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UNIT 3 – DISCUSSION BOARD
Tue 11/28/2023 2:59 PM
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Unit 3 –
Erik Doudy
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UNIT 3 – DISCUSSION BOARD
Tue 11/28/2023 2:59 PM
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As a gross generalization, the policy making process begins with identifying a problem. These problems are presented to Congress through a bill, which may be submitted by a political party, individual, agency or interest group among others. Once a problem is identified, it is first discussed in the House of Representatives. The bill may contain proposed solutions, and additional proposals may be provided from several different sources. Debate then ensues between the political parties within Congress, sometimes to a fault. Given the current rules of debate within Congress, many bills unfortunately never reach the voting stage. (Simon, 2018).
The process of policy making can be extensive and complicated. There are many variables and actors at play throughout the policy making process. These actors can be generalized into two separate groups; institutional actors and non-institutional actors. Institutional actors include government agencies and governing bodies, such as the Legislative, Judicial and Executive branches of government. These governing bodies hold differing powers over one another and play a role in the policy-making process. Non-institutional actors involve individuals and groups outside of the government, such as citizens, interest groups, political parties, and social movements among other non-governing agencies. (Simon, 2018).
Over the last several decades, politics have shifted in the United States. This shift is associated with the post-war era of peace currently experienced in the United States. This ongoing prosperity is theorized to have paved the way for the emergence of a more-educated population that can recognize on-going problems. This recognition has led to a greater willingness to act, and to participate in the policy making process. This can be seen through the rise of many interest groups and activists that now play a major role in policy making. The people want change, and they want to play a role in implementing change. (Simon, 2018).
Policy making is a delicate process, especially when considering the Constitution. It is the primary duty of the Supreme Court to ensure that any law adheres to the Constitution. Therefore, it is the review of the judicial branch that is the most crucial to the policy making process as it relates to the United States Constitution. This is supported by the notion that the Supreme Court holds the responsibility of ensuring that no law violates the rights and protections provided by the Constitution. It is not the duty of the Supreme Court to create laws and policies, but this has occurred adjacent to decisions made by the Supreme Court. For example, the recent political debate regarding Roe v. Wade is a prime example of the Supreme Court recognizing when they have overstepped their powers. I am personally pro-choice, but I also agree with the Supreme Court’s decision to reverse their ruling. This is because it is not the responsibility of the Supreme Court to make policy, this responsibility falls to the Legislative Branch. (Simon, 2018).
Being that the United States government is federal, rather than unitary, the separate branches of government keep each other in check to prevent any one person or branch from holding power over all others. Therefore, if Congress, the Legislative Branch, passes a law, it can be deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, the highest authority of the Judicial Branch. Furthermore, the Judicial Branch cannot overrule a Constitutional Amendment, something that can only be altered by the Legislative Branch. If a two-thirds majority of the House of Representatives and the Senate agree on a Constitutional Amendment, it must be followed by the Judicial Branch. Furthermore, a bill passed by Congress can be vetoed by the President, the highest authority of the Executive Branch. In turn, the bill can be forced through by another two-thirds vote in Congress. The Executive Branch holds power over the Supreme Court through appointment of judicial officers, which can alter decisions made by the Supreme Court. (Zapata, 2017). (Simon, 2018).
The policy making process passes through many hoops of fire to conclude in actual policy changes. Each branch of government plays a role and has stake in the decisions being made by the other branches. This process ensures equal representation of all people within the United States, as the votes of the citizens are represented through the individuals placed in these positions of power. The Legislative Branch plays the primary role in policy making, but they are kept in check by the Executive and Judicial Branch as well as the votes of citizens and the demands of the numerous interest groups and social movements within the United States. In the land of the people, everyone has a say. (Zapata, 2017).
References
Zapata, C. (2017). Checks and Balances. Checks and Balances – Definition, Examples & Constitution | HISTORY
Simon, C. (2018). Chapter 4: Key Actors and the Policy Process in State and Local Governments – State and Local Government and Politics (oregonstate.education)
Sandra Walker
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UNIT 3 – DISCUSSION BOARD
Mon 11/27/2023 12:02 PM
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Sandra Walker
Unit 3 Discussion Board
Constitutional Law
Date: November 28,, 2023
The steps involved in the policy-making process include problem identification, agenda setting, policy formulation, adoption, implementation, and evaluation.
A disintegration in any of these steps may compromise the results achieved by identifying an issue, developing a policy, presenting a reform, and analyzing the outcome. Each move is usually completed in a particular to ensure the procedure is set up correctly. In certain instances, these “steps” become a cycle, with each step being replicated as changes occur; for example, as a policy is reviewed, it can uncover new issues that may be solved. Outlining the case is the first step in the public policy process. It entails understanding that a challenge exists and thoroughly researching the problem and its sources. This stage involves assessing how well-informed the public is about the issues, choosing who can help solve them, and weighing the options for achieving a positive outcome. The solution to such questions often assists policymakers in determining which, if any, legislative changes are required to solve the defined issue. The media, government leaders, and special interests may determine the policy.
The main reason for creating policy is to improve the lives of members of the public. Officials create policies that move the people closer to a desired state. Even if the ideas come from outside government, policy formation begins with public officials.
Harold Lasswell, an essential figure in the development of policy sciences at the University of Chicago and Yale University in the 1950s, created a policy-making model still used today. According to the International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, it contains five distinct steps.
Agenda Setting
the first stage, a challenge influencing the public, is identified initially. When propositions are presented by captivated parties inside and outside the government. Agenda setting typically goes through multiple stages:
Systemic agenda. These are all issues public officials feel are worth addressing.
Institutional agenda. The process from the systemic agenda list, these matters in question are selected as the ones policymakers should evaluate and contemplate pursuing.
Discretionary agenda. This list comes straight from the lawmakers, not from the systemic and institutional plans.
Decision agenda. The final list of matters in question that policymakers will pursue for action.
Policy Formation
This step involves the formation of policy alternatives within the government. This happens once officials constrict the attainable policy choices by prohibiting impassable preferences. In this step, distinct intrigued parties try to have their favored policy solution eminent among the remaining possibilities. This step frequently requires intense debate.
Decision Making
In this step, government leaders decide on a specific course of action. The system will best direct the problem for most public members.
Policy Implementation
At this step of the policy-making process, governments implement the selected public policy alternative. Officials use the implementation of public administration to influence the issuance of government goods and services or adjust how the government taxes the public. The adjustment should reflect the sentiments and values of the affected parties.
Policy Evaluation
Interested parties, both within and without the government, monitor the policy’s impact and determine whether it achieves its intended goal. This can lead to further changes in public policy, considering the effects of the original policy.
The policy-making process is not typically so linear. However, these five steps provide a framework to understand public policy formation better and help students identify the strengths and weaknesses of the system.
Reference
What are the steps involved in the policy-making process? (n.d.). Retrieved April 18, 2021, from https://www.reference.com/business-finance/steps-involved-policy-making-process-
60af83ccf0d802e5
American government. (n.d.). Retrieved April 18, 2021, from https://www.cliffsnotes.com/studyguides/american-government/public-policy/the-policymaking-process
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