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The issue of homelessness in Australia is a pressing social concern, with an estimated 116,427 people experiencing homelessness in Australia on any given night. This population group includes individuals and families who cannot access safe, secure, and affordable housing due to poverty and instability. As such, they cannot benefit from the same levels of social welfare as those with accommodation. The two primary domains that govern the social welfare needs of this population group are income support and housing assistance; however, there can be limitations in these policies that impact the well-being of homeless Australians. This paper will briefly describe Australia’s homeless population and outline the strengths and limitations associated with income support and housing assistance policies. Furthermore, it will discuss potential future issues this population group may face, given the current policies related to their social welfare needs.
Population Affected by Homelessness in Australia
Homelessness in Australia is a complex issue, with affected populations ranging from the elderly to young people, single adults, families, and people with disabilities. According to Spinney et al. (2020), approximately 116,000 individuals experience homelessness on any night in Australia, which has been growing steadily since 2011. Family homelessness is particularly concerning, with Zufferey & Parkes (2019) finding that one in every 200 Australian households is homeless or at risk of becoming homeless. People experiencing homelessness often have multiple unmet social welfare needs, including food insecurity, poor mental health, and substance abuse issues.
People living with a disability are also disproportionately represented among those experiencing homelessness; Beer et al. (2019) found that those living with a disability were at a significantly higher relative risk of homelessness than those without. Spatial factors also play an important role, with homeless populations concentrated in major cities and regional centers (Zufferey & Parkes, 2019). The social welfare needs of those experiencing homelessness vary depending on their circumstances; however, all homeless populations require access to stable housing, mental health support services, and targeted financial assistance. Furthermore, increased investment in early intervention measures to prevent homelessness is needed to reduce the burden of this complex issue on Australia’s most vulnerable citizens.
In addition, Indigenous Australians have been found to experience homelessness at much higher rates than non-Indigenous Australians. According to Spinney et al. (2020), this is due to various factors, including intergenerational trauma, structural racism, discrimination, and inadequate access to culturally appropriate services and resources. As such, consideration must also be given to this population group’s social welfare needs and other necessary interventions for addressing Indigenous disadvantage. Add more content if necessary. Furthermore, Indigenous Australians are more likely to experience ill-health and mental health issues. Spinney et al. (2020) argue that these conditions result in a higher prevalence of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases within these communities. These conditions have been linked to poverty and lack of access to quality healthcare services in remote communities. Therefore, it is necessary for the Government and other relevant stakeholders to actively target health equity initiatives that address these specific needs of the Indigenous population to ensure they receive adequate care. Additionally, due to the social determinants of health (such as housing insecurity), a holistic approach should be taken toward addressing the overall well-being of Indigenous Australians. This includes emphasizing community development programs focusing on economic and employment opportunities, education and training initiatives, and social support services.
Social Policy Domains that Contribute to Homelessness in Australia
The social policy domain concerning Australia’s population group affected by homelessness is comprehensive and complex. It encompasses a range of issues, including income support and housing assistance, two of the most important social policy domains for homeless people in Australia. In terms of income support, Batterham (2021) notes that there is an urgent need for increased government funding for emergency shelters and other forms of assistance for low-income households. This can help to prevent chronic homelessness by providing them with access to resources and support services that may reduce their vulnerability to becoming homeless in the first place. Additionally, Kuehnle et al. (2023) found that intensive support programs designed to help chronically homeless individuals were able to improve their employment and housing outcomes over the long term. This suggests that providing income support to individuals at risk of becoming homeless can help them access stable, affordable housing and increase their chances of finding employment in the future.
Providing housing assistance is an important step toward reducing homelessness in Australia. Research by Kuehnle et al. (2023) found that intensive support programs designed to help chronically homeless individuals significantly improved their housing outcomes over the long term. This suggests that providing housing assistance is an effective strategy for combating homelessness in Australia. Additionally, Batterham (2021) notes a need for government funding to establish more public and community housing projects and other forms of social housing, such as emergency shelters. These initiatives can provide homeless people access to stable, affordable housing and help them become self-sufficient.
