Category: Abuse

Abstract

The study involves an examination of the effective treatment models utilized in treatment of substance abuse problems among adolescents. It explores the concept behind the 12 step approach in the various stages of treatment. It also looks into the cognitive therapy model in the different phases. In addition, the research investigates the multidimensional family therapy model as an effective treatment approach. It finally concludes with a summary of the subject under examination.

Introduction

The abuse of substances among adolescents in society is unique in terms of probability of developing dependence (Muck, Zempolich, & Titus, 2001). Adolescents experience different effects as they adopt specific patterns of substance use coupled with the impact it has on their development. Treatment models are thus expected to match the extent of abuse effects so as to alleviate the problem. For instance, substance issues need to be dealt with through relationships developed among adolescent families and counselors. The counselor may be expected to discuss the importance of the issue with the family members (Trepper & McCollum, 2000). Effective treatment models also provide for sufficient duration as well as monitory so as to prevent relapse (NIDA, 2009). The objective of this research is to examine effective treatment models for adolescents in substance use.

The Minnesota model

The model aims at abstinence with the premise that substance abuse is an ailment that needs to be treated in the span of the lifetime of the adolescent. The model has been widely used in the US for treatment of Marijuana and alcohol abuse issues (Winters,et al 2000). The treatment involves various objectives set for a transformation on lifestyle and minimization of drug use in the three initial stages of the treatment. This is followed by five steps aimed at complete adoption of the new lifestyle and evaluation of previous inappropriate decisions that contributed to the substance abuse. Finally, the last two steps encompass encouragement to the adolescent so that the recovery is maintained throughout their lives. This approach also utilizes therapy conducted in groups, written tasks and exercises as well as counseling at the personal level. This is in addition to didactic sessions and classes as well as individualized attention as part of treatment (Key et al 2004). Studies indicate that application of the model requires motivation as a fundamental element for positive results (Kelly, Myers, & Brown, 2000). The model has been found to be beneficial in that it is cost-effective and applicable at the social level. This is due to the fact that it includes programs such as the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) to address substance issues (Kelly, Dow, & Yeterian, 2010).

Cognitive Treatment Model

The approach takes into account the factors that relate to family and social cognitive elements (Curry et al 2001).Cognitive therapy additionally seeks to instill coping tactics that aid the individual in abstinence from drugs. This is due to the fact that substance abuse is regarded as a behavior that is learned and sustained by various aspects in the circumstance of the adolescent (Deas & Suzanne, 2010). The cognitive therapy model is at times combined with the Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) that consists of similar goals as in the treatment of marijuana use among adolescents (Webb, Scudder, Kaminer, & Kadden, 2000).

The model is applied in three steps with the initial stage involving a definition of the problem. The issues are then ranked according to severity into five levels as in fatal problems, physical issues and mental health concerns besides difficulties likely to interrupt the therapy program or the quality of life (Greenbaum, Turner et al 2008). The second stage implements the treatment program on the basis of therapeutic modules such as training and education or allocation of tasks. Finally, the model formulates appropriate methods for preventing relapse.

Multi-dimensional Family therapy

The multidimensional approach is also an effective treatment model for adolescents in substance abuse (Liddle,et al 2005). It entails a combination of various interventions including family therapy and psychology of development as well as psychopathology. The family plays a major role in the treatment process in terms of the decisions and behavior of the adolescent (Marvel, et al 2009). The model aims at establishing a relationship the adolescent and nurturing alternative ways of life besides imparting social and problem solving skills (Hogue, et al 2008). It also focuses on the impact of peers and family members. Other factors external to the family setting are also examined such as school activities and juvenile justice (Liddle H. A., 2010).

Conclusion

The study has established that effective treatment models in the case of adolescents are expected to meet the special needs of the individual at the stage of development. It is apparent that the Minnesota model is effective as it seeks to help the adolescent to abstain through the twelve steps. Moreover, the cognitive therapy model has been noted to work effectively for adolescents in its three phases. The research has further found that the multidimensional family therapy model brings about required results as it considers factors such as the roles played by parents, peers and the school community.

References

Curry, J. F., Lochman, J. E., Wells, K. C., Nagy, D. P., & Craighead, E. (2001). Group and family cognitive behavior therapy for adolescent depression and substance abuse: A case study. Cognitive and Behavior practice , 8 (4), 367-376.

Deas, D., & Suzanne, T. E. (2010). An Overview of Controlled Studies of Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment. The American Journal on Addictions , 10 (2), 178-189.

Greenbaum, P. E., Turner, M. R., Henderson, E. C., & Howard, L. A. (2008). Treating adolescent drug abuse:a randomized trial comparing multidimensioanl family therapy and cognitive behavior therapy. Addiction , 360-444.

Hogue, A. D. (2008). Treatment Adherence, Competence, and Outcome in Individual and Family Therapy for Adolescent Behavior Problems. Hogue, Aaron, Dauber, Sarah, Barajas, Priscilla C., Fried, Adam, H Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology , 76 (4).

Kelly, J. F., Dow, S. J., & Yeterian, J. D. (2010). Can 12-step group participation strengthen and extend the benefits of adolescent addiction treatment? A prospective analysis. Drug & Alcohol Dependence , 110 (2), 117-125.

Kelly, J. F., Myers, M. G., & Brown, S. A. (2000). A mulltivariate process model of adolescent 12-step attendance and substance use outcome following inpatient treatment. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 14 (4), 372-389.

Key, D. E., Deskovitz, M., Hill, E. M., & Franklin, T. J. (2004). A Long-Term Family-Oriented Treatment for Adolescents with Substance-Related Disorders: An Outcome Study. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, , 21 (3).

Liddle, A. H., Rodriguez, A. R., Dakof, G., & Kanzki, G. A. (2005). Multidimensional Family Therapy : A Science-based Treatment for Drug Abuse. Handbook of Clinical FamilyTherapy , 128-168.

Liddle, H. A. (2010). Multidimensional Family Therapy: A Science-Based Treatment System. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy , 31 (2), 133-148.

MARVEL, F., Rowe, C. L., Colon-Perez, L., & Diclemente, R. J. (2009). Multidimensional Family Therapy HIV/STD Risk-Reduction Intervention: An Integrative Family-Based Model for Drug-Involved Juvenile Offenders. Family Process , 48 (1).

Muck, R., Zempolich, K. A., & Titus, J. C. (2001). An overview of the effectiveness of adolescent substance abuse treatment models. Youth and Society , 33 (2), 143-168.

NIDA. (2009). NIDA InfoFacts: Treatment Approaches for Drug Addiction.

