1-Respond to learner. Your response is expected to be substantive in nature and

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1-Respond to learner. Your response is expected to be substantive in nature and

1-Respond to learner. Your response is expected to be substantive in nature and to reference the assigned readings, as well as other theoretical, empirical, or professional literature to support your views and writings. Reference your sources using standard APA guidelines.
1.1 Nicole Mulligan
Dec 2, 2023Dec 2 at 7:41pm
Fluoxetine (prozac) is an antidepressant that works as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and is typically prescribed for depression and may also help anxiety symptoms, with minor to no side effects and does not come with many withdrawal symptoms if someone stops taking it (Lossada-Soto et al., 2022). Prozac gives individuals a sense of relief from negative thoughts and gives them the serotonin boost to feel happy and at ease. Unfortunately, like any medication, prozac can also cause agitation and sometimes worsen depressive symptoms which can lead to suicidal thoughts or actions. When it comes to the United States pharmacopeia, it is listed under associated drug substances and small molecules. Prozac is a widely known SSRI that is commonly prescribed for certain anxiety and mood disorders.
When it comes to brain receptors, prozac mainly works on opiate, serotonergic 5-HT1 and 5-HT2, dopaminergic, beta, alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors, histaminergic, and muscarinic receptors. It works mainly on the parts of the brain that have to do with the making of dopamine and serotonin because prozac is a serotonin booster. Prozac picks up what these areas lack and only target specific areas of the brain and not the brain as a whole.
When it comes to psychological addiction, someone may become addicted because of the serotonin effect and how it makes them feel good. Given that those with depression are prescribed this, a depressed individual may become addicted when they realize the mood boost they gain from this medication and how it takes away their negative/dark feelings. Prozac is something that makes people feel good and happy about themselves and when someone who normally struggles with their day to day lives can finally function properly again, they never are going to want to stop the medication. Prozac is not considered physically addicting given that it is a serotonin boost and does not make you feel physically different, only mentally. With addiction comes withdrawals if the medication needs to be stopped and Prozac does not have many withdrawal symptoms and normally only mood swings and agitation occur. Like most medications, it is important to slowly ween yourself off and just stop the medication as a whole.
From a personal perspective, I have a cat who has behavioral issues due to being taken from his mother too young and he is now on Prozac. Prozac helps with his behavioral issues and helps him stay calm and not be aggressive. Even though it isn’t a human, I have personally seen the effects of Prozac and I can understand why it can be psychologically addicting. Just wanted to share some experience!
References
Lossada-Soto, E., Pazik, M., Horodyski, M. B., Vasilopoulos, T., de Faria, L. B., Mathews, C., & Hagen, J. (2022). Can fluoxetine mitigate mental health decline in musculoskeletal trauma patients: a pilot single-center randomized clinical trial. Pilot and feasibility studies, 8(1), 184. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-022-01119-8
2-Respond to learner. Your response is expected to be substantive in nature and to reference the assigned readings, as well as other theoretical, empirical, or professional literature to support your views and writings. Reference your sources using standard APA guidelines.
2.1Nicole Mulligan
Dec 2, 2023Dec 2 at 6:40pm
Carlson and Birkett (2019) state that autism spectrum disorder is a chronic disorder whose symptoms include failure to develop normal social relations with other people, impaired development of communicative ability, lack of imaginative ability, and repetitive, stereotyped movements. They also go on to state that autism is highly heritable which means that the disorder is a result of structural or biochemical changes in the brain. About 10% of ASD cases have definable biological causes that include rubella during pregnancy, prenatal thalidomide, encephalitis caused by the herpes virus, and tuberous sclerosis. There is not any evidence that links autism to vaccinations and the investigator who originally had found a link, was arrested for dishonesty. Many parents who have kids that have ASD see vaccinations as a reason that their child’s ASD gets worse or progresses because they are putting foreign bodies into their children and children with ASD already have a weaker immune system. I work in ABA therapy and one of my children does not receive vaccinations and his brother who does not have ASD does not receive them either because the mother feels it may lead that child to develop ASD.
The article I found by Anderson and Turner (2023) states that all research done has shown no evidence in the link between autism and vaccinations but they used this article to understand parents and why they feel as if there is a connection. One parent stated that when their child got the MMR vaccination, their health declined around the time of the vaccination. Other parents stated that it was a coincidence because at the time of the vaccination, that is normally when ASD symptoms arise. The study shows that many parents completely shut down the idea of vaccinations having any effect on ASD because of the high genetic connection associated with autism spectrum disorder.
