Brexit’s Impact on Workforce and Student Migration

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Table of Contents

Problem Background
Problem Statement
Significance of Study
Research Aims and Objectives
Research Question
Literature Review
Methodology
References

Problem Background

The lives of British and European citizens have changed significantly after Brexit. It was the result of a referendum held in Britain on June 23, 2016, where citizens voted for the country to leave the European Union (EU) (Auer & Tetlow, 2022). Since the beginning of 2021, the United Kingdom (UK) has moved to a new, more independent relationship with the EU after several decades of close cooperation on social, economic, and cultural issues (Pylas, 2020). Such a transition marked one of the most significant changes in the country after World War II (Pylas, 2020). The issue of migration is influential in Brexit, as this aspect served as a factor in decision-making and received the most implications.

Britain has hosted a large number of migrants for a long time. In 2020, the number of foreigners was estimated at more than nine million, among which six million did not receive citizen status (Somerville & Walsh, 2021). At the same time, the number of EU nationals among migrants is estimated at 3.4 million (Sturge, 2022). Migrants arrived for various reasons – work, family, education, or seeking asylum. While about 48% of EU migrants come to Britain to work, 10% come to get an education, which is also a significant number of foreigners (Sumption & Kierans, 2021). At the same time, about 800,000 migrants stay in the country illegally (Somerville & Walsh, 2021). Many newcomers can cause social difficulties – disputes, discrimination, pressure, and other problems (Somerville & Walsh, 2021). Therefore, given the number of foreigners, the migration problem is relevant to the population and affects their decisions.

The decision to leave the Union is significant, and the issue of migration has played a role. Freedom of movement is one of the critical benefits for all EU members. After several Central and Eastern European countries joined the EU, many of their citizens moved to other countries, including the UK, in search of jobs (Somerville & Walsh, 2021). Working migrants are concentrated in several areas of the economy – hospitality, transportation and storage, information and communications, and social work and healthcare (Somerville & Walsh, 2021). Citizens’ fears of the consequences of such migration, especially for pay and job opportunities, have affected the Brexit decision motivating people to vote for exit.

Brexit changes the rules of movement for UK and EU citizens, restricting existing freedom. In particular, those Britons who want to move and work in the EU, and Europeans who want to go to Britain for the same purposes, must undergo the necessary bureaucratic procedures (Pylas, 2020). Potential workers in Britain should follow the particular Points-Based System (PBS) created to maintain an influx of highly skilled employees to the country (Somerville & Walsh, 2021). Special recruitment schemes have also been introduced for seasonal rural workers (Somerville & Walsh, 2021). At the same time, short-term trips – for 90 days out of 180 to the EU and 180 days to Britain remained visa-free (Pylas, 2020). The new rules make it more difficult to hire employees and find work, as obtaining the required documents in advance is necessary.

The rules for students have also changed with significant consequences since Brexit. The number of international graduate students was 14%, and the number of postgraduate international students was 36% before Brexit (Romiti & Amuedo-Dorantes, 2021). EU students were free to come to Britain and follow the same admission rules as the country’s citizens, which led to many foreigners in educational institutions. Currently, individuals wishing to receive an education must pay immigration fees and obtain the necessary documents, including a visa and proof of admission. Moreover, education costs for European students change after Brexit, as do credit opportunities (Romiti & Amuedo-Dorantes, 2021). Restrictions on work, in turn, suggest that foreign graduates will not be able to find a job in Britain. As a result, the changes discourage potential new students from coming to the UK due to the increased cost and unfriendliness to migrants.

Problem Statement

The implications of the changes implemented by Brexit for labor and student migration still need to be well understood and studied. Several sectors of the UK economy heavily depend on the migrant workforce (Somerville & Walsh, 2021). International students are an essential source of income for universities to sustain their activities (Romiti & Amuedo-Dorantes, 2021). Moreover, the freedom to find jobs and places of education without geographical restrictions offers many opportunities for personal and career development, which is essential for EU and British citizens. At the same time, the economic aspect is only part of the impact of post-Union change.