Trepper, T., & McCollum, E. E. (2000). Family solutions for substance abuse: clinical and counseling approaches. London: Routledge.

Webb, C., Scudder, M., Kaminer, Y., & Kadden, R. (2000). The Motivational Enhancement Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Supplement 7 Sessions of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy forAdolescent Cannabis Users. Web.

Winters, K. C., Stinchfield, R. D., Opland, E., Weller, C., & Latimer, W. W. (2000). The Effectiveness of the Minnesota model appraoch in treatment of adolescent drug abuse. Addiction , 95 (4), 601-612.

Even though the government has allocated significant resources towards curbing the substance abuse menace, this vice continues to thrive. Moreover, new substance abuse related problems keep emerging. This essay explores substance abuse and its general impact on the society and on individuals.

Substance abuse has been a major concern for all governments over the last century. Governments around the world dedicate a sizable amount of their economic resources towards eradicating this vice. The United States government estimates the cost of substance abuse to be over half a billion dollars annually. The amount of money spent on combating substance abuse has been on the steady increase over the last few decades. However, an increase in spending has not coincided with a reduction of the vice. For example, research indicates that 3 per cent of the people born between 1940 and 1994 had used cannabis by age 21, as opposed to 59 per cent of people born between 1975 and1979 (Spooner & Hetherington, 2005). In addition, several new practices that are related to substance abuse continue to emerge. For instance, ecstasy abuse was largely a rare practice in the past but it has since become a common practice. The current statistics indicate that twenty per cent of youths between twenty and twenty four years of age have abused ecstasy (Berkman, 2010).

Substance abuse has also been blamed for the deteriorating psychological health among abusers. Experts also blame substance abuse for the increasing instances of suicide. Suicide rates are higher among drug and alcohol abusers. Substance abuse is also to blame for the increase in delinquency, crime-rates, and other mental health problems.

There are several factors that contribute to substance abuse. These factors can be environmental or individual and they include a changing society. The society in the west is changing at a fast rate and this might be overwhelming to certain individuals. Most people have had to contend with being working parents, changing family structures, and long working hours. These pressures have the tendency to push individuals towards substance abuse. Therefore, environmental and individual factors become determinants of substance abuse trends. There is also the concern of substance abuse fuelling crime rates in areas where the vice is prevalent. Research indicates a close relationship between the rates of crime and substance abuse.

Substance abuse is also associated with several risky behaviors. These behaviors are associated with either substance dependence or substance abuse. For instance, substance dependence can contribute to reduced productivity while substance abuse promotes dangerous behaviors such as drunk driving. A study revealed that fifteen percent of Americans engage in drunk driving at least once a year (Berkman, 2010).

Dynamics of Addiction- Defense Mechanisms

Defense mechanisms refer to the psychological tendency of human beings to protect their egos from painful realizations, facts, and ideas (Schacter, 2011). Defense mechanisms are not necessarily detrimental to the well being of human beings. However, their maladaptive abilities are the main cause of concern. A healthy defense mechanism helps individuals to stay sane. Substance abusers employ a variety of defense mechanisms in a bid to maintain their addictions. The defense mechanisms that are usually employed by substance abusers include denial, avoidance, paranoid projection, rationalization, isolation of effect, and intellectualization.

Unlike lying and dishonesty, denial involves a diminished lack of reality that makes an individual lose touch with actual reality. Denial drives substance abusers to create their own form of reality. The version of the afflicted individuals reality is not subject to change because these substance abusers completely believe in it. Individuals that are affected by denial remain aware of the differences between their own version of reality and the actual reality. Paranoid projection is another defense mechanism that is closely related to denial. Paranoid projection involves substance abusers coming up with their own version of statistics and data that they deem relevant to their plight. This defense mechanism usually ends up being a burden to the afflicted individuals because they think their habit fulfills a certain quota.

Rationalization is another defense mechanism that is common among substance abusers. This mechanism involves addicts explaining their habits in a manner that tends to make sense. For instance, some pill abusers claim that the only way for them to get sleep is by using/abusing prescription pills. Rationalization is common among substance abusers who are in the initial stages of addiction.

Reaction formation is acting in a manner that is the opposite of an individuals actual behaviors. For instance, some people attend rehabilitation facilities while they continue abusing drugs. Reaction formation complicates matters for those who might be interested in helping a substance abuser. The conflicting behaviors that accompany reaction formation make it hard for a substance abuser to benefit from any outside help.

Intellectualization is another common defense mechanism. Intellectualization can occur in two different forms. The first form involves abusers explaining their deplorable behaviors using an intellectual and impersonal language. Cannabis abusers constantly use this defense mechanism. The other form of intellectualization involves intellectually delving into substance abuse research. This form of intellectualization has abusers venturing into an area of repressed wishes.

References

Berkman, L. (2010). Social epidemiology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Schacter, L. (2011). Psychology. New York, NY: Worth Publishers.

Spooner, C. & Hetherington, K. (2005). Social determinants of drug use. Sydney, Australia: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre.

Overview

Drug and Alcohol use can be a serious problem that affects all facets of human life. With the detrimental effects such practices have on the human body and mind, one must exercise caution and restraint in questions of using addictive substances. This is especially true in the case of environments that are made for interactions with other people and active individual involvement. Work, as one of the core facets of a persons life, is also something severely affected by the consequences of drug and alcohol use. A person suffering from substance abuse presents a liability for the company, and a danger for themselves and others. A comprehensive framework is needed to properly access the required steps of resolving instances of alcohol or drug abuse at work. In an effort to safeguard the safety and health of all employees, a plan of action will be devised with the goal of effectively counteract the emerging problem. The program will cover all facets of the substance addiction issue, including prevention work, the reduction of the incentive to use drugs or alcohol, treatment and recovery options, as well as optional activities to help people better adjust to life without harmful habits. In this proposal, a policy to address worker substance abuse and addiction, will be discussed, with both its major goals and potential benefits being outlines. The work will also make informed recommendations on the kinds of response most suitable for the process, and introduce a framework of evaluating the progress made. As a result, it is expected that the work environment will become more healthy, allowing more people to work in cooperation with one another.

