then the whole system will start working once again from the starting.
• The alcohol sensor used in our system will also work same as the accident sensor and gives current status to the microcontroller if the level of alcohol is detected more than the level set.
• In this we also used 4 pre defined key which is used to send pre decided SMS. In this we can set our own choice of message i.e if 1 key is pressed then it will send message that ‘i need help’, similarly 2nd key is pressed then it will send message that ‘safely reached’ etc.

GSM- Global system for Mobile Communication

GSM basically stands for global system of mobile communication. The Bell laboratories development the idea of GSM firstly in 1970. It is commonly used in the whole world. GSM operates at various frequency bands i.e 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz etc. It used TDMA technology for communication purpose. A GSM used channel to send data, before sending the data GSM reduces the data. This GSM system have speed of 64 kbps which can goes Upto 120Mbps.TTL- level serial interface is provided by the GSM modem to there host.

There are 3 components of the GSM System:

1. Mobile Station
2. Base Station Subsystem
3. Network Subsystem

GPS- Global Positioning System

GPS stands for Global Positioning System .GPS receivers received the signal from the space and provide all the coordinates properly which helps in determining the exact location of the vehicle in very less time. GPS provide exact location continuously in all type of whether condition, 24×7 and on each part of the earth. We used SR86 GPS modem in our project. State of reception of GPS depends upon the strength of the GPS signal. The greater the signal strength is , more stable the reception status is.GPS receiver contain antenna with pre amplifier and also a RF section with signal identification.

Hardware Description

• i. LIMIT SWITCHES: These are used to detect the accident that has occurred. limit switches get pressed when vehicle hit another vehicle and activates the whole system and send messages to microcontroller.
• ii. MAX232: MAX232 IC was firstly created in 1987 by Maxim IC that converts TIA-232 serial port signal to signals which are suitable for use in TTL-compatible digital logic circuits. Max232 work both as transmitter and receiver.
• iii. BUZZER: It is a electrical device which produce audio signal and buzzing sound. The buzzer start beeping when accident occurs and showing that the whole system is activated.
• iv. EEPROM: EEPROM AT24C16 stands for electrically erasable programmable read only memory. It stored the phone numbers so that the SMS can be send. Data stored will not loss if power is off.
• v. GPS: GPS receivers received the signal from the space and provide all the coordinates properly which helps in determining the exact location of the vehicle in very less time. GPS provide exact location continuously in all type of whether condition.
• vi. GSM: The GSM modem will send the alert message with proper coordinates to the pre saved numbers on EEPROM. It digitizes and reduce the data.
• vii. LCD: 16*2 LCD displayed the current output status with proper instructions.
• viii. RESET: Resetting of microcontroller done by this button. After pressing this button alert message is immediately terminated and make whole system to start working once again from starting.

ADVANTAGES

• It’s cost is less
• It provide exact and accurate situation
• It’s Response is very fast and immediately alerts medical team
• Design is very simple and can be easily interfaced with other devices
• Easy to use and working is simple
• System is efficient and reliable.

APPLICATIONS

• i. It helps in providing security to the vehicle in case of vehicle stolen and tracking can be done by using all coordinates provided by the GPS system.
• ii. Wireless web camera interfacing can be done with our system so when accident occurs the web camera provide the accurate situation and help in monitoring health of the driver.
• iii. Interfacing of airbag of the vehicle with our system can be done in order to provide more security in case the accident occurs.
• iv. This project can be used by cab companies to track there vehicle and knowing the exact location of there drivers.

CONCLUSION

In this new age of technologies our project serves something good to this world and easily satisfied the basic needs and basic requirements of the user. This system provides immediate help to victim in case of accident occurs so that proper treatment can be given to the victim. This project is very beneficial for the police and the medical units. This project help in reducing life loss . We can also add many new features in it and traffic violation cases can also be determined with help of this system.