In addition to the new restrictions on migrant movements, Brexit significantly impacts their opinion about the country, attitude, and mental health. According to research by Guma and Dafydd Jones (2019), migrants were already in a hostile environment before Brexit, and new changes added to the negative pressure. The campaign, carried out during the preparation for the Brexit referendum, used anti-migrant narratives, which influenced the population’s opinion (Van Der Zwet et al., 2020). Later, the introduced restrictions provoked uncertainty about migrants’ rights and the future. Moreover, the changes complicate already confusing feelings of identity and belonging (Moskal & Sime, 2022). For these reasons, it is crucial to explore and better understand the impact of Brexit on migration and individuals that aspire to work and study in the UK.

Significance of Study

Both migrant workers and students contribute to the country’s economic activities. Moreover, attracting young students leads to the demographic diversity of society (Romiti & Amuedo-Dorantes, 2021). Examining the effects of Brexit on migration opportunities for the influx of new populations into the country will clarify the changes’ consequences. Moreover, the study should reveal how novelties have affected those individuals seeking to live and study in Britain. Researching this aspect is necessary to understand the image of Great Britain in the opinions of migrants since strict restrictions can lead to the country’s perception as discriminatory and illiberal. Given the influence of migrants, it is also essential to find out their opinion on changes since negative perceptions of the country can lead to lower newcomers’ numbers and an adverse impact on the country. Moreover, the study is necessary as it will demonstrate the characteristics of migrants that are ready or not ready to move to Britain in the new circumstances.

The research also contributes to the scientific literature on Brexit and its consequences. The study intends to narrow the focus to aspects that have not yet been sufficiently considered by the scientific community, namely migrants from Bulgaria living in London. Only a few studies focus on migrants from Bulgaria, and they are more focused on intentions to leave or stay in Britain (Benson et al., 2022; Markova & King, 2022; Markova & King, 2021). At the same time, as far as is known, there is no research that they are considering the influence of leaving the EU on the Bulgarians in London. Consequently, the study will present a unique perspective for exploring Brexit. Moreover, the study can provide the basis for a subsequent review of the Bulgarians’ situation in London and provide recommendations for policies to reduce tension and the risk of discrimination. Such recommendations will also be helpful for employers and universities hosting foreigners.

Research Aims and Objectives

The study aims to explore the effects of Brexit on migration processes in the UK and understand how leaving the EU has affected Bulgarian migrants’ personal life and view of the UK. Based on the goal, the study includes the following objectives:

Explore what changes have occurred in the personal lives of Bulgarian workers and migrant students living in London.
Understand how changes to immigration rules have affected the perception of the UK by Bulgarians living in London.

Research Question

The study poses the research question: How has Brexit impacted the experiences and attitudes of EU migrants in the UK?

Literature Review

Brexit was a significant event and attracted the attention of many researchers. In particular, considering its causes, literature offers different opinions. For example, Joppke (2020) suggests that Brexit is a breakthrough for populism because opposition to migration and the concern of the population on this issue was at the center of the public discussion. Van Der Zwet et al. (2020) note significant differences between the people of Britain and Europe, which served as the drivers of Brexit. The article highlights the British historic imperial heritage, socio-economic pressures due to migrants, differences in identity, and media influence on citizens (Van Der Zwet et al., 2020). Despite the presence of many prerequisites for Brexit, the migration problem occupies one of the critical places in research.

Significant changes, including the restrictions imposed, could affect perceptions of Britain and its values. Joppke (2020) compares populism, which led to Brexit, with populism, which led to Donald Trump’s presidency in America. The researcher concludes that, unlike Trump’s populism, Brexit is not discriminatory and does not undermine liberal values (Joppke, 2020). Moreover, the author argues that departure from Union can make migration policy more universal and fairer by excluding favoritism toward Europeans (Joppke, 2020). Sobolewska and Ford (2019), in turn, are considering whether Britain has a conflict of cultures, which can contribute to Brexit. The authors find there is potential for conflict in Britain based on emigration and race issues, but one of the consequences of Brexit is that it provides an opportunity to resolve the situation (Sobolewska & Ford, 2019). EU exit implications are considered in more detail than the prerequisites in the literature, as reflected in the further review below.