Goals and Benefits

The main goals of this process are to ensure that the work environment remains healthy, and individuals can interact in a free and effective manner. When a person is suffering from substance abuse, their behaviors are likely not reflective of their true judgements, they are more likely to make brash decisions or act out in an unprofessional manner. A person affected may also suffer from side effects of their habits resulting in decreased job performance or cases of frequent absence. Some types of substance abuse may also hold negative legal repercussion, resulting in the issues with the law for either the company of the people that represent it. This combination of effects results in a conclusion that drug and alcohol abuse negatively affect the workplace environment and the people in it. A need therefore emerges to resolve this issue in a comprehensive manner. The benefits of addressing the problem of addiction among workers are immune, and the appropriate measures should be taken as quickly as possible. Firstly, the effort of combating addiction and substance abuse in the workplace can help improve the work efficiency of employees, making them more easily able to meet set goals and complete tasks. Due to the lack of additional health complications, both their mental and physical capacity will be better than the alternative. Furthermore, this approach can improve their critical thinking skills, judgement calls and decision making. With the mind unpolluted by corruptive substances, individuals will be able to more rationally and decisively resolve the daily challenges of work. Another benefit the practice can bring is the improved sense of communication and comradery, which comes primarily from the workers ability to understand each other and communicate on both the professional and personal level. A number of other positive effects can also be mentioned, including the improvement of health, worker-employer relations and the promotion of the companys longevity.

Recommendations

First and most fundamental part of this framework is policy. By directing correct laws to be followed and written, a person can effectively control the types of behavior that is acceptable or unacceptable to them. The policy answer to the addiction problem would initially include a strict prohibition on any harmful substances in the workplace, as well as their use on its grounds (Employee Substance Abuse Policy Template: Workable). The regulation seeks to limit the availability of alcohol and drugs during the work process, and control the substance intake of the employees through passive prohibition. The measure significantly reduces peoples opportunity to be intoxicated at work, or be under the active influence of drugs during it. Furthermore, it establishes a precedent or substances being an unacceptable and intolerable part of the workplace process. As the second part of the process to address potential substance use, regular medical evaluations should be present at the workplace, to evaluate the condition of their health and mental capacity. Check ups should affect the entire staff at regular intervals, as well as when substance use is suspected to have taken place (Implementing Workplace Policies for Drug and Alcohol Issues). This would allow to detect both early and late signs of substance abuse, and take necessary action. As a final set of regulations that would have a beneficial effect on preventing workplace substance use, educational programs should be adopted for the management and the workforce. Educational efforts for the former would include programs for recognizing the signs of addiction and taking necessary action. For the latter, they would be focused on introducing various methods of fighting and recovering from addiction, as well as the appropriate resources to combat this issue. A written policy that applies to every person equally will help to reduce feelings or alienation and stigma, which can permeate among employees (Government of Canada). By sufficiently preparing the workforce to the challenges associated with addressing drug and alcohol use, the leadership and management can ensure that their organization is able to adequately respond to the changing environment.

Measuring the Effectiveness and implementation

To measure the effectiveness of the policy, a number of suspected and confirmed cases of drug use from before, during and after the implementation of the policy should be taken. As the most direct and evidence-based approach to testing effectiveness, it would be best suited to show whether a program has been able to effectively meet its goals. Measurements on the difference in cooperation between workers and operational efficiency should be collected, as both are also significantly influenced by the condition of the employees. Other than that, organizations should collect worker feedback, either anonymously or not, to see if the organizations internal members consider it to be effective in meeting their needs and enforcing company policy. The implementation itself should be handled in collaboration with educators capable in the fields of medical examinations and drug use, that will be able to relay their experience to the management of the company. In relation to writing the policy, a company could use existing frameworks and policies of other organizations as a frame of reference. By combining the existing pool of knowledge with the approaches used by other, an organization can develop most contemporary and suitable solutions.

Works Cited

Employee Substance Abuse Policy Template: Workable. Recruiting Resources: How to Recruit and Hire Better. 2020. Web.

Government of Canada, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. Substance Use in the Workplace : OSH Answers. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. 2021. Web.

Implementing Workplace Policies for Drug and Alcohol Issues. Implementing Workplace Policies for Drug and Alcohol Issues | Wolters Kluwer. Web.

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is among the crimes that have the most tragic consequences for survivors. Psychological trauma can cause depression and even suicidal intentions that a certain amount of victims actually realize. However, CSA can damage not solely mental well-being, but physical as well since the nervous system is intertwined with the other, in particular the endocrine and immune. Research on bodily consequences of sexual assaults, however, remains insufficient, which determines the timeliness of this paper. The case under review is a bright example of how childhood rape can destroy physical health and how essential it is to be aware of this.

Anne, a resident of Iceland, experienced multiple sexual assaults between her 2-3 and 21 years; the offenders were her father, her stepfather, her friends father, and several relatives. Consequently, she has had a variety of bodily health problems as long as she can remember (Sigurdardottir & Halldorsdottir, 2018, p. 101). These include chronic pain, digestive issues, repetitive vaginal, abdominal, and urinary tract infections, musculoskeletal, especially back problems, and a range of gynecological disorders that are not common in her family. In her childhood and adolescence, Anne also lost her hearing as well as sight temporarily and suffered from eating disorders. She insists that the cause of the vast majority of those problems is regular severe stress.

Healthcare professionals, however, did not react to Annes assumptions about the source of her health issues. Even though some of those, for instance, uterine pain, grew more serious when she started her sexual life at the age of 16, physicians hardly connected this to her traumatizing experience (Sigurdardottir & Halldorsdottir, 2018). Hardly any of them considered her injury; mostly, they were silent and simply prescribed painkillers and antibiotics. Meanwhile, respect towards the patient along with awareness of his or her story is critical for successful treatment since a positive emotional background that catalyzes recovery is impossible otherwise.

To summarize, Annes case shows that experiencing sexual violence in childhood and/or adolescence can lead to serious problems with physical health, both immediately and in the future. Nevertheless, this area is dramatically underinvestigated due to the lack of public attention to it. Even healthcare professionals in developed countries do not consider the possible connection between CSA and bodily illness. Therefore, further research on the topic under review is critical.

Reference

Sigurdardottir, S., & Halldorsdottir, S. (2018). Screaming body and silent healthcare providers: A case study with a childhood sexual abuse (CSA) survivor. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(1), 94-111. Web.

Introduction

Alcohol abuse is a significant problem for many people, especially adolescents. The inability to resist strong desires is the result of a lack of self-control and self-regulation skills. The tendency to satisfy emotional impulses and the rejection of delayed rewards in favor of immediate ones is the main reason for the development of unhealthy behavior patterns. The main self-management program for a high school student with alcohol addiction is to set long-term and intermediate goals, as well as the development of a reward system for their achievement.