In summary, income support and housing assistance are two of the most important social policy domains for homeless people in Australia. Providing financial assistance to those at risk of becoming homeless can help reduce the likelihood that they will become chronically homeless in the future. Providing them access to affordable housing can help them become more self-sufficient and lead successful lives.
Strengths and Limitations of Income Support and Housing Assistance
Income support social policy domains are designed to provide people affected by homelessness in Australia with a pathway out of the cycle of poverty. This is done through various forms of financial assistance, such as housing benefits or employment services, and other supports, such as healthcare subsidies or mental health services. One strength of income support social policy domains is that they enable access to important resources for those affected by homelessness. For instance, the Australian Government provides rental subsidies for low-income households and offers public and community housing options to those who cannot afford market rent (Morris et al., 2022). Additionally, employment services facilitate job-seeking efforts and provide training and other support to help those affected by homelessness build financial independence (Baker et al., 2019). Thus, income support social policy domains are an important component of the Australian Government’s strategy to reduce homelessness and empower individuals to break the cycle of poverty.
However, there are several limitations of income support social policy domains. One limitation is that the amount of money provided may not cover all necessities. This can leave homeless individuals reliant on charity for additional funds or with limited access to basic resources such as food and clothing. Additionally, the Government’s focus on providing short-term housing options has led to a reliance on conditional forms of homelessness support which can perpetuate rather than reduce instances of poverty (Clarke et al., 2019). The impact of these strengths and limitations on people affected by homelessness in Australia is significant. Those living without secure housing often experience social and health disadvantages, such as inadequate healthcare services, food insecurity, and mental health issues (Kaur et al., 2021). This can limit their ability to find work or secure housing, thus perpetuating a cycle of poverty. Furthermore, inadequate income support can further disadvantage and social exclusion, leaving homeless people with fewer opportunities and resources.
On the other hand, the strengths and limitations of the housing assistance social policy domain are multifaceted and have considerable implications for those affected by homelessness in Australia. While there is a growing recognition of the need for access to safe, secure, and affordable housing, there is also an acknowledgment that supporting homeless people requires more than just providing shelter alone. Research indicates that while some policy elements aimed at reducing homelessness may be successful, others require further refinement or redesign (Peterie et al., 2019). One strength of existing housing policies in Australia is that they recognize and attempt to address the interconnectedness between health, education, and employment outcomes for people experiencing homelessness (Morris et al., 2022). There has been an increased focus on developing comprehensive support systems which provide a range of services, including housing and mental health support (Clarke et al., 2019). This can alleviate some of the pressures associated with homelessness and help those affected find ways out of the situation.
However, there are also limitations to existing housing policies which can have a detrimental impact on those experiencing homelessness in Australia. For example, access to social housing is limited by long wait times, red tape, and bureaucratic processes, which disproportionately disadvantage disadvantaged people who may not have the capacity or resources to navigate these systems (Morris et al., 2022). Other research suggests that housing insecurity often exacerbates poor health outcomes among homeless people due to inadequate physical conditions of dwellings (Baker et al., 2019) and lack of access to basic amenities such as running water and electricity (Kaur et al., 2021). Ultimately, the current housing policies in Australia are not enough to effectively address the issue of homelessness. There is an urgent need for more comprehensive policy approaches that provide access to affordable and secure housing for those experiencing homelessness.
Potential Future Issues Faced by Homeless People in Australia
Despite implementing current policies related to homelessness in Australia, which has successfully reduced overall rates, there are still potential future issues that need to be addressed. One key issue is the ongoing availability of housing and other support services for those at risk of or experiencing homelessness. Although some shelters and transitional housing programs exist, they often lack adequate resources such as mental health support and job training opportunities (Parsell, Clarke & Kuskoff, 2020). Furthermore, due to limited funds available from governments at all levels, these programs often have waiting lists or can only provide short-term solutions (Clifford et al., 2019). In ensuring the well-being and stability of those experiencing homelessness, further funding and resources are needed to ensure adequate services and support are available.