The consequences of Brexit in the literature are primarily considered from the point of view of the British economy. For example, Specia’s (2021) article reports significant post-Brexit and post-COVID labor shortages in various areas of the economy, particularly in hospitality. Moreover, some business strategies in the country are based on the possibilities of free movement, and adaptation to new conditions is required (Specia, 2021). At the same time, Portes (2022) notes that migration positively affects the country, contributing to economic growth. Migrants pay more taxes than citizens and, despite widespread concerns, do not affect the unemployment rate or salaries (Portes, 2022). Consequently, a decrease in the flow of migrants leads to an imbalance between taxes and government spending and a decline in economic growth. Nevertheless, the adverse effects can be offset by the influx of more skilled workers selected through the new system. Moreover, less availability of cheap labor drives automation and innovation (Portes, 2022). Therefore, the economic consequences include both positive and negative results.

Considering the implications for migration issues, leaving the Union is mainly studied regarding consequences for the rights of newcomers. Specialists of the British organization Migration Observatory review the changes after Brexit and note that the rights of migrants will be more limited (Sumption & Kierans, 2021). Moreover, the experts express concerns about the risks of increasing the rate of illegal migration and discrimination (Cox, 2020; Sumption & Kierans, 2021). However, Sumption and Kierans (2021) also believe that the policy has not yet been determined residually, and changes are possible in the future. Political changes affect both migrant workers and students and their training.

Education prospects in Britain are attracting the attention of many international students, but the new policy is changing the situation. Several sources indicate that travel restrictions and increased costs discourage potential candidates (Portes, 2022; Romiti & Amuedo-Dorantes, 2021). At the same time, young people from the EU are an important cultural and intellectual part of the student community, and their loss could damage British economic and cultural potential (Cox, 2020). Broc (2020) indicates that education will be negatively affected by the loss of funding and opportunities for research cooperation from the EU. However, post-Brexit changes may also have benefits for the education system. In particular, fewer international students suggest more access to education for British applicants (Broc, 2020). Moreover, such changes indicate an opportunity to adapt the system and rethink the mission of higher education (Broc, 2020). The various consequences are manifested not only in practical changes but also affect the perception, decisions, and future of migrants from and in the UK.

The presence of migrants in the country often causes tension and negative attitudes, and Brexit has significant potential to influence the situation. In interviews with Guma and Dafydd Jones (2019), migrants in Britain reported hostility before, during, and after the Brexit campaign. Van Der Zwet et al. (2020) highlight alienation and othering feelings between citizens and migrants. For some expatriates, employers were able to mitigate the hostile environment (Luthra, 2021). However, the researchers believe that the level of vulnerability of migrants also depends on their stratification, that is, social class and position in the labor market (Luthra, 2021). Such differences in the situation of migrants allows suggesting that only a part of employers will make efforts to support their foreign employees.

Nevertheless, the changes brought in by Brexit have consequences for all migrants regardless of social position. Notably, all foreigners participating in the studies express concern about their new legal status (Luthra, 2021; Turcatti & Vargas-Silva, 2022; Van Der Zwet et al., 2020). Such circumstances negatively affect people’s well-being since restrictions on the legal position lead to limited opportunities, for example, in promoting a career or receiving medical services (Luthra, 2021). As a result, the UK can become unattractive to move to, simultaneously discouraging potential workers and making current migrants consider leaving the country (Portes, 2022). The new circumstances affect the opportunities that migrants have, determining their decisions.

The uncertainty of future and legal status pushes many migrants to change their decisions about where they should live. For instance, since the referendum, migration rates from Britain have been 16% higher than movements between other countries, which means a significant increase in the number of people leaving the UK (Auer & Tetlow, 2022). At the same time, the flow includes migrants for whom Britain is not their native country and the British who want to obtain European citizenship for greater mobility (Auer & Tetlow, 2022). In addition to freedom of movement, other factors influence migration decisions, including those that make people stay in the UK.

While Brexit has surprised and worried many migrants, several aspects have contributed to the decision to stay. For example, studies by Jancewicz et al. (2020) and Markova and King (2022) revealed that the economic factor is decisive for many migrants in the decision to continue living in Britain. In particular, a specific position in the labor market, especially for highly qualified migrants, was the reason to stay in Britain (Markova & King, 2022). Consequently, Brexit has motivated some migrants to apply for an extension of their stay in the country (Jancewicz et al., 2020). Reluctance to return to their home countries due to differences in quality of life was also an important reason to stay in Britain (Markova & King, 2022). Among the reasons for leaving the country, the surveyed participants highlighted a return to families, but this step was difficult for most respondents (Markova & King, 2022). As a consequence, post-Brexit decisions of migrant workers are divided – one part decides to leave the country, and the other remains.

