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Welcome to the first week of Law Enforcement Psychology!
Law enforcement culture
Welcome to the first week of Law Enforcement Psychology!
Law enforcement culture is extremely complex and by necessity it is relatively closed off and insular. More so today than ever before, there is a disconnect between law enforcement and the communities they serve. At times, both community members and police officers may feel disenfranchised and misunderstood. From the law enforcement perspective, an example is an officer on their time off, perhaps with their family, who runs into someone they have arrested in the past. Even when off duty, law enforcement must always be vigilant. For some, this becomes hypervigilance. It is important to understand that the men and women in law enforcement are working jobs in which every day may be their last.
On one hand, police officers are responsible for the safety of the community. On the other hand, they are also responsible for their own safety and the safety of their fellow law enforcement professionals. At times, these objectives may be at odds. For example, if an officer is attacked, they may need to use force. Now, the officer is responsible for rendering aid to the person that just tried to harm them. Many times, when an officer uses force, there is a civil lawsuit filed. This means the officer will have to relive this event again and again, often for several years. There is no other vocation that requires this kind of complicated relationship with the members of the community.
In our modern era, the media has played a significant role in shaping the relationship between law enforcement and the community. It has helped to point out inappropriate use of force and unethical behavior by various law enforcement professionals. However, all law enforcement tends to get painted with the same brush. In fact, very few law enforcement professionals behave inappropriately. Likewise, very few officers ever have to use lethal force; however, people tend to believe that the use of lethal force is far more prevalent than it actually is.
This course focuses on the myriad of factors that contribute to law enforcement culture, including community relationships, mental health issues, hiring and evaluation procedures, and the kinds of training and support that can help increase officers’ overall mental health and stabilize their community relationships.
Learning Objectives
Students will:
Evaluate elements of law enforcement organizational culture
1.
What is Law Enforcement Culture?
As you might imagine, there is much more to law enforcement culture than meets the eye. According to McGovern and Phillips (2017):
The concept of police culture is comprised of the merging of two major components, a) the image of impartial and professional crime fighters that the police have of themselves, and b) a system of belief and behavior not described in published manuals or agency values statements.
Of course, many elements of this culture are universal and generalizable; however, each individual agency possesses its own distinct organizational culture, and no two agencies are exactly the same.
For this Discussion, you will explore the elements of law enforcement organizational culture.
Note on licensure: The MS and PhD in Forensic Psychology programs are non-licensure programs. They do not prepare an individual to become a licensed psychology professional; or to evaluate, do therapy with, or treat individuals in correctional or related settings. In addition, the American Psychological Association’s (APA) Committee on Accreditation (CoA) does not accredit master’s-level programs and only accredits doctoral programs in professional psychology (clinical, counseling, and school). If you have questions about licensure, please contact: psyclicensure@mail.waldenu.edu.
Disclaimer: Before you begin, a word of caution: This course contains content which may be disturbing and/or triggering. If you find yourself struggling with the content, you may want to reach out to Walden’s Student Assistance Program, which offers students free and confidential counseling on a variety of personal and professional issues that may be affecting the quality of their learning experiences.
Reference
McGovern, A., & Phillips, N. D. (2017, August 22). Police, media, and popular culture. In N. Rafter & M. Brown (Eds.), The Oxford encyclopedia of crime, media and popular culture. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.013.279
Resources
Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
Required Readings
Sharps, M. J. (2022). Processing under pressure: Stress, memory, and decision- making in law enforcement (3rd ed.). Looseleaf Law Publications.
Chapter 2, “Acute Stress” (pp. 25–63)
Bartol, C. R., & Bartol, A. M. (2022). Introduction to forensic psychology: Research and application (6th ed.). SAGE.
Note: Read the following sections from Chapter 2 on pages 41–43:
Police Culture
Job Analysis
Credit Line: Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application, 6th Edition by Bartol, C.; Bartol, A. Copyright 2022 by Sage Publications, Inc. Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications, Inc via the Copyright Clearance Center. Licensed in 2023.