Another potential future issue is the effect of a pandemic such as COVID-19 on people experiencing homelessness. The pandemic has caused job losses, reduced incomes, and an increased reliance on government services. This has meant that more people are at risk of homelessness due to the inability to afford rental payments or a lack of access to social housing. The pandemic has also highlighted the need for improved access to healthcare for those experiencing homelessness (Parsell et al., 2020). Therefore, it is essential to address the needs of people experiencing homelessness, especially in times of crisis such as pandemics, to ensure everyone has access to the care and resources they need.
Finally, there needs to be a fundamental shift in how society understands and addresses homelessness. Social stigma continues to be associated with homelessness, making it difficult for individuals to seek help or take advantage of available resources (Spinney et al., 2021). Policymakers must consider how they can reduce these barriers while encouraging collaboration between all levels of Government and stakeholders to ensure that individuals have access to necessary services and support. In conclusion, various potential future issues must be addressed to address homelessness in Australia effectively. This includes the availability of housing and support services, the effects of COVID-19, and social stigma. Policymakers must consider these considerations when developing new policies relating to homelessness to ensure a comprehensive approach that provides adequate resources, opportunities, and support for homeless individuals.
Conclusion
Addressing homelessness in Australia requires comprehensive policy approaches that consider the availability of housing, support services, and social stigma. Current policies have successfully reduced overall rates of homelessness, but more needs to be done to ensure those at risk of experiencing homelessness have access to adequate resources, opportunities, and support. All levels of Government and stakeholders must work together to create an effective strategy for addressing current and future issues related to homelessness to ensure everyone has access to the care they need and can achieve stability. Furthermore, society must shift how it perceives and responds to homelessness to reduce barriers faced by individuals at risk or already experiencing homelessness. Only through a collaborative effort between all parties involved will we see real progress in tackling homelessness in Australia.
References
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Batterham, D. (2021). Who is at -risk of homelessness? Enumerating and profiling the population to inform prevention. Handle Proxy. Web.
Beer, A., Baker, E., Lester, L., & Daniel, L. (2019). The relative risk of homelessness among persons with a disability: new methods and policy insights. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(22), 4304. Web.
Clarke, A., Parsell, C., & Vorsina, M. (2019). The role of housing policy in perpetuating conditional forms of homelessness support in the era of housing first: Evidence from Australia. Housing Studies, 35(5), 954–975. Web.
Clifford, B., Wilson, A., & Harris, P. (2019). Homelessness, health and the policy process: A literature review. Health Policy, 123(11), 1125–1132. Web.
Kaur, H., Saad, A., Magwood, O., Alkhateeb, Q., Mathew, C., Khalaf, G., & Pottie, K. (2021). Understanding the health and housing experiences of refugees and other migrant populations experiencing homelessness or vulnerable housing: A systematic review using grade-cerqual. CMAJ Open, 9(2). Web.
Kuehnle, D., Johnson, G., & Tseng, Y.-P. (2023). Making it home? Evidence on the long-run impact of an intensive support program for the chronically homeless on housing, employment, and health. Journal of Urban Economics, 103511. Web.
Morris, A., Clarke, A., Robinson, C., Idle, J., & Parsell, C. (2022). Applying for social housing in Australia – the centrality of cultural, social, and emotional capital. Housing, Theory and Society, 40(1), 42–59. Web.
Parsell, C., Clarke, A., & Kuskoff, E. (2020). Understanding responses to homelessness during COVID-19: An examination of Australia. Housing Studies, 38(1), 8–21. Web.
Peterie, M., Bielefeld, S., Marston, G., Mendes, P., & Humpage, L. (2019). Compulsory income management: Combatting or compounding the underlying causes of homelessness?Australian Journal of Social Issues, 55(1), 61–72. Web.
Spinney, A., Beer, A., MacKenzie, D., McNelis, S., Meltzer, A., Muir, K., Peters, A., & valentine, kylie. (2020). Ending homelessness in Australia: A redesigned Homelessness Service System. Web.
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Zufferey, C., & Parkes, A. (2019). Family homelessness in regional and urban contexts: Service Provider Perspectives. Journal of Rural Studies, 70, 1–8. Web.
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