Notably, concerns about legal status significantly affect future decisions among younger generations. According to a study by Sime et al. (2020), many young migrants from 12 to 18 years old who lived and wanted to stay in Britain changed their plans after Brexit. Respondents from Central and Eastern Europe suggested that in the new circumstances, the best option for them would be to move to new countries with affordable education and work opportunities (Sime et al., 2020). Moving was preferable to staying in the UK or returning to their home countries (Sime et al., 2020). Such data supports fears that Brexit could contribute to the loss of talented migrant youth, which has high potential.

Another influential aspect of Brexit’s impact on migrants is the psychological factor. Living in a particular culture and forming social ties affect a sense of identity and belonging, which is vital for a person’s well-being. According to research by Moskal and Sime (2022), discrimination, xenophobia, and the risk of social isolation that accompanied Brexit had a strong negative impact on identity and belonging. At the same time, experience as migrants is also crucial in this matter. For example, young migrants 12-18 years old living in Britain note both positive and negative emotions regarding staying in the country and leaving the Union (Moscal & Sime, 2022). Consequently, they define their identity as dynamic and fragmentary, which can have negative consequences, such as cultural conflict, and advantages, such as personal flexibility (Moscal & Sime, 2022). Older generations and migrant workers are also experiencing shifts in identity.

Existing research addresses various aspects of identity and affiliation belonging, as well as ways to facilitate the transition. Many authors note the changes that occurred as violations of feelings of identity and belonging and bringing tension to them (Guma & Dafydd Jones, 2019). However, Ranta and Nancheva (2019) also note that Brexit has pushed for a rethink of belonging and facilitated the unification of migrants based on European identity. Georgiadou (2019) describes their experience of changes and characterizes belonging as fluid. The author notes that ‘welcoming the other’ by native citizens can facilitate adaptation to changes (Georgiadou, 2019). Consequently, with the right approach, the adverse effects of Brexit on belonging and identity can be mitigated.

The research literature on the issue of the impact of Brexit on migrants highlights more negative aspects, but there are also assumptions about the positive effect. Following Somerville and Walsh (2021), post-Brexit migration policy changes also led to migration becoming a less debated issue among the public and should be treated more positively. Rienzo (2020) also suggests that Brexit will bring relief and improvements for natives and non-EU migrants. Studies also indicate that reducing the number of migrants can relieve tension and remove the risks of discrimination (Rienzo, 2020). As a result, while Brexit research is quite extensive, it has many assumptions and some controversy, which require confirmation and evidence through further examination.

Methodology

Having considered various approaches to understanding knowledge and how to obtain it, the study follows the interpretivism philosophy. Interpretivism emphasizes that people may have different opinions and thoughts that may be subject to study in research (Muhaise et al., 2020). The advantages of this philosophy are that it studies the different ranges of experiences in all their complexity and layering, which theories cannot convey. Interpretivist philosophy in studies suggests the significant involvement of the researcher in interpreting the obtained data. This format is suitable to cover the diverse experiences and opinions of Bulgarians living in London. The research will contribute to existing knowledge by presenting a new understanding of Bulgarians’ perspective of the problem by using interpretivism. Interpretivism will be able to maintain a focus on the Bulgarians’ stories and narratives and understand their worldview and interpretation of events, deepening the study of personal experience.

Research Approach

The research approach influences data collection and analysis processes during the study. The current research takes an inductive approach, suggesting that the researcher will generalize from observations and data collected during the study (Bianchi, 2021). The disadvantage of this approach is subjectivity since the researcher’s opinion may affect the conclusions. However, the inductive approach contributes to a deeper study of the subject, including various experiences of Bulgarian migrants after Brexit. An inductive approach is necessary to collect data on the opinion and experiences of the Bulgarians living in London and subsequently construct theories and hypotheses based on them. That is, inductive reasoning allows for identifying patterns in the experience of migrants and then building assumptions to answer the research question. This approach is more open in the study of participants’ experiences and considers a variety of opinions.

Research Design

The chosen inductive approach determines the required study design for the current research. The qualitative design aligns with this approach and will contribute to exploring Bulgarian migrants’ experiences and attitudes to post-Brexit changes better. Qualitative research focuses more on studying the context in which the observed phenomenon manifests itself or on a particular point of view on it (Busetto et al., 2020). Although quantitative studies are often considered more reliable and objective, the observation of specific patterns is initially based on qualitative data (Busetto et al., 2020). The selected study design is suitable for the study’s goals and will help answer the research question.