Vaccinations have gone through many trial and error processes and they wouldn’t allow vaccinations to go on the market if there was a chance that it could make someone develop autism. Unfortunately, many people view child vaccinations as the reason because the symptoms of ASD grow when a child is young and the timing can coincide with each other.
References
Anderson-Chavarria, M., & Turner, J. (2023). Searching for the ‘Trigger’: An ethnographic analysis of parental beliefs regarding autism causation and vaccination in Puerto Rico. Vaccine, 41(2), 540-546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.11.064
Carlson, N. R., & Birkett, M. A. (2019). Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience (10th ed.). Pearson Education (US). https://capella.vitalsource.com/books/9780134641362
3-Review the posts of other learners and respond to at least two of them. Explain whether you agree or disagree with the substance of their post. Support your position.
3.1Sherry Murphy
Dec 5, 2023Dec 5 at 2:24pm
The current psychological diagnostic manual is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition with text revision (DSMV-TR). In my opinion, the DSMV-TR serves as a valuable tool in the field of mental health, providing a standardized framework for the diagnosis of various psychological disorders. However, I acknowledge the concerns raised by Koerner and Parker (1996) regarding the limitations of a single diagnostic manual, they reviewed the DSM-IV so some improvements have already been made. While a universal classification system is essential for consistency in communication among clinicians and researchers, I agree that tailoring the classification system to specific purposes, such as treatment, administration, legal decisions, and cross-cultural considerations, could enhance its utility.
Koerner and Parker (1996) expressed skepticism about relying on a single diagnostic manual, emphasizing the diverse purposes that such a manual must serve. I believe their concerns highlight the need for ongoing evaluation and improvement of the diagnostic system. As mental health clinicians, we should be open to refining and adapting the classification systems to better meet the distinct needs of different purposes. This flexibility can contribute to more effective treatment planning, forensic evaluations, psychopathological research, and deeper consideration of cross-cultural factors.
In their critique, Koerner and Parker (1996) suggest that an optimal diagnostic system should increase the clinician’s influence on processes associated with client change. I agree that continuous improvement in this direction is crucial. Clinicians play a pivotal role in facilitating positive client outcomes, and a diagnostic system that actively supports the clinician’s impact on processes of change can significantly enhance the overall quality of mental health care and the practitioner’s work with clients.
The proposal by Koerner and Parker (1996) to develop classification systems based on specific purposes aligns with the idea that different disorders may require tailored approaches. In my opinion, this approach could be beneficial if implemented judiciously. However, it is essential to strike a balance between specificity for various purposes and the overarching need for a standardized diagnostic framework. The integration of behavioral theory into the classification criteria, as suggested by the authors, could offer a more detailed understanding of processes of change in psychotherapy.
Furthermore, Koerner and Parker (1996) advocate for an alternative classification criterion that focuses on contingencies and response classes rather than traits. This proposal, in my opinion, presents an interesting perspective on enhancing the clinician’s attention to in-session problems and improvements. By emphasizing specific behavioral patterns and responses, the alternative criterion could provide clinicians with a more dynamic and actionable framework for guiding therapeutic interventions. If not including this criterion in the diagnostic manual an accompaniment handbook could be beneficial. This shift may lead to a more intricate understanding of client progress and contribute to improved outcomes in psychotherapy.
In conclusion, while I support the current DSMV-TR as a valuable diagnostic tool, I also recognize the need for ongoing evaluation and potential improvements. The suggestions put forth by Koerner and Parker (1996) encourage us to reflect on how diagnostic systems can better serve clinicians in their efforts to bring about positive changes in clients. I agree that enhancing the clinician’s influence on processes associated with client change should be a priority in the evolution of diagnostic manuals, or accompanying manuals, ultimately leading to improved mental health care outcomes.
Sherry
Koerner, K., & Parker, C. R. (1996). Diagnosis of personality disorder: A radical behavioral alternative. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1169–1176.
3.2 David Jite-Ogbuehi
Dec 6, 2023Dec 6 at 2:54am
WEEK 10 Discussion 1
The DSM-5 serves several important purposes in the fields of mental health and medicine. It provides a common language for healthcare professionals, researchers, and clinicians, which facilitates communication and ensures a consistent understanding of mental health conditions. Additionally, it helps in developing appropriate treatment plans. Having a clear diagnosis allows healthcare providers to tailor interventions based on the specific needs of the individual, which improves the effectiveness of treatment. Many see the DSM – 5 as an efffective tool for diagnosis. The DSM-5 approach builds on the expectation that clinicians and research groups will welcome a common language to deal with the neurocognitive disorders. As the use of these criteria becomes more widespread, a common international classification for these disorders could emerge for the first time, thus promoting efficient communication among clinicians and researchers (Sachdev et al., 2014).