REFERENCES

1. Marie Bernadette Pautet and Michel Mauley, “The GSM system for mobile communications,” 1992.
2. National statistics of road traffic accidents in India, September 2013, Available from http://www.jotr.in/article.asp?issn=0975- 7341;year=2013;volume=6;issue=1;spage=1;epage=6;aulast= Ruikar /[Last accessed on 2017 Dec 16]
3. Alex Fares,”GSM systems engineering and network management,” 2003.
4. Md. Syedul Amin, Jubayer Jalil and M. B. I. Reaz, “Accident detection and reporting system using GPS, GPRS and GSM technology,” October 2012, DOI: 10.1109/ICIEV.2012.6317382.
5. Kenneth . J. Ayala – The 8051 Micro-Controller ,N. C. Goyal -R. K. Khaitan – A Monograph On Electronics Design Principles
6. Amit Meena, Srikrishna Iyer, Monika Nimje, Saket JogJekar, Sachin Jagtap, Mujeeb Rahman, ‘Automatic Accident Detection and Reporting Framework for Two Wheelers’, IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies (ICACCCT), pp. 962-967, May 2014.
7. World Health Organization Road Traffic Injuries Fact Sheet No 358, March 2013, Available from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs358/en/ [Last accessed on 2017 Dec 16]

According to Noorliyana Omar, Joewono Prasetijo, Basil David Daniel, and Mohd Asrul Effendi Abdullah (2016) road accidents occur when traffic conflicts between vehicular movements which can cause delay and traffic congestion. In addition, it has major impacts on the society, economy and progress of a country. Traditional considerations of road safety focus on physical environment, vehicle and road user (Cardamone et al., 2014).

Road transportation is a requirement seems it give a lot of benefit to a country and individual especially in access improving for workplace, economic resources, educational facilities and health center. Behind the importance of transportation to the community, it also gives negative effect which is road accident like fatal accidents. An injury caused by road accident is one of main killer in the world after a chronic disease such as heart disease, stroke, and lung infection and hard in breathing (Mohd Khairul Amri Kamarudin1,2*, Noorjima Abd Wahab2, Roslan Umar2, Ahmad Shakir Mohd Saudi3, Muhammad Hafiz Md Saad2,4, Nik Rozaireen Nik Rosdi1, Sarah Alisa Abdul Razak1, Muhamad Murtadha Merzuki1, Abdul Salam Abdullah1, Siti Amirah1, Asyraff Mohd Ridzuan1, 2018). For decades, road accident has become one of the leading causes of traumatic mortality and long-term disability. The majority of deaths was caused by traumatic brain injury, which is the most severe type among all forms of injuries (Majdan et al., 2012, Rosén et al., 2011, Rosén and Sander, 2009, Jiang et al., 2019).

With a continuously growing number of motor vehicles, increase in urban population and access to health care, it was necessary to better understand the patterns of TBI involved in road accident in recent years (Antona-Makoshi, Mikami, Lindkvist, Davidsson, & Schick, 2018). Rohani mentioned that human error, traffic, vehicle and road conditions, and the surrounding environment have been determined as key factors that influence driving behaviour, which can in turn contribute to road accidents. Human factors have a relevant impact on accident severity (Noorliyana Omar, Joewono Prasetijo, Basil David Daniel, and Mohd Asrul Effendi Abdullah, 2016). For this reason, many authors also focus on driving behavior, attitude and experience of car drivers, especially in the last few years where using mobile while driving and speeding driving behavior have become usual behavior among people, particularly among young people (Machado-León et al., 2016; Cardamone et al., 2016; Cardamone et al., 2017; Choudhary and Velaga, 2017).

Empirical evidence on the adverse effects of rainfall on accident frequency is abundant (Theofilatos and Yannis, 2014, Bergel-Hayat et al., 2013, Koetse and Rietveld, 2009, Brijs et al., 2008, Eisenberg, 2004, Edwards, 1996, Fridstrøm et al., 1995, Shankar et al., 1995). However, there are a few factors contributing to road accidents that have been highlighted by researcher which is drunk driver, careless driving and poor road condition.