The chosen design will collect qualitative data on the experience of Bulgarian migrants in London. This approach provides a deeper understanding of the experiences and opinions of migrants, as it does not limit their answers but pushes for a more detailed description. Moreover, flexibility and openness are essential characteristics of such a design, which is a significant advantage when conducting a study and asking participants to share their experiences. For example, when analyzing data, the researcher may notice their insufficient volume in general or on a particular issue and return to the collection stage until there is enough material (Busetto et al., 2020). As a result, a significant amount of data will be collected, which will allow the highlighting of topics and patterns in the experience and opinions of Bulgarian migrants after Brexit.

Data Collection

Data collection and analysis methods depend on the study’s objectives and design. Qualitative studies typically use data collected through interviews, observations, communication with focus groups, and other written materials (Carr et al., 2019). Conducting a survey that includes open questions will be a convenient method of collecting data among migrants, which will provide material for analysis. The advantages of the method are that it will be able to provide more weighty information about the opinions and experiences of Bulgarian migrants. Moreover, open-ended surveys encourage truthful answers and provide an opportunity for feedback (Neuert et al., 2021). The current study focuses on Bulgarian migrants living in London, and this group is the respondents in the questionnaire.

Modern technologies provide various options which enhance the researchers’ ability to collect information. Researchers can use social networks, audio diaries, email, and various platforms (Carr et al., 2019). As a result, technologies will facilitate data collection in the current study. The current study will use Google forms to create and conduct a survey. This tool is suitable for developing questionnaires of various formats and, if necessary, changing them (“Google forms,” n.d.). Due to the ease of navigation, this tool will also be convenient and understandable for responders with different computer skills.

Collecting data following the selected method will require several steps to prepare. In particular, it is necessary to create questions that will be clear to the respondents and encourage them to give informative answers. The questionnaire topics will cover the duration of living in Britain, the description of the experience before and after Brexit, the reaction to Brexit, and the changes that participants feel on a practical and emotional level in their personal lives. The questions will also focus on describing the sense of belonging and identity under the influence of Brexit and possible changes in attitudes towards Britain and its citizens.

After developing the questionnaire, the researcher needs to engage participants, which is an integral part of the survey and requires an invitation and compliance with ethical requirements for research. Self-selection sampling, which assumes that the investigator specifies the criteria for the inclusion of participants and their voluntary response participation, will be helpful in the current study (Berndt, 2020). Respondents’ engagement can be carried out by placing an invitation on thematic sites uniting migrants into one community, such as InterNations. The invitation will also be posted on social media in groups dedicated to Bulgarian communities living in Britain.

Data Analysis

Data collected in qualitative studies are analyzed using thematic analysis. Participants’ responses are coded according to their key theme, allowing the data to be sorted according to specific categories (Busetto et al., 2020). After coding, the data is synthesized and analyzed from the position of what is highlighted in the responses of the survey participants. As a result, the researcher forms a report and describes key observations, conclusions, and recommendations based on the analyzed data for further dissemination.

Sample Size

Study planning involves choosing the required method of sampling and sample size. Given the peculiarities of qualitative studies and the need to analyze many written materials, a small number of participants are required. The target for the current research is about 30 participants. However, as Busetto et al. (2020) noted, qualitative studies generally do not require a clear sample size definition. Following a qualitative design, collecting information and attracting participants continues until sufficient data is obtained (Busetto et al., 2020). Following the self-selection sampling method, the invitation to participate in the survey will focus on Bulgarian migrants living in London.

Ethical Consideration

Providing an ethical approach to participants is necessary to establish trust between them and researchers. In particular, ethical considerations include keeping professional relationships with participants. Moreover, the researcher needs to obtain informed consent from the participants to process the information received from them (Kang & Hwang, 2021). The appropriate form should be included in the survey and inform participants about the study objectives and intentions regarding their data. At the same time, the participants’ data, which may contribute to the identification of their identity, will not be disclosed in the study to maintain privacy and confidentiality. Finally, the investigator must follow the principles of beneficence, honesty, and integrity (Kang & Hwang, 2021). Attention to the identified ethical aspects will ensure adherence to high research standards and support its quality.

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