Important Concepts for Program Development

Goal Setting

For effective self-management in relation to alcohol dependence, goal setting and the development of an adequate reward program are necessary. The motivation for abstaining from alcohol is built on the ability to voluntarily delay an immediate reward or gratification in order to obtain some future reward greater, goal, or ambition (Griffin et al., 2021, p. 25). Griffin et al. (2021) also note that children and adolescents with improved self-management skills, on average, perform better academically, cope better with stress, and have more successful social relationships. At later stages of life, such as young adulthood, behavioral self-management is associated with better health status psychological adjustment and also prevents the development of numerous psychological disorders (Griffin et al., 2021). Thus, in order to develop an effective self-management program, the articulation of a clear long-term goal is essential. This goal can help create a value that is superior to the Immediate alcohol reward.

Self-Control and Self-Regulation Skills

Within the framework of self-management, it is important to single out the concepts of self-control and self-regulation, which constitute a full-fledged behavior strategy. In particular, self-control implies direct behavioral management, building habits, and action patterns. At the same time, self-regulation includes a wider range of identification and control of emotions, feelings, and thoughts. Self-regulation, first of all, allows assessing the readiness of an individual to implement self-management strategies. Griffin et al. (2021) underline that thus concept during adolescence can play a central role guiding achievements in academics, sports, music, and other lifestyle pursuits, and can contribute to effective planning and goal-setting (p. 26). Thus, the combination of self-control and self-regulation is the basis for the formation of awareness of the need to abstain from alcohol and follow the self-management program.

Self-Management and Substance Abuse

Alcohol misuse as part of a lack of self-management is particularly relevant for adolescents and young youth. In particular, the problem with substance abuse can arise directly from insufficiently developed skills of self-regulation and self-control. The inability of young people to control internal emotional impulses leads to a propensity for immediate gratification. Thus, adolescents and young adults prefer to satisfy their needs with immediate rather than delayed rewards.

Reward System

Reward plays a special role in the development of self-control and self-regulation skills. This concept acts as an incentive for the individual to suppress strong desires that are the cause of a negative emotional state (Kelley et al., 2019). Kelley et al. (2019) argue that prolonged exercising of self-control increases the responsiveness of individuals to reward. The researchers note that at the beginning of the development of the habit of self-control and self-regulation in individuals, a negative social response is observed. However, over time, attention to reward increases, motivation to pursue it increases, and decision making becomes easier (Kelley et al., 2019). The reward in individuals is associated directly with the efforts expended to receive it.

Self-control and self-regulation are the most difficult for the patient at the initial stages of their development and are the cause for negative emotions. Thus, it is also necessary to regulate reward stimuli to preserve their motivational characteristics and prevent them from becoming strong desires that can later become the basis for addiction. Therefore, as part of a self-management program, it makes sense to vary the reward depending on the emotional state and perceived efforts of the patient.

Self-Management Program

Goal Setting

First of all, a high school student with alcohol addiction needs to set long-term and short-term goals, which can become the basis for a scheduling program and the development of a self-reward system. Depending on the importance and duration of achieving a particular goal, it is necessary to determine the size of the reward for it. The main long-term goal is abstinence from alcohol. The main long-term goal is to abstain from alcohol; intermediate goals may include improving academic performance, spending more time with family and friends, and sports activities. Intermediate goals will help shift the focus away from abstinence by acting as additional motivators.

Activities Planning

In order to achieve the goals, it is necessary to establish measurable indicators that can serve to track progress. These goals and actions can become the basis for the formation of self-control skills and the development of behavioral patterns. Additionally, this plan will form the basis for the development of a reward system based on weekly achievements. In particular, for self-management, it is possible to set the following activity indicators:

1. Alcohol abstinence (primary goal): total abstinence from alcohol during the week;
2. Academic performance: improved attendance and completion of all homework assignments during the week;
3. Relationships with family and friends: spending at least an hour each day with family and friends during the week;
4. Sports activities: At least 30 minutes of sports every day for a week.

Reward System

When a positive result is achieved for each of the activity items, the client needs a reward every week, which will act as a motivator for the further development of self-control. It is also important to be rewarded for self-regulation efforts, that is, suppressing the impulses to drink alcohol or failing to achieve any of the set weekly goals. There are several possible alternative rewards for reaching set weekly goals:

1. Money as a reward: this type of reward is the most preferred but is associated with additional costs. Each time a patient reaches a goal, she can set aside a fixed amount of money into a saving account. For reliability, relatives or friends of the patient can keep the money for her. With the growth of savings, the opportunities for spending this money increase, which is a lasting motivator.
2. Entertainment as a reward: upon reaching the goals, the patient can choose various recreational activities as a reward. For example, at the end of each week, she might choose to go to the movies or sleep over with friends. In this case, it is important that the activity implies collectivity and involve other people since social reinforcement acts as an additional motivator (Kelley et al., 2019).
3. Food as a reward: food is also one of the strongest rewards for effort. In particular, upon reaching the weekly goal, the patient can choose a favorite dish or go to the restaurant. This reward, however, is less desirable as it can lead to the development of a strong desire for food, which will replace alcohol addiction with a new unhealthy habit.

Conclusion

A reward system based on the achievement of long-term and short-term goals allows you to provide motivation. In this case, each of the weekly goals for a female high school student contributes to the development of a healthy behavior pattern. This is necessary to stabilize the patients emotional state and replace the immediate reward with the delayed one. In the long term, this approach will allow you to develop good habits as self-control and self-regulation skills.

References

Griffin, K. W., Sheier, L. M., komarc, M., & Botvin, G. J. (2021). Adolescent transitions in self-management strategies and young adult alcohol use. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 44(1), 2-41.

Kelley, N. J., Finley, A. J., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2019). After-effects of self-control: The reward responsivity hypothesis. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 19, 600-618.

Today, about 21 million people are victims of forced labor. 79% of them, according to the 2016 Global Report on Trafficking in Persons, are women and children. Despite the legal prohibition of slavery in all countries of the world, the number of victims of forced labor by the end of the last decade reached the highest level in history. The CNN Freedom Project regularly investigates such practices because it is contrary to ethical standards. It is necessary to analyze the exploitation of child labor by factories and find out why this is unethical.

In the fashion industry, it is difficult to achieve transparency in the supply chain and production. Forced labor, including child labor, begins in the cotton fields, continues at the stage of processing raw materials into cotton yarn, and is used in sewing shops (Guttmann et al. 66). The exploitation of children for the needs of the textile industry has reached the greatest scale in seven countries: Egypt, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Thailand, and China.

