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Among all known RNA viruses, corona virus has the largest genome with G+C contents which vary from 32%-43%. Distinctive features are found in the viral genome, which includes a unique N-terminal fragment within the spike protein. The coronavirus genome is as a share member of the Niclovirus order, such as the family Arterividrae and Toro virus genus. The genome has approximately 25-32 kielbasas, and it includes a 5’ –untranslated region, 5’-cap, a 3’-UTR, open reading frame, and 3’-poly (A) tail. The first two-thirds of the corona virus genome code non-structural protein form of the replicase complex, and the last third encodes structural proteins. Gene S and N make up the SARS-CoV-2 which are under episodic selection. Adaption and mutation of the gene can affect the virus pathogenicity and stability.
Corona virus is called so because it refers to many viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. They have crown thorns on their surfaces, and the Latin word for crown is the coronam. The corona virus types include MERS-CoV-2, which causes Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome, 229E, which causes the common cold, and SARS-CoV-2, which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome. The Lysol Disinfectant has been approved by the Environmental Protection Agency, which kills 99.9% of the virus. The two Lysol products are Lysol Disisnifectant Cover Mist and Lysol Spray effective against human corona virus and viral pathogens. The main ingredient in Lysol is ethanol which acts as the sanitizer. When cleaning with soap and disinfectant, it breaks the coronavirus protective envelope whereby it has an envelope around it which merges with other cells to infect them. When the coating is disrupted by the products such as soap and detergents, thus it cannot spread. Ethanol is effective in killing the virus therefore it can be applied in the disinfection process.
Corona Virus uses the RNA enzyme to replicate inside the cell when the ribosome frameshift during synthesis of the multiple and genomic sub genomics RNA species and genomic translation. This replication is more prone to error than DNA replication because the RNA cannot proofread and cannot correct them. One of the consequences of such errors in replication is there is a great mutation rate, causing the virus to evolve rapidly.
Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test is used to detect the COVID-19 infection in the human cell. It is a technique that detects messenger RNA. It is used to check the spread of the infection and trace those infected by the virus (Jacofsky et al., 2020). It uses reverse transcription to obtain DNA, then the PCR, which amplifies the DNA. The test can detect SARS-CoV-2, which only contains RNA. A thermal cycler is a laboratory machine used in amplifying segments of DNA via the PCR. During the test, a small amount of DNA is obtained through a swab, which amplifies the genetic material’s sequence.
COVID-19 antibody testing is done after a full recovery from the virus, and the eligibility may vary. Viral protease, reverse transcrptase and intergrase are the enzymes which are responsible for viral replication thereby important in conduction of investigations. The sample is taken and tested to determine whether antibodies have developed against the virus. If the tests show evidence of antibodies, it indicates the person was likely infected by COVID-19 in the past, and it can also indicate that one has some immunity. This testing also includes those who did not show any symptoms of the virus. On the other hand, diagnostic testing is for the people who have tested positive and show symptoms, and therefore, it enables one to quarantine or self-isolate them.
Bibliography
Gómez-Carballa, A. et al. A. ‘Mapping Genome Variation of SARS-CoV-2 Worldwide Highlights the Impact of COVID-19 Super-Spreaders’. Genome Research, vol. 12, no. 3, 2020, pp. 56-45.
Jacofsky, D., Jacofsky, E. M., & Jacofsky, M. ‘Understanding Antibody Testing for COVID-19’. The Journal of Arthroplasty, vol. 35, no. 7, 2020, pp. S74-S81.
Lan, L. et al., ‘Positive RT-PCR Test Results in Patients Recovered from COVID-19’. Jama, vol. 323, no. 15, 2020, pp. 1502-1503.
Singhal, T. ‘A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19)’. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 87, no. 4, 2020, pp. 281-286.
V’kovski, P. et al., ‘Coronavirus Biology and Replication: Implications for SARS-CoV-2’. Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol. 19, 2021, pp. 155-170.
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