Lysine in Whole and Whey Portions of Goat Milk

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Casein and whey are two forms of proteins present in milk that determine the design of food formulas and the processing of dairy products to meet the diverse needs of consumers. Depending on their sources, casein and whey proteins vary in their concentrations in cow, human, and goat milk. The research question of the experiment is what is the concentration of lysine in whole and whey portions of goat milk?

Results

The calculated concentrations of BSA standards have an increasing trend from 0 µM to 80 µM in each of the 2500 reaction contents in tubes 1-5 and samples used in the measurement of absorbance. The standard line (Figure 1) depicts a linear relationship between the absorbance of primary amine groups in proteins at 570 nm and the concentration of BSA standards.

Figure 1. The standard curve showing absorbance at 570 nm plotted against BSA standards from 0-80 µM with a linear relationship as indicated by the line of best fit.

As the linear equation derived from the standard line, absorbance = 0.0076 (Concentration) – 0.0052. In this view, this linear equation suggests that a rise in the concentration of BSA standard by a microliter causes the absorbance to increase by 0.0076 units. Based on the formula [concentration = (absorbance/ 0.0076) – 0.0052], concentrations of samples revealed that a fifty-fold dilution of whey has 62.11 µM, while a hundred-fold dilution of milk has 66.19 µM (Table 1).

Table 1. Absorbance values of whey and milk samples with their respective concentrations

	Protein Samples
	Whey (1:50)	Milk(1:100)
Concentration of Amines	62.11 µM	66.19 µM
Absorbance at 570 nm	0.472	0.503

Results (Table 2) indicate that whey and milk have concentrations of 3105.523 µM and 6618.941 µM of lysine. Moreover, the findings show that lysine in whey constitutes 46.92% of the proteins in goat’s milk.

Table 2. Concentrations of lysine in various dilutions and original samples of whey and milk

	Amine Concentrations
Protein Samples	Tube Samples	Diluted Samples	Original Sample
Whey Proteins	62.1053 µM	310.0523 µM	3105.523 µM
Whole Milk Proteins	66.18941 µM	661.8941 µM	6618.941 µM
		Percent of Lysine in Whey	46.919%

Supplementary Materials

Calculations of Amine Concentrations in Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)

Concentrations of BSA dilutions (C₂) were determined using C₂= C₁V₁/V₂formula

C₁ = 200 µM amines in BSA standard

V₂ = 2500 µL

BSA concentrations, V₁ = 0 µL, 250 µL, 500 µL, 750 µL, and 1000 µL

For tube 1 (blank), C₂= (0 µL × 200 µM)/2500 µL = 0 µM

For tube 2, C₂= (250 µL × 200 µM)/2500 µL = 20 µM

For tube 3, C₂= (500 µL × 200 µM)/2500 µL = 40 µM

For tube 4, C₂= (750 µL × 200 µM)/2500 µL = 60 µM

For tube 5, C₂= (1000 µL × 200 µM)/2500 µL = 80 µM

Calculations of Concentrations Proteins in Whey and Milk

Based on the linear trend line formula from excel, the following is the standard line equation. Since y = mx + b, the standard line equation, which represents absorbance = slope (concentration) + y-intercept, is y = 0.0076 – 0.0052. By substituting values into the equation, absorbance = 0.0076(Concentration) – 0.0052.

Therefore, concentration = (absorbance/0.0076) + 0.0052

For whey sample, concentration = (0.472 /0.0076) + 0.0052 = 62.1053 + 0.0052 = 62.1105

For milk sample, concentration = (0.503/0.0076) + 0.0052 = 66.1842 + 0.0052 = 66.1894

The results of the analysis were recorded in the datasheet below to shows the concentration of amines in BSA standards, whey, and milk, as well as their respective absorbance values.

Data Sheet

	Blank	BSA Standards				Samples
	1	2	3	4	5	Whey (1:50)	Milk(1:100)
[Amines]	0 µM	20 µM	40 µM	60 µM	80 µM	62.11 µM	66.19 µM
A₅₇₀	0.000	0.150	0.286	0.455	0.612	0.472	0.503

Calculations of Amine Concentrations

The concentration of Amines in Whey

The concentration of amines in the tube sample of whey

Concentration = (0.472/0.0076) + 0.0052 = 62.1053 µM

The concentration of amines in the dilute sample of whey

The dilution ratio of dilute sample to whey tube sample is 1:5

Concentration = 62.1053 × 5 = 310