Cotton growers often rely on underage labor, not only because it is cheap but because little fingers do not destroy cotton bolls or damage the fiber. Children are involved in planting and weeding, manual pollination, harvesting. The working day is not standardized, children are exposed to pesticides and receive less than the minimum wage without attending school (Timmerman 11). Numerous cases have been recorded in India where parents actually sell their child into slavery, having received a full advance for the planned years of labor (Guttmann et al. 55). According to Stop the Traffik, 400,000 children worked in Indias cotton fields in 2005, most of them girls aged 7-14, working 14-16 hours a day (Bhukuth and Ballet 27). According to UNICEF, 11% of children  170 million  are involved in various forms of forced labor globally (Bhukuth and Ballet 27). 6 million of them work involuntarily. At the stage of production, cutting, and assembly of clothes, many operations are performed by children. They are tasked with dyeing, sewing on buttons, cutting threads, embroidering with thread, pleating, folding, and packaging finished products.

It should be emphasized that the use of child labor is a completely unethical aspect of international business. The fact is that in the legal sphere of regulation of labor relations, several Conventions and acts have been drawn up that directly prohibit the employment of minors for hard work. Contradictions to ethics are observed in the severity and long-term work, as well as in low pay or no wages at all. The fact is that children, despite their endurance and energy, are incapable of thinking in terms of legal relations, therefore they cannot fairly evaluate their work. In addition, the sphere of education, socialization, and mental health suffer.

At the stage of production, cutting, and assembly of clothes, many operations are performed by children. They are tasked with dyeing, sewing on buttons, cutting threads, embroidering with thread, pleating, folding, and packaging finished products. The working day can reach up to 18 hours, children work for a meager salary, or even without it. Usually, minors get into such conditions because of their parents, who give them to the manufacturer, believing the promises that the child will receive an education, money, and a chance for a decent life (Bhukuth and Ballet 67). In reality, such criminal cartels only exploit the labor of children, as was the case at a garment factory in Delhi, where 23 children were rescued during a police raid (Bhukuth and Ballet 81). Another example is the clandestine bag manufacturing in Mexico City, where under the guise of a drug rehabilitation center, 107 men and women worked without pay for 16 hours a day with a 30-minute lunch break, being beaten and sexually exploited (Bhukuth and Ballet 92). Most of the girls working in Bangladesh come from poor families.

Families living in comparatively prosperous clothing regions rarely send their daughters to work in factories. Despite recent initiatives to lower the cost of schooling for girls (monetary stipends, elimination of school fees), many young women still drop out of high school even when they have no way to get a paid job. As a result, these girls usually have only one option left  marriage (Guttmann et al. 78). In a country where minimum marriage age laws are rarely enforced, working for a paycheck is the best way to avoid getting married prematurely. With many girls having to choose between factory work and early marriage, a ban on hiring girls under the age of 18 could do more harm than good (Guttmann et al. 31). In order to save girls from this choice and reduce the presence of minors, including girls, in factories, it is necessary to actively combat poverty in rural areas.

Bangladeshs garment production is projected to quadruple over the next twenty years, which means that millions of new women, young and old, will enter the garment industry. According to our estimates, every tenth new employee will be between the ages of 10 and 17 (Guttmann et al. 70). Consumers around the world are turning away from child labor clothing, and this is commendable. Children under the age of 18 should go to school, learn important skills for life, and not work long hours in poor conditions.

Works Cited

Bhukuth, Augendra & Ballet, Jérôme, editors. Child exploitation in the global south. Springer International Publishing, 2018.

Guttmann, Katherine, et al. Ethical Issues in Child Abuse Research. Springer International Publishing, 2018.

Timmerman, Kelsey. Where am I Wearing? A Global Tour to the Countries, Factories, and People that Make Our Clothes. Wiley, 2012.

Substance abuse remains among the major problems the health care industry is facing, also in developed countries. The difficulties emerging in the course of treatment are, however, not the key reason, as there exists a range of social issues to factor into the complexity of the situation. They are, for instance, dramatic stigmatization, which is based on negative stereotypes and such phenomena as poverty, mental illness, or homelessness. People who suffer from whichever of those belong to the most disadvantaged categories, and addictions aggravate their vulnerability. The homeless are at a special risk, particularly because of poor access to regular medical aid, but the greatest challenge of treating them is the ever-stronger interdependence between homelessness and drug abuse.

The Connection between Homelessness and Addiction

One may guess that abusing alcohol or other substances is a frequent cause of becoming homeless, and it actually is. It would not, however, be reasonable to simply describe the connection between the two calamities as a cause-and-effect relationship. First, the National Coalition for the Homeless emphasizes that addiction can not only lead to homelessness but result from it as well. Second, both may root at the same condition, most frequently, a mental illness along with a lack of proper care, which is observable in almost a third of unsheltered individuals (Michaels House, 2017). Substance abuse in an unhoused population is, therefore, not a single problem but a complex one comprising several issues that are closely intertwined.

The need to overcome the difficulties of living on the street makes people drink excessively and/or use other psychoactive chemicals. Michaels House (2017), the addiction treatment center, reports that approximately 38% of the homeless abuse alcohol, and about 26%, mainly youngsters, give their preference to illicit drugs. In the vast majority of cases, the substances are seen as a medication able to distract a person from the highly stressful situation they have found themselves in.

The behavior of that kind is, actually, not solely typical of the unhoused, but of people in general, for which reason a recovery from an addiction does not only involve sobriety. Stevens and Smith (2013) define it as changes in physical, psychological, social, familial, and spiritual areas of functioning (p. 261).

Since the homeless population are less likely than average to experience such changes in a relatively short period of time, the probability of relapses is substantially higher in them. Not addressing the underlying issues is among the reasons why so-called abstinence-based treatment shows a lower efficiency than it could do otherwise (Carver et al., 2020). Peer support and a temporary change in the environment are not sufficient for a complete recovery, as the origin of the addiction is rather social than purely biological.

It is also worth mentioning that the individuals who became unsheltered as a consequence of alcohol and/or drug abuse normally continue consuming for the same reasons. Despair, social isolation, risks to health, and extreme poverty determines further excessive intake of chemicals, due to which an individual grows entrenched in the addiction. In such patients, relapses are apparently more probable and intensive, which additionally complicates the treatment and reduces the chance for a complete recovery. Furthermore, they apparently have less motivation to quit since their lives had been destroyed long before they found themselves on the street.

Motivation is, meanwhile, critical for recovery, as the strength of the patients will is actually the key to relapse prevention (Stevens & Smith, 2013). Negative emotions, which such people experience on a permanent basis, are also on the list of major determinants.