ABSTRACT

Automobile are very useful in both domestic and industrial for transportation of good and for personal use. But the main disadvantage is there are chances of accident on road. But there are many ways we can implement to reduce the accident by providing small devices.

Currently the impact of Sensors is huge in the world. It is widely used to make new and innovative projects which helps in daily life of the people a lot. The project we made is entitled as ‘Accident Prevention System’. In this project we will take the camera and a LED display. Camera captures the vision and this vision is then displayed on the screen. This system can be used by everyone who is interested in increasing their comfort in car and also prevent the accident.

INTRODUCTION

Problem definition

In today’s world, the use of automobile is drastically increased with the advancement in technology. The use of sensor’s and other electronic equipment including Artificial Intelligence is also greatly increased in recent times for safety and providing better comfort level to passenger as well as driver of the vehicle.

Due to the increase use of Automobiles, the number of accident is also increasing on roads in daily life. So, it is important to make an device which can be equipped in vehicle and can be helpful in preventing accident with minimum cost as cost is one of the important factor in production of the equipment and any other product.

Overview of Project

Main purpose of the project is to design a structure with reference to different principles and structure like Parking Assist and Lane Assist System. This product will be used to increase the safety of the passengers. To accomplish this we need to focus on different aspects of causes of accident and by understanding them from basics.

Currently the methods used are to protect the passengers in vehicle after the accident, but what if there is chance to prevent the accident. So, we are trying to use the different angles and methods to apply in our project and make a modified in side mirror to increase the chances of preventing the accidents.

Objective of Project

• To increase the safety provided to the driver and passenger with minimal cost .
• To minimize the chances of accident of vehicle during overtaking on the road.
• Reduce the discomfort happening to the driver during driving a vehicle.

Autonomous lane control system

An autonomous lane control system is disclosed that allows the vehicle to automatically control the speed and course of the vehicle to remain in a selected lane or change lanes. The lane control system allows the driver to select either a lane changing mode or a lane keeping mode. The vehicle controls changing lanes without human intervention when the lane changing mode is selected

Initially we observed the main causes of accident on road specially on highway with single lane. Also the frequency of accident also increases when truck and other heavy loading vehicles are ahead of small vehicle such as car. With the solution there were also difficulties of its cost, vision , environment factors.

The function of basic components are as follows:-

• Camera Lens:- The camera lens is used to capture the scene in front of it. It is one of the main component in system.
• LED Display:- The LED display is used to display the scene captured by lens. It is located on the right side of the driver side and it helps in guiding the driver.
• Battery:- Battery is the power house for this system. It provides the necessary electric charge require to run the system.
• Stand:- Stand is used to hold the display in particular position and doesn’t allow it to fall.
• Side Mirror :- Side Mirror is the house or cabin for lens. It holds the lens in correct position.

WORKING PRINCIPLE

• The Camera Lens is placed firmly in side mirror.
• The hole is done with the help of Hole Saw.
• The lens capture the vision and it is projected in the display which is located or placed in the driver cabin.
• The driver can operate the camera with the help of switch which is provided on the steering wheel.
• The driver can then take the decision of overtaking the vehicle which is ahead of him.

ILLUSTRATION OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION:

With System Installed Without System Installed

Left Side of view in Figure Shows the Car with System installed whereas the Right side shows the car without system installed. Both the Car is running at normal condition on Road. The system saves life of driver and passenger by assisting driver in overtaking, furthermore this system gives accurate decision to driver.

In this situation, both the car wants to overtake the truck which is in front of it. The Car with system installed just have to move a bit or maybe just need to come in the same line as truck to view if someone is coming from opposite lane whereas the car without system need to get more outside to view if someone is coming from opposite lane or not. The figure shows both the view point.

