Hello, I just need this simple question answered it does not need to be long it

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Hello, I just need this simple question answered it does not need to be long it

Hello, I just need this simple question answered it does not need to be long it can be a short answer. Please use the book for reference, the name of the book is “Cities Change and Conflict; Kleniewski, Nancy, Thomas, Alexander R.; Published by Routledge, 2019”