Accompanying Problems

It has already been mentioned that about 30% of the homeless population suffers from certain mental conditions. This is a serious problem since such people are frequently deprived of appropriate medical care. Although there exists a considerable variety of programs for the unhoused, the amount of those designed for treating mental disorders is dramatically limited (Addiction and homelessness). Even notwithstanding the recent upward trend, practitioners normally release patients as soon as possible so that they do not occupy beds (Michaels House, 2017). As a result, the condition is quite probable to grow worse, hence the addiction as well.

However, even if there are no psychological or psychical disorders, unsheltered individuals do not necessarily receive the aid they need. In numerous cases, they cycle between jails, streets, and emergency rooms with a discontinuity in medical care (Addiction and homelessness). Partly, this may result from poor motivation for overcoming the disease. Michaels House (2017) highlights that it may be challenging to convince a person to get help if they do not believe it to make sense. This creates additional problems in treatment, as it cannot be effective without the patients participation.

Environment

As said above, abstinence does not equal recovery since the problem is complex and has a social origin. Although a patient is able to stay sober in the protected and supportive atmosphere of medical practice, returning to the usual environment may challenge their perseverance (Stevens & Smith, 2013). Negative emotions, poor socialization, and even locations or activities associated with the addiction may work as triggers and cause a relapse. Meanwhile, it is hardly possible to monitor a homeless patient continuously after release, which precludes prolonged medical supervision.

Therefore, it is critical to teach patients self-control so that they do not return to substance use. Here, the umbrella term of self-control comprises coping as well as decision-making skills, stress management, and handling the cravings (Stevens & Smith, 2013). This is actually the main component and the greatest challenge of the treatment that makes the process substantially longer and more sophisticated compared to a patient who receives support constantly. In fact, a complete recovery from substance abuse means a reorganization of the entire life, which is especially difficult for a homeless.

Conclusion

Treating alcohol and drug addictions in an unhoused population is outstandingly difficult, as a lack of shelter and excessive use of substances are interdependent. The latter may whether cause or result from the former; furthermore, both may be the consequences of a mental illness. Therefore, treatment does not purely presuppose sobriety but requires managing the underlying problems. This is, however, scarcely possible unless the patient is motivated enough, while the homeless usually live in an atmosphere of never-ending despair. Another problem lies in insufficient accessibility of the needed medical assistance, which has two main reasons.

First, not all programs for the unsheltered address those who suffer from mental conditions. Second, the existing medical practices tend to release patients soon after the symptoms disappear in order to make more beds available. Such an approach renders a recovery impossible, as it involves changes to the social context before everything else.

References

Addiction and homelessness: Causes and challenges. (n.d.) Addiction Resource. Web.

Carver, H., Ring, N., Miler, J., & Parkes, T. (2020). What constitutes effective problematic substance use treatment from the perspective of people who are homeless? A systematic review and meta-ethnography. Harm Reduction Journal, 17(10). Web.

Michaels House. (2017). The connection between homelessness and addiction. Web.

Stevens, P., & Smith, L. R. (2013). Substance abuse counseling: Theory and practice (5^th Ed). Pearson.

Elder abuse is not an uncommon social issue, although it gets significantly less recognition than aggression between spouses or violence against children. For instance, child negligence or harassment is also exposed to massive discussion, and the case of struggles in orphanages are known for many years of history. However, when it comes to the elderly, there is not much awareness of the mistreatment and trauma that they might go through in their lives. They regularly experience physical and psychological abuse in care facilities, hospitals, or even inside their own houses from family members (Elder abuse, 2021). The conflict perspective may give a better understanding of the causes of this phenomenon. Due to the numeral social biases and stereotypes, it is believed that when people reach a certain age, they lose their initial value and become mostly excluded from society due to physical and mental limitations. Thus, older adults are often viewed as a burden or not a highly functioning group whose existence is only awaiting the inevitable passing since they can hardly contribute to any social activities.

Consequently, it makes them extremely vulnerable and puts them at risk of becoming an object of someones aggression, the tendency to violence, or financial fraud. Therefore, society experiences a lack of attention towards this problem because, consciously or unconsciously, it perceives the elderly as someone whose life and struggles do not matter to such an extent to raise awareness. In comparison to other social groups, the value and benefits the elderly can bring are considered to be noticeably low. In turn, society neglect the elderlys needs and sufferings since there is not much use it can get from people of older age.

Reference

Elder abuse. (2021). World Health Organization. Web.

The juvenile justice and the adolescent treatment systems have various linkages that can be looked at for long-term sustainability. A linkage between various serving agencies is one of the most notable system linkages. As far as system linkages are concerned, building positive relationships are always existent between the two. This has been done for an effective system to ensure that there are positive outcomes based on the correlation that exists (Antai-Otong, 2008, p. 17). There is a lot of appropriate supervision to ensure that juveniles and adolescents are transformed. This has been done by sharing information that can be used as time goes by to turn around both juveniles and adolescents. Cross-system coordination has also existed as an important linkage that can be employed for long-term sustainability. To ensure that system linkages are effective, there are a lot of community coordination links. Facilities are also a system linkage between juvenile justice and the adolescent training system. There is no difference between juveniles and adolescents and this means that the system is linked by programs that will involve everybody (Copeman, 2003, p. 26). Another system linkage is research and practice that ensures that the needs of the juvenile justice and the adolescent training system are catered for. The legal system is also linked to ensure that cases are effectively dealt with.

Treatment of substance abuse for juvenile offenders requires a lot of planning for efficiency. This means that there are a lot of clinical and programmatic issues that are involved in planning for treatment. Direct inquiries are made concerning the treatment that will be offered to ensure that everything is well planned for. Design controlled clinical treatment is another aspect that is done in advance to ensure that juvenile offenders are attended to in specific reference to their problem. Everything needs to be designed from the beginning to ensure that treatment will be efficient for juvenile offenders (Siegel, 2005, p. 19). An upward bound program is designed as far as clinical and programmatic issues are concerned to ensure that there is proper planning. Some of these aspects might include a counseling program that is always effective in ensuring that juveniles who have been abusing drugs are recovering well. Treatment planning is an issue that needs to be put into consideration to place good guidelines that will guide the whole process. Before a placement plan is developed, there is a need to do a behavioral observation on juveniles. This is because there might be some behavioral problems that might make it impossible to achieve effective treatment (Rang, 2003, p. 34). Juvenile offenders are supposed to be grouped concerning their substance abuse needs and this is another issue as far as planning for treatment is concerned.