So, if someone is coming from opposite lane , car with system installed just not need to move much or many a times it is not necessary as it stays in its lane to get the view. But it is not same with the car without system, it needs to cover a long distance and this requires more time and many a times the accident occurs with cars or may be slippage of vehicle during the process of bringing back the vehicle in its original lane.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Advantages of project

• Accident can be prevented by huge number.
• Lives of people can be saved
• Damage to vehicle can be prevented
• Overtaking can be easily done at less risk

Limitation of project

• Distant object cannot be seen clearly
• Efficiency can get affected due to different weather condition
• Another cost is added to vehicle

Conclusion

Thus it can be concluded that it will decrease the accident during overtaking in a huge number. It is a reliable device with low cost and can have widespread application in Automotive Segment.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. https://patents.google.com/patent/US20100169016A1/en?oq=us2010%2f0169016
2. https://patents.google.com/patent/US20170243491A1/en?oq=us20170243491a1
3. https://patents.google.com/patent/US9187117B2/en?oq=us9187117b2
4. https://patents.google.com/patent/US8666599B2/en?oq=us8666599b2

Introduction

Embarking on a hiking trip is often filled with excitement and anticipation. The great outdoors, fresh air, and breathtaking views beckon adventurers to explore. However, sometimes even the best-planned adventures can take an unexpected turn. In this narrative essay, I will recount a hiking accident that forever changed my perspective on preparedness, resilience, and the fragility of life.

Body

It was a sunny Saturday morning when my friends and I set out for a challenging hike in the rugged mountains. The trail promised stunning vistas and a thrilling adventure. We were equipped with backpacks filled with essentials: water, snacks, a first aid kit, and sturdy hiking boots. Little did we know that this hike would put our preparedness to the ultimate test.

The trail started off smoothly, with winding paths leading us through lush forests and gentle slopes. We marveled at the beauty of nature, taking in the sights and sounds around us. As we ventured deeper into the wilderness, the terrain became more challenging. Steep ascents, narrow paths, and rocky terrain greeted us at every turn.

With each step, we pushed ourselves further, driven by the desire to conquer the mountain. The trail grew steeper, and our legs grew weary. Fatigue began to set in, clouding our judgment and slowing our pace. It was during one of these moments of exhaustion that the accident occurred.

I found myself losing my footing on a particularly treacherous section of the trail. As I slipped, panic gripped my heart, and my body tumbled down the steep incline. I tried desperately to grab onto something, anything, to halt my descent, but the rocks offered no respite. Fear consumed me as I hurtled downward, my body colliding with jagged edges and unforgiving surfaces.

Finally, my fall came to a halt. I lay on the ground, bruised and battered, the pain throbbing through my body. My friends, alarmed by my sudden disappearance, rushed to my side. Panic mixed with relief on their faces as they assessed the extent of my injuries. We quickly realized that I needed immediate medical attention.

With great effort and teamwork, my friends carefully maneuvered me onto a makeshift stretcher using branches and spare clothing. It was a slow and arduous process, but their determination and support gave me hope. Together, we navigated the treacherous terrain, inch by inch, until we reached a point where we could call for help.

As we waited for the rescue team, I lay there, reflecting on the fragility of life. The accident had brought into sharp focus the importance of preparedness, both physically and mentally, before embarking on any outdoor adventure. It was a humbling reminder that nature, while beautiful, can be unforgiving and unpredictable.

The rescue team arrived, their expertise and care providing a sense of reassurance. I was airlifted to safety and taken to the nearest medical facility, where my injuries were treated. Though the physical pain would eventually fade, the experience had left an indelible mark on my psyche.

From that moment on, I vowed to approach every hiking trip with a newfound respect for nature’s power and the importance of proper planning. I immersed myself in learning essential survival skills, attending first aid courses, and researching the terrain before venturing into the unknown. I became an advocate for safety and preparedness, sharing my story to inspire others to take the necessary precautions.

Conclusion

Surviving the hiking accident was a wake-up call, a profound reminder of the fragility of life and the importance of being prepared. It taught me the value of resilience, the strength of friendship, and the ability of the human spirit to overcome adversity. While the accident was a harrowing experience, it ultimately instilled in me a deep appreciation for the beauty of life and the wonders of the natural world. As I continue to explore the great outdoors, I carry with me the lessons learned that day, forever grateful for the chance to appreciate every step I take on the trails of life.