Farkas, J., Sallai, J., & Krauzer, E. (2020). The organisational culture of the police force. International Security,12(1), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3189
Gramlich, J., & Parker, K. (2017, January 25). Most officers say the media treat police unfairly. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/25/most-officers-say-the-media-treat-police-unfairly/
Kapur, R. (2020). Elements of organizational culture. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347410524_Elements_of_Organizational_Culture
McDermott, P. J., & Hulse, D. (2012, October 1). Focus on organizational culture: Strengthening police organizations through interpersonal leadership. Law Enforcement Bulletin. https://leb.fbi.gov/articles/focus/focus-on-organizational-culture-strengthening-police-organiztions-through-interpersonal-leadership
Note: This resource is seminal to the field.
Required Media
Organizational Culture
In this media program, Dr. Jessie Lee discusses the organizational culture of law enforcement.
Optional Resources
Armacost, B. (2016, August 19). The organizational reasons police departments don’t change. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2016/08/the-organizational-reasons-police-departments-dont-change
Cabistan, A. (2017, February 20). The five elements of great organizational cultures. Hypepotamus. https://hypepotamus.com/people/organizational-cultures-essentials/
Kingshott, B. F., Bailey, K., & Wolfe, S. E. (2007). Police culture, ethics and entitlement theory. Criminal Justice Studies, 17(2), 187–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/0888431042000235020
Note: This resource is seminal to the field.
Reiner, R. (2017). Is police culture cultural? Policing,11(3), 236–241. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paw046
Spielman, F. (2018, July 16). Police union accuses “media bias” of painting police shooting as unjustified. Chicago Sun-Times. https://chicago.suntimes.com/2018/7/16/18410050/police-union-accuses-media-bias-of-painting-police-shooting-as-unjustified
Terrizzi, J. (2022, July 1). Police and the media. Cummings Foundation for Behavioral Health. https://cummingscfbh.org/police-and-the-media/
Weaver, G. (1992, September). Law enforcement in a culturally diverse society. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 61(9), 1–7.
Note: This resource is seminal to the field.
Wiseman, J. (2021, November 16). Building a diverse workforce in law enforcement. National Policing Institute. https://www.police1.com/police-recruiting/articles/building-a-diverse-workforce-in-law-enforcement-xj4eKS8cqiIMcEjp/
Wiseman, J. (2021, August). Recruiting for diversity in law enforcement: Selected recent research insights. https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/janewiseman/files/police_recruiting_research_summary_august_2021.pdf
Prepare:
Review the Learning Resources for this Discussion.
Complete the Skill Building Activity, Developing Your Critical Thinking Skills
Identify elements of organizational culture that are unique to law enforcement.
Consider the ways in which the culture has evolved over time and why.
Note: Be sure to take into account diversity and multicultural considerations within the context of law enforcement.
Note: You must complete this week’s Skill Building Activity before participating in this Discussion.
By Day 3
Post the following:
Description of the elements of organizational culture that are unique to law enforcement
Explanation of how law enforcement culture has evolved over time and why
Note: Your posts should be substantial (500 words minimum), supported with scholarly evidence from your research and/or the Learning Resources, and properly cited using APA Style. Personal anecdotes are acceptable as part of a meaningful post but cannot stand alone as the entire post.
Read your colleagues’ postings.
By Day 5
Respond to at least two of your colleagues by asking each at least one open-ended, probing question related to what they wrote.
Note: Your responses to colleagues should be substantial (250 words minimum), supported with scholarly evidence from your research and/or the Learning Resources, and properly cited using APA Style. Personal anecdotes are acceptable as part of a meaningful response but cannot stand alone as a response. Your responses should enrich the initial post by supporting and/or adding a fresh viewpoint and be constructive, enhancing the learning experience for all students.
Return to this Discussion in a few days to read the responses to your initial posting. Note what you have learned and/or any insights that you have gained because of your colleagues’ comments.
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