Supportive programs and services are some of the factors that have been used to engage hard-to-reach adolescent populations. This is because some of these populations are always violent meaning that they are supposed to be approached cautiously. Voluntary counseling is a good approach to reach hard-to-find adolescent populations (Sullivan, 2001, p. 47). This ensures that they are positively influenced without creating any problem about their general well-being and welfare. Identification of specific characteristics in a given population is another factor that has always been used to engage hard-to-reach adolescents. Identification of challenges is very important to ensure that a good program is designed for long-term sustainability.

It is undeniable that drugs and substance abuse have become a very important element of youth culture as time goes by. In this case, the abuse of drugs has become a normal trend among the youths thereby forming a culture amongst them. This means that drugs give youths an identity from the rest who do not use drugs. With all this withstanding, drugs will continue to play an integral part in youth culture (Copeman, 2003, p. 31). This is because they consider it as a normal thing and aspect of their lives. Young guys who attend parties consider drugs as a must-have. Some youths are experimenting with drugs to fit in a given group and this could be because of peer pressure. This is what they consider as a culture but it has occasionally led to substance abuse in the long run. The juvenile justice and the adolescent treatment systems have various linkages that can be looked at for long-term sustainability. A linkage between various serving agencies is one of the most notable system linkages.

As far as system linkages are concerned, building positive relationships are always existent between the two. This has been done for an effective system to ensure that there are positive outcomes based on the correlation that exists (Antai-Otong, 2008, p. 17). There is a lot of appropriate supervision to ensure that juveniles and adolescents are transformed. This has been done by sharing information that can be used as time goes by to turn around both juveniles and adolescents. Cross-system coordination has also existed as an important linkage that can be employed for long-term sustainability. To ensure that system linkages are effective, there are a lot of community coordination links. Facilities are also a system linkage between juvenile justice and the adolescent training system. There is no difference between juveniles and adolescents and this means that the system is linked by programs that will involve everybody (Copeman, 2003, p. 26). Another system linkage is research and practice that ensures that the needs of the juvenile justice and the adolescent training system are catered for. The legal system is also linked to ensure that cases are effectively dealt with.

Treatment of substance abuse for juvenile offenders requires a lot of planning for efficiency. This means that there are a lot of clinical and programmatic issues that are involved in planning for treatment. Direct inquiries are made concerning the treatment that will be offered to ensure that everything is well planned for. Design controlled clinical treatment is another aspect that is done in advance to ensure that juvenile offenders are attended to in specific reference to their problem. Everything needs to be designed from the beginnin

g to ensure that treatment will be efficient for juvenile offenders (Siegel, 2005, p. 19). An upward bound program is designed as far as clinical and programmatic issues are concerned to ensure that there is proper planning. Some of these aspects might include a counseling program that is always effective in ensuring that juveniles who have been abusing drugs are recovering well. Treatment planning is an issue that needs to be put into consideration to place good guidelines that will guide the whole process. Before a placement plan is developed, there is a need to do a behavioral observation on juveniles. This is because there might be some behavioral problems that might make it impossible to achieve effective treatment (Rang, 2003, p. 34). Juvenile offenders are supposed to be grouped concerning their substance abuse needs and this is another issue as far as planning for treatment is concerned.

Supportive programs and services are some of the factors that have been used to engage hard-to-reach adolescent populations. This is because some of these populations are always violent meaning that they are supposed to be approached cautiously. Voluntary counseling is a good approach to reach hard-to-find adolescent populations (Sullivan, 2001, p. 47). This ensures that they are positively influenced without creating any problem concerning their general well-being and welfare. Identification of specific characteristics in a given population is another factor that has always been used to engage hard-to-reach adolescents. Identification of challenges is very important to ensure that a good program is designed for long-term sustainability.

It is undeniable that drugs and substance abuse have become a very important element of youth culture as time goes by. In this case, the abuse of drugs has become a normal trend among the youths thereby forming a culture amongst them. This means that drugs give youths an identity from the rest who do not use drugs. With all this withstanding, drugs will continue to play an integral part in youth culture (Copeman, 2003, p. 31). This is because they consider it as a normal thing and aspect of their lives. Young guys who attend parties consider drugs as a must-have. Some youths are experimenting with drugs to fit in a given group and this could be because of peer pressure. This is what they consider as a culture but it has occasionally led to substance abuse in the long run.

Reference list

Antai-Otong, D. (2008). Psychiatric Nursing: Biological and Behavioral Concepts. Canada: Thompson Delmar Learning.

Copeman, M. (2003). Drug supply and drug abuse. Leicester: BPS Books.

Rang, P. (2003). Pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.

Siegel, K. (2005). Intoxication: The universal drive for mind-altering substances. Vermont: Park Street Press.

Sullivan, M. (2001). Dual Diagnosis: Counseling the Mentally Ill Substance Abuser. New York: Guilford Press.

Introduction

In the twenty-first century, terrifying customs, cultural norms, and social problems that degrade human dignity, health, and life still exist in the world. Although these issues are all consequences of a persons personal choice, many of them are also supported by law or cultural and religious characteristics of the countries in which they practice. Child marriage, female circumcision, violence, and abuse are often directed against people who are unable to fend for themselves, such as children and women. Therefore, this paper will discuss the problems of violence in various forms of manifestation to find the causes of their occurrence and a solution for them.

Main body

The first issue to discuss is the war and the fate of the children soldiers. Although wars are terrible and traumatic in all their manifestations, the recruitment of children in the army is a serious problem that violates their rights and traumatizes them. In the video, Ishmael Beah says that the army was like shelter and family for him; however, drugs and propaganda forced him to do things that he barely understood (Captaindarwin, 2012). Consequently, unlike adults, who consciously become soldiers and undergo training, children are only puppets in the hands of the militaries. Wyness (2016) notes that the traumatic events of war affect such childrens future because, without professional help, they often turn into criminals or suffer mental problems. Thus, forcing children to become soldiers is a terrible practice as it leads to their death or deprives them of a chance for a happy future.

The solution to this problem is not simple and certain, since during the war, many laws and human rights are violated, and compliance with international standards is problematic. For this reason, the only solution that may be effective is the timely intervention of peacekeeping organizations. Moreover, part of the effort should be aimed at creating conditions in which children will not seek salvation in the army, and another part of the help should be directed at saving and rehabilitating children who have already become soldiers. Although this approach cannot completely solve the problem, it will significantly reduce the number of victims.