The land transport fleet in Lebanon consists of more than 1.5 million registered vehicles. The lack of an efficient, reliable and wide public transport system has necessitated a reliance and eventual dependence on the personal car as the main means of transport within the country. The rate of car ownership of 2.7 persons for every car is amongst the highest in the world (Choueiri et al., 2010). Thus, car dependency in Lebanon drains the economic system of wealth and natural resources, encourages the reduction of the standard and quantity of public social area in cities, creates sprawl and far-flung sub-urbanization, and destroys culture. It’s quickly turning into recognized as a world, social and environmental problem.

Driving in Lebanon can be an adventure, and most accidents that happen on the streets of Lebanon are caused by irresponsible driving, and negligence on the part of drivers as well as pedestrians. Many will agree that driving two ways on a one-way street, driving against traffic even on major roads, and driving large (cargo) trucks that carry everything from livestock to petroleum, uncontrollably, with no regard to anyone else on the road, are all habits that most likely result in some sort of accident. A lot of drivers and pedestrians in Lebanon does not show respect for the law and simply do as they please; yet they get furious when they have an accident and blame the officials for not forcing the rules. This, in most of the cases, does not make sense. True, there are other factors that result in people getting into road-related incidents, such as unfit road structures, poorly planned street designs, and more largely the poor condition of a considerable number of vehicles running the streets of Lebanon. Other unreasonable behavior includes an excessive use of the horn, and a fabulously cavalier approach to parking. It should be noted that a lot of drivers in Lebanon lack acceptable traffic education, possess a driver’s license but without having ever been subjected to a proper road test as we see in developed countries, do not undergo strict medical supervision and mandatory periodic examination of their eyesight and health. As it stands now, drivers, pedestrians, and unorthodox vehicles have to compete for the same badly maintained and poorly designed roads; agitation, frustration, and various deliberate obstructions, obscene gestures and verbal abuse are commonplace, and this, in turn, spawns incidents ranging from often extreme acts of aggression, physical assault and of course road traffic accidents.

Deaths and injuries sustained in traffic accidents in Lebanon generate enormous medical costs, estimated by some sources at almost 2% of the Gross National Product (GNP), or 750 million U.S. Dollars (Choueiri et al., 2010). This amount poses a significant financial burden on the economy of a country where a sizeable proportion of the population lives below the poverty line of less than $15 per day.

In the following, a review of the problem of road traffic accidents (RTA) in Lebanon in 2011 is presented. The review concerns 4447 accidents in 2011, which resulted in 508 fatalities and 6040 injuries at the scene of the accident, as reported by the Internal Security Forces (ISF, 2011)

There is a need to strictly and continuously enforce traffic laws on all citizens and a need for a neutral body to evaluate the efficiency of the vehicle inspection standards to confirm that they comply with international inspection standards.

Citizens, on the other hand, should abide by the traffic laws and regulations and should understand the state’s reduced capabilities and try to cope with the situation. They should not speed or jeopardize their own life or the life of others because of their recklessness and then blame the government for it.

According to Ziad Akl, the founder of Yasa(2010), ‘88% of accidents result from driver error while the remaining 12% are a matter of fate.” This means that 88% of accidents could have been avoided if the mistake hadn’t been made as a result of excessive speed, drunken driving, failure to obey traffic laws and traffic lights, or driving on the wrong side of the road.

Furthermore, our aim is to reduce traffic accidents to a minimum level by imposing laws and regulations, raising people’s awareness of the resulting damage and losses and training children on proper traffic behavior. A good citizen enjoys a traffic-educated personality and sets an example for others.

No one can ignore the efforts of the Traffic, Trucks and Vehicles Management Authority at the Ministry of the Interior which is concerned with the implementation of traffic laws and regulations though these efforts can never lead to the desired results in terms of reducing traffic accidents unless they are supported by a government strategy that gives priority to plans in order to reduce the death rate on the roads.

