Callous Corpus Agenesis in Children

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Table of Contents

Method
Results
Discussion
References

Callosum corpus is a route which connects the right and left brain hemisphere. It is also the largest cortical commissure for the transmission and interaction of neural impulses in brain hemispheres. Störing, the early development of the corpus callosum, leads to callous corpus agenesis (AgCC). It is a common brain defect if fibers that control the two hemispheres do not mature. Studies have shown that AgCC occurs 3-5 percent in the neurodevelopmental disorder community and often persists with an absolute number of 1 out of 4000 live births (Paul et al., 2016). According to Siffredi, Anderson, Leventer, and Spencer-Smith (2013), the citizens with AgCC have been facing more complex tasks and a longer reaction time and processing speed. It means that the two hemispheres are part of the memory.

During memory rehabilitation, the right prefrontal cortex is activated while the prefrontal cortex is more involved while episode memory is coded. In Siffredi et al. (2013), an 8-year-old boy with AgCC was identified with a 16th percentile long-term oral comprehension. By contrast, the initial reminder and full memorandum were inadequate at the age of 14. This pattern suggests that children have trouble remembering memories (Erickson et al., 2014). Research carried out by Paul et al. (2016) shows that teens with AgCC and naturally developing teens have equal roles in their focus. Both Erickson et al. (2014) and Paul et al. (2016) argue that verbal memory relies heavily on the brain fusion of the two hemispheres. Without the corpus callosum, people will battle for access and fusion of semantic networks, facilitating their processing.

AgCC could deter people from producing more detailed information through a significant ‘cognitive relationship.’ The verbal memory of children with AgCC has been shown in many studies to be affected by the lack of the corpus callosum (Paul et al., 2016). The studies, therefore, do not explore how the VWM evolves in infants. Thus, this analysis aims to study the effect of AgCC on children over time and assess how their VWM was 7 and 13 years old. Research has assumed that children with AgCC are less effective in a VWM task at the age of 7 than children who usually learn controls. It is also believed that children with AgCC would similarly react to a 13-year-old VWM compared to typically developing rules. Finally, children with AgCC were hypothesized to show better VWM outcomes between 7 and 13.

Method

Participants

The research included children born with AgCC and generally children taken. Children born with AgCC were invited to study from January 2009 to 2014 at Monash Children’s Hospital in Melbourne, Australia. This includes (1) RIM diagnosis, (2) seven years old, (3) neuropsychology testing involvement, and (4) English-speaking. Adolescents aged seven were often selected via hospital advertisements, which included a diagnosis of brain damage, neurodevelopment disorders, and psychiatric disorders. Of the 28 diagnosed AgCC infants, 18 were men and 10 were women (14 complete AgCC and 14 partial AgCC). Four of the children suffered from epilepsy disease and six had a cognitive disorder. Twenty-one children with AgCC were mainstreamed in education, while six children received extraordinary growth, and one child was conventional and unique. There were 32 children, 16 males, and 16 females, in the historically expanding population.

Materials

In the research, a human neuropsychological evaluation and a brain MRI were used. Parents have received questionnaires to determine the working, social, and behavior of the infant executive and their socio-economic status. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) Digital Span Backwards Subtest was often used to assess children’s working memory, where ratings are adjusted to average scores of M=10 and SD=3.

Procedure

A neuropsychological evaluation of the girls aged 7-13 has been performed by a child psychologist specializing in general intellectual, emotional, and academic function and a brain MRI examined by a child neurologist to characterize corpus callosum agents and other CNS abnormalities. Moreover, neurological knowledge was obtained from medical histories, such as epilepsy order and hereditary illness. This thesis was accepted by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Monash Children’s Hospital. The caregivers gave their child informed written permission to participate in the report.

Design

The present research reflects on the working memory of the 7 and 13-year-old assessments. In this analysis, the independent variable is the corpus callosum agenesis. The dependent variable is the child’s working memory at 7 and 13. Statistical analysis involved the utilization of the IBM SPSS application to produce t-tests for children’s performance.

Results

The analyses were collected using an SPSS statistics computer software. The VWM scores between children with AgCC (N = 28) and typically developing children (N = 32) at seven years old were compared using a t-test (alpha level = 0.05). Shapiro-Wilk statistics were not relevant, showing that normality is assumed. The equality test in Levene was not significantly different, and it did not break down equality between variances, F(1.19) = 0.280. The t-test was significant, with strong results in the normally growing population (M=11,13; SD=2,88) compared to AgCC (M=7,59; Sd=3,50), t(58)=-4,25, p=0,63), with no significant gap in the VWM score for children aged 7-13.

Discussion

The research aims to examine how VWM changes over time in children with AgCC. Children with AgCC were shown to be considerably less effective than typically developing children at seven years of age, as children with AgCC generally earned higher scores on VWM than children with AgCC, which reinforces the theory that children with AgCC would do so. Also, the suggestion that children with AgCC would function equally to normally developing children at 13 years of age is refuted because kids with AgCC were shown to inadequately perform with a lower scoring on VWM at 13 years of age relative to those that grew ordinarily. Finally, children with AgCC achieved better in the VWM age 14, close to 7 years, meaning that they had performed poorly seven years of age, so the hypothesis is supposed to indicate an increase in performance.

In conclusion, the results are supported by previous research as it is claimed that people with AgCC would have difficulties in collecting memory details because of the lack of a corpus callosum connecting the left and the right hemisphere. Moreover, interhemispheric integration is proposed as necessary for verbal learning and memory.

Any of the study’s shortcomings will take time, and other analyses should aim to study different job memory types, such as visual memory. Besides, researching some forms of brain injury that can occur with AgCC can be helpful. Strengths involve encouraging parents and teachers to develop their methods of research for AgCC students. This study is trustworthy with standardized tests and one of the few longitudinal studies on girls suffering from AgCC.

References

Paul, L., Brown, W., Adolphs, R., Tyszka, J., Richards, L., Mukherjee, P, & Sherr, E. (2007). Agenesis of the corpus callosum: Genetic, developmental and functional aspects of connectivity. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(4), 287-299. Web.

Siffredi, V., Anderson, V., Leventer, R., & Spencer-Smith, M. (2013). Neuropsychological profile of agenesis of the corpus callosum: A systematic review. Developmental Neuropsychology, 38(1), 36-57, Web.

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