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Introduction
India is one of the cradles of human civilization. Indian culture has been closely connected with the culture of many peoples and has had a considerable impact on them. In the process of mutual enrichment, it has managed to preserve its identity and bright personality. Hinduism and Buddhism and raised based on their different religious and philosophical system had an impact not only on the development of many civilizations of the East but all over the world.
Main body
Early Indian ancient civilization was created by local people in Northern India in 300 BC. Its centers Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro (now Pakistan) had a relationship with Mesopotamia, the countries of Central Asia. Residents of India have reached high skills, especially in sculpture; their remarkable achievement was the aqueduct and sewer system. And they created their original script. The bright feature of the culture of Harappy was its unusual conservatism: the centuries-long street location did not change, and new homes were built on the ground of old ones. A characteristic feature of India’s culture is that it is possible to meet many religions, which interact with each other.
Among them are – Brahmanism and its form Hinduism and Jainism, Buddhism and Islam. This flourishing of culture was reached in the era of “Rig-Veda” – a large collection of religious hymns, magic spells, and ritual practices established by priests of Aryan tribes that have emerged in India after the “great relocation of peoples.” (Barr, 2003, p147)
At the same time, Brahmanism was formed as a kind of synthesis of the Indo-arean beliefs and religious representations. In the era of “Rig-Veda,” an Indian phenomenon emerged – the caste system.
For the first time, the moral and legal motives for the division of Indian society into four main “varna” were theoretically justified: priests, warriors, farmers, and commoners-servants. The result of such relations between human beings has become the next division varna to an even greater number of smaller castes. The formation of castes is a total millennial evolution of the interaction of different racial and ethnic groups into a single system of Indian culture and society with a complex social structure. (Huntington, 1998, p19)
Olympus in Hinduism is symbolized by the trinity of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, which represents the cosmic forces of creation, savings, and destruction. The peculiar reaction of the people, concerning caste and, was Buddhism. According to the teachings of Buddhism, the mission of human life is the achievement of nirvana.
India had enough natural wealth necessary for human life, and relatively little need for imported products. There were extremely rich and diverse flora and fauna in the country.
India has an inexhaustible source of all kinds of valuable raw materials (stone, metallurgical ore, timber). All this gives the possibility for economic development, largely autonomous, which excluded the penetration of other tribes and nations, as well as foreign trade.
Islam is different from all religious views. First of all, Muslim tribes owned military technology and a strong political system, but their main beliefs were based on the concept of “grouped brotherhood”, which united by ties of deep respect for all, accepted the faith. All Indian literature, as religious or secular, is filled with hints of sexual content and symbolism of open erotic descriptions.
In the Middle Ages, the very process of creation of space was depicted as a marriage god and goddesses, so the figures were portrayed on the walls of temples in various poses. In the ancient culture of India originality, cultural trends, and philosophical thought are closely connected. Philosophical views that have divided the religious division of the world, included Brahmanism, Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism.
All philosophical views played an important role not only in the history of Indian culture, and the world of philosophy and science. They are closely related achievements of different industries of Indian sciences – mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and nature. It is known that the Indian scientists are still in the distant past, some ahead of the opening made by European scientists only in the Renaissance, or in modern times. The art Culture of Indian society is inextricably connected with its traditional religious and philosophical systems. (Barr, 2003, pp101-102)
The ideas of the religious beliefs of ancient Indians inspired creativity in architecture, culture, and painting. There were made metal huge statues of Buddha, Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva for the descendants.
The connection of belief with a traditional way of life was the characteristic for Islam at all times, but it becomes especially obvious today when ideologists and the politicians acting under the slogan of Islam, try to declare as much as possible people Muslims only because they adhere to many customs of their fathers. Knowledge of the bases of Muslim doctrine is rather variously at various layers of the population and in the different countries of the traditional distribution of Islam. Any Muslim knows the Arabian sounding and sense of a creed of the religion of Islam: 鍍here is no deity, except for Allah Here two main doctrines of Islam are briefly expressed: there is uniform, unique, and an eternal almighty god – Allah; Allah has selected the envoy the Arab from Mecca. (Huntington, 1998, p25)
After 14 centuries from a small group of Arabia, it has turned into a mullion group of people of different nationalities, different languages, different social layers, and cultural orientations. The greatness of god – Allah – is expressed in many formulas, well-known to all Muslims and often repeated by them in speech, prays, household exclamations, and, on monuments of Muslim architecture in Asia, Africa, Europe, and America. (Carroll, 2007, p134)
The bases of religion are known by any Muslim, both educated and ignorant. Almost everyone knows and “five pillars” of Islam, five main duties of the believer. First of them – a pray. The pray of Muslims consists of some bows accompanied by pronouncing various religious formulas. It is offered to a Muslim five prays in the day; to make them it is possible also at home, both in a mosque and on a floor. The pray is preceded by ritual ablution. Friday is the day of a general prays when all Muslims should gather for a collective pray in the main mosque of the city, villages, and districts.
Islam is a very wide system on the scope of social regulation. Almost all spheres of life of any Muslim are considered to be religiously significant. A man becomes a Muslim after the ceremony of trimming is made. The marriage is made in presence of ecclesiastics and is fixed by the reading of sacred texts of the Koran. Divorce for the Muslim man is rather simple, for the woman is complicated, but it is possible.
Role of Islam
For an understanding of the historical and social role of Islam the problem of a parity of the state and clergy is important. In Islam there is no also a church serving by the intermediary between the person and Allah, the spiritual estate possessing special good fortune; spiritual and secular authority in Islamic theory, partly and in practice – are inseparable. The slogan of transformation of religious generality of all Muslims in the unity of the political order, not time was put forward and supported by the large Muslim states applied for a special in the lead role. (Carroll, 2007, p135)
A leading American expert on Islam, John Esposito wrote in his book “Islamic threat” that “Islamic political activists believe Islam is a perfect and holistic way of life – this in their submission due to the Koran, the revelation of God.
And if so, there is the only way to breathe life into the ruling Muslim institutions and society: reaffirm the Islamic law, making it the foundation of state and society, which must be guided by Islam and rely on social justice… The modern nation-state crashed… Weak and the subordination of Muslim states – is consequence unbelief of Muslims, who avoided the path charted by God, and they chose secular, materialistic ideology and values of the West or East – capitalism or Marxism. “. (Barr, 2003, 233) Of course, fundamentalism can not be equated with political radicalism, Islamism, and even more terrorism, but a system of thinking that begins with fundamentalism, it is only lead to extremism and terror.
References
Barr Marilyn, India: Exploring Ancient Civilizations, Teaching & Learning Company (2003).
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