Another unfair issue is child marriage, which is common in the world. The practice of marriage arrangements for girls is common in many Muslim countries since the early marriage of daughters allows their parents to improve their economic situation. At the same time, Seff et al. (2019) note that early marriages lead to health problems for young women, increase depression, and virtually eliminate the chance of happy family life. Nujood Alis story confirms this fact since a girl was raped by her husband before reaching puberty (Journeyman Pictures, 2013). Although the girl got a divorce, this experience forced her to abandon the idea of marriage, which will affect her adult relationship.

However, similar practices still exist in the United States as well as in developing countries. In many cases in the United States, early marriages are the result of parental pressure, and it is still a common idea that marrying a rapist helps save a girls honor (McFarlane et al., 2016; Seff et al. 2019). Both statements are supported by examples of Angel and Shari Jonson, since both women married at the age of 13 and 11, respectively (BBC News, 2017). Many children do not have the protection of the law from early marriage at an age when they do not understand its meaning.

Consequently, the solution to the problem is to establish 18 years as the minimum age for marriage at the federal level. At the same time, in some Muslim countries, it is also necessary to direct efforts to change the religious perception of such a decision, since some orthodox representatives often put religious laws higher than legal ones. Thus, marriages can be organized due to cultural traditions but not the law, which does not change the essence of the situation. For this reason, a gradual change in cultural traditions, for example, by religious leaders influence, is also necessary.

Another dangerous, harmful, and degrading dignity of women tradition is female circumcision. This practice exists due to the religious or cultural belief that a woman should not experience pleasure during sexual intercourse, since it is intended only for the conception of children. For this reason, girls undergo a painful and traumatic clitoris removal procedure before reaching puberty age. A video about such a practice in Egypt demonstrates that such a practice is rooted in the culture and minds of people, so even a legal ban does not stop many women from performing such procedures on their daughters (Locomotiv63, 2012). In addition, the ban even worsened the situation as parents are afraid to go to the hospital if their daughters have a complication after illegal operations due to fear of punishment.

It is also surprising that, although adult women have experienced such a painful and traumatic experience, they believe that their daughters also need it. However, the positive thing is that part of the population is aware that genital mutilation is a cruel and unnecessary part of their culture or religion and is opposed to this tradition (Locomotiv63, 2012). Diabate and Mesplé-Somps (2019) also note that there is a positive trend among returning migrants as they change the opinion of stayers about the need for genital mutilation of women in the country. Therefore, these facts indicate that the elimination of this traumatic tradition is possible.

Legal prohibition of female genital mutilation in all countries simultaneously with educational activities is a solution to this problem. The example of Egypt demonstrates that the ban is not sufficient, and only a change in cultural beliefs contributes to the cessation of this practice. Campaigning should be comprehensive in such forms as television commercials, sermons by religious leaders, and educational events. Schools also should explain to girls the harm and consequences of such a practice, since often children do not even realize what procedure they are forced to go through because mothers hide facts from them. This knowledge helps girls persuade their parents to abandon this practice, or they will be able to recognize parents intentions and ask the police for help. These changes will take a lot of time, but, eventually, they will force people to abandon female circumcision.

However, one of the most significant and widespread problems in the world is child abuse. The video shows terrible statistics and stories of child abuse that could not be avoided (J&R Vela, 2011). At the same time, Ghani (2018) notes that abuse is not limited to physical violence as it can also be expressed in negligence, psychological violence, or abusive relationships between partners. It should also be noted that even a single episode of anger and its physical manifestation in relation to a child can have a traumatic effect. Didisen et al. (2019) say that prolonged crying of a baby often causes parents stress and anger, which makes them shake their baby harder

Most often, parents do not want to harm the child but are not aware of their actions consequences (Didisen et al., 2019). However, the structure of the infants body is fragile, and such a shaking can cause axonal injuries and hemorrhage, which is characterized as Shaken Baby Syndrome (Sandra Tavares, 2009). Therefore, any manifestation of violence is harmful to children and must be eliminated.

The solution to this problem is a systematic assessment of the familys mental health, relationships, and living conditions. For example, Marcuss foster parents killed him, which indicates poor-quality testing of candidates for adoption by social services (J&R Vela, 2011). Besides, physicians should also evaluate mothers of a newborn child to diagnose postnatal depression and avoid its manifestation in relation to the baby. Control by social services, teachers in kindergartens, and schools can detect violence in the early stages and prevent it. In addition, new parents should also be educated by nurses about the principles of an infants body functioning to avoid Shaken Baby Syndrome.

Conclusion

In conclusion, statistics and stories from around the world demonstrate that society is still confronted with cruelty and violence because of the prejudices or irresponsibility of people. In most cases, traditions and customs bring suffering to those who have less influence, rights, or physical strength and, therefore, cannot defend themselves. Consequently, the main steps to solve these problems are the gradual change of violent rules and traditions, as well as the validation of their illegality in all countries of the world. This process can take decades, but over time the situation will improve, just as it has happened with racial or gender inequality in democratic countries.

References

BBC News. (2017). Why does the US have so many child brides?  BBC News [Video File]. Web.

Captaindarwin. (2012). Ishmael Beah: Boy soldier of Sierra Leone [Video File]. Web.

Diabate, I., & Mesplé-Somps, S. (2019). Female genital mutilation and migration in Mali: Do return migrants transfer social norms? Journal of Population Economics, 32(4), 11251170.

Didisen, N. A., Sevgili, S. A., Zengin, D., & Ozkutuk, N. (2019). Investigation of parents knowledge levels of and attitudes towards Shaken Baby Syndrome. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 12(2), 946952.

Ghani, M. A. (2018). The impacts of domestic violence on children: Perspectives from women in Malaysia who experience abuse. Child Welfare, 96(3), 103117.

Journeyman Pictures. (2013). Why Yemen wont ban child marriage and rape [Video File]. Web.

J&R Vela. Child abuse in America 2011 [Video File]. Web.

Locomotiv63. (2012). Female genital mutilation in Egypt [Video File]. Web.

McFarlane, J., Nava, A., Gilroy, H., & Maddoux, J. (2016). Child brides, forced marriage, and partner violence in America: Tip of an iceberg revealed. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 127(4), 706713.

Sandra Tavares. (2009). The rupture of bridging veins in Shaken Baby Syndrome [Video File]. Web.

Seff, I., Williams, A., Hussain, F., Landis, D., Poulton, C., Falb, K., & Stark, L. (2020). Forced sex and early marriage: Understanding the linkages and norms in a humanitarian setting. Violence Against Women, 26(8), 787802.

Wyness, M. (2016). Childhood, human rights and adversity: The case of children and military conflict. Children & Society, 30(5), 345355.