In conclusion, reversing the lack of road safety culture in Lebanon is one of the major challenges that Lebanese governments face in their efforts to make the roads safer to drive on. Indeed, attitudes toward speeding, changing lanes without warning, dangerous overtaking, tailgating, mobile phone usage whilst driving, and ignoring traffic lights in many instances are only a few of the issues that the Lebanese government needs to address in order to keep the roads safer. In the meantime, efforts ought to be made to establish well-equipped trauma centers; suitable means of transfer of injured patients by ambulance from the accident scene to these facilities are also of paramount importance, because many patients develop serious irreversible damage during inappropriate and unsafe transfer. In addition, reliable traffic accident data are important in order to understand how road safety interventions and technology can be successfully transferred from other countries where they have proven to be effective (Habibzadeh, 2012).

My friend David has a motorcycle. This one is not very big, but it can reach a very dangerous speed. Just to remind those who like to speed, if you do it on the road, it is dangerous for you and other road users. One night when I was sitting in the back seat of David’s motorcycle, I learned this in a very painful lesson.

One night, we were on our way home after seeing a movie at a cinema a few kilometers from my house, but when we returned, the traffic on the road was very heavy. Traveling by motorcycle is a benefit for us because we can choose our way between cars and other motorcycles, but once we are on the main road, we can navigate freely. It may be because we were driving on the highway too smoothly, which I found very boring, but David didn’t seem to feel that way, so I decided to tease him to speed up. He didn’t answer me in words, but I could feel the motorcycle start to accelerate. The cool breeze passed over my face, and the faster the lamppost, scenery, and everything crossed the background, it made me more excited. Out of curiosity, I put my head on David’s shoulder and glanced at the speedometer. What excites me is that the pointer is shaking at around 100 km! This is my fastest experience in a moving vehicle! I’m really excited to sit in the back seat of David’s motorcycle! Suddenly, David slammed on the brakes, quickly turned left, and left the road to continue our journey. But when turning, I heard a loud noise coming from the back of the motorcycle. David lost control of his bike and dragged both of us a long way. The motorcycle dragged me, head on the ground helplessly. Everything happened in just a few seconds. I looked around in despair. My goodness! David lay on his back, moaning softly. I managed to stand up and rescue David from the wrecked motorcycle. I looked around to see what had just happened, but all I could see was a car with a broken right headlight and a curved bumper that fell to the ground. David suddenly turned me around, took a closer look at my left forehead, and then told me that a fairly deep wound on my left forehead was bleeding. I raised my left arm and tried to wipe off the blood, only to find that my left arm was seriously injured and still bleeding. I started to feel very dizzy. Suddenly, a strong light blinded me. I heard anxious conversations and rapid footsteps. Other road users have come to the place and come to help us. The next half hour I was stunned, and I vaguely remember being taken to a van. He was too scared to resist. I heard people keep saying that I was okay, but before I could move my body, my legs were suddenly paralyzed, I fell to my knees and lost consciousness. After waking up, I slept on a bed with white pillowcases and white blankets. The surroundings were almost white. It didn’t take long for me to realize that I was in a hospital bed. I looked for David everywhere, but I couldn’t find him anywhere. I started to worry, but my parents walked in and seemed very happy to see me awake. My first thought was definitely to ask about David’s condition. My mother replied that David’s condition was not as serious as mine, except that there were some bruises and scratches around his body. I was relieved. In the end, we recovered from the painful accident in a month.

This incident made us aware of the dangers of speeding and the terrible consequences we must endure for our mistakes. The price paid was too much and too painful. I always thought that accidents would only happen to others, but this is not the case. After this accident, I will never forget it for the rest of my life. Remember that your life is very precious, and think about those who care about you.

“Today’s the day”, I thought as I double-checked the list for my first day. “You’re going to make me late, come on, Jaime”. I scrambled out of my room, grabbed a piece of toast, and flew out the door. Standing by the car with a smirk, knowing my mom wouldn’t be as fast as me to the car, I yelled: “Hurry, you’re going to make me late”. As I stood, I pondered. I wonder if now that I’m in high school things will change and she’ll see me as an adult…I just want to help out. “Click-clack-click”, her heels whispered down the sidewalk as she approached the car with an authoritative walk. “Hurry, get in, we’re late”. The car left the driveway swiftly and shot down our street like a bullet. I clenched my fist and used all of my courage, I spoke abruptly: “Hey mom, I asked Paco about me working at the store and he said he’ll let me stock, and I promise it won’t interfere with my….”. “I told you no, Jaime, you don’t need to work, let me worry about the bill, just worry about the school, I’m sorry I can’t…not again Jaime, just home and school, ok?”, she whimpered and looked at the picture of her and my father as a cold tear dropped down on her jacket. I put my head down and responded in a disappointing tone, “Yea, your right…sorry mom”. I felt her eyes piercing my soul so I put my head up and looked at her. As my head raises, I hear the violin playing a familiar tune on the radio, I see my mom’s eyes looking at me with a worried look, but a light blinds me from behind her “MO…”.

My eyes open to the blinding sunlight as I lay on my back in the grass surrounded by trees. “Jaime JAIME”, a man yelled my name in the background. I sat up, rubbing my head: “Uhhh, what happened”, I thought. “Jaime, oh my God, are you okay?”, the man spoke with a nurturing yet worried tone and picked me up by my arm. His smell, his voice, it was all so familiar when I looked at his face, I was so shocked, I franticly lunged away and yelled: “No, you’re not supposed to be here…last year you…you’re gone, and this isn’t real”. I closed my eyes tight and tried to wake up from this. “Jaime, son, I’m always here and I will always be here, how could I leave my little man”. Dad spoke with such ease, he always knew how to calm me down. I opened my eyes and began to hug him and cry: “I’m scared dad, I think mom’s hurt, I need to find her”, I sobbed. “It’s ok, you both just fell off the horse, all you need to do is find her and take care of her, she needs you”, he explained. “I need you too, dad, I need your help”, I begged. “Son, I’ve given you all you need to do anything you want, just remember”, he answered.

Everything began to fade and my eyes truly began to open to reality. I was in a hospital and the TV played a video of when my family went to ride horses in the country. I grabbed the remote and pressed the button to summon a nurse, but suddenly I heard my dad’s voice: “Remember, no matter what, I and your mom will always be there, and whenever things look dark and like there’s no return, remember, if there’s a will, there’s a way, you can do anything you showed me that today by how you got back up from this accident. Now get up, let’s go get your momma, she had a fall too”, the old TV muffled through its speakers. “Oh my God, Jaime, you’re awake, it’s a miracle”, a nurse yelled as she walked in, and with tears of joy, she wept. “Where is my mom”, I asked sternly. ‘Being in a wheelchair makes me feel like I’m sick or something, but the doctors say it’s for the best. This is what I thought as they pushed me to see mom. “Beep-beep-beep”, the heart monitor made a constant monotone beeping sound, it made me feel sad. “I know it’s discouraging to see her like this Jaime, she’ll be fine, she just needs time to recover”, the doctor consoled. She was covered in bandages and casts, thank God I could still see her face and her eyes, so different from when I last saw them, so much more pain. I looked down and clenched my fist and felt the sensation of my dad’s arm pulling me up and I began to smile. “It’s ok, I’m going to be ok, we’re going to be ok”, I said confidently. “You have to be a hero to have such a resilient child”, the doctor told me with such admiration. “The only hero is you, dad”, I looked up and remembered everything he ever told me and showed me.

Without his lessons of determination and willpower, this would have destroyed me, but it won’t, because I can do anything that I will and I wouldn’t have this power without my dad. So, that’s why my dad is my hero, he showed me the light in the dark, and even though he isn’t with us anymore, he lives in me and I will live by his teachings.