There is definitely value in keeping the DSM-5 as a diagnostic system; however, there are elements that the DSM does not provide. I think most will agree that DSM5 is incremental, and not transformative, compared to prior versions (Casey et al., 2013). Certain elements could be added to make it more effective. First, it is important to recognize and account for cultural variations in the presentation and understanding of mental health conditions. Additionally, a more holistic view of mental health should be incorporated, recognizing the interconnectedness of biological, psychological, and social factors. Lastly, personalized treatment plans should be emphasized, acknowledging that individuals may respond differently to interventions based on their unique characteristics and circumstances. A culturally sensitive and flexible mental health diagnostic system that incorporates a holistic approach and integrates advancements in neuroscience would better serve the complexities of mental health research and treatment.

References:
Casey, B. J., Craddock, N., Cuthbert, B. N., Hyman, S. E., Lee, F. S., & Ressler, K. J. (2013). DSM-5 and RDoC: progress in psychiatry research? Nature Reviews.Neuroscience, 14(11), 810-4. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3621Links to an external site.
Sachdev, P. S., Blacker, D., Blazer, D. G., Ganguli, M., Jeste, D. V., Paulsen, J. S., & Petersen, R. C. (2014). Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach. Nature Reviews.Neurology, 10(11), 634-642. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2014.181Links to an external site.
Reply
4-Review the posts of other learners and respond to at least two of them.
4.1Isabelle Kofflin
Dec 3, 2023Dec 3 at 11:28am
Through this course, I learned a much deeper explanation of certain diagnoses. In my current field, I work with patients and I really have wondered how the providers diagnose them.
I feel like I have good insight now and I feel as though when I meet a patient I have the skills to notice when a behavior is particularly distressing or maladaptive.
I feel like I have been pretty aware of how social and political context impacts diagnosis, but in my current role I more look at what is problematic or plagues the person and look at symptoms on a basis like that rather than predicting their behaviors and how they will interact because of a diagnosis being my guiding light. I feel like sometimes we trust the timeline of a person based on how people with the same diagnosis have lived their lives in the past and though I agree techniques and methods could definitely benefit a person, I do not think that we should assume someone is going to behave a certain way because of a statistic. I think it can be a guide, but we should treat each person like they are an individual, not that they are their diagnosis.
I feel like researching whatever practices or disorders I choose to specialize in for my practice would also be essential to being able to keep up to date as well as using the most up to date diagnostic criteria available. By staying in the loop on best practices and the concerns of the disorder that arise, I am making sure that I am being my best self and showing that I am aware of the current issues.
4.2Sherry Murphy
Dec 5, 2023Dec 5 at 2:40pm
After taking this course, I feel I am more informed about diagnostics and am more comfortable knowing I have been armed with more knowledge and the ability to think more critically in terms of diagnostics. I am more aware of how my practice and diagnosing of clients can and will impact their lives. Furthermore, it’s evident that there are limitations of our diagnostic systems, particularly the DSM series, and continual review and improvement is necessary as our knowledge evolves. This course has broadened my understanding of the complexities involved in diagnosing and the potential impact of misdiagnosis, oversight, or other errors on patients and clinical practice.
In the larger social or political contexts, diagnosis occupies a significant position due to its influence on various aspects of society, including but not limited to healthcare policies, insurance coverage, legal decisions, and public perceptions of mental health. The class has taught me the importance of critically evaluating diagnostic systems and considering their implications for treatment, research, and the overall well-being of individuals with mental health concerns. I better understand the need for diagnostic frameworks that not only inform clinical practice but also align with the diverse purposes and contexts in which diagnoses are utilized. This broader perspective has opened my eyes to the societal and political implications of diagnostic systems and the potential impact of alternative approaches on mental health care and related policies.
To strike a balance between engaging the DSM fully enough to use it well and maintaining an intelligently critical stance toward it, I will consider several measures. Firstly, I will familiarize myself with the DSMV-TR’s strengths and limitations, as well as its potential biases and cultural assumptions. This could involve reading critiques of the manual and staying up-to-date with the latest research on its validity and reliability. Secondly, I could use the DSM as a guide rather than a definitive source of information. I would supplement my diagnostic assessments with additional sources of information, such as clinical interviews, behavioral observations, and collateral reports from family members or other professionals, as permitted via informed consent. Thirdly, I will remain open to alternative and new diagnostic frameworks and approaches as they are brought about. By adopting a flexible and critical stance toward the DSMV-TR, I can use it as a tool to inform my diagnostic assessments while also recognizing its limitations and potential biases.
Thanks for a great course with lots of learning and growth Dr. Jung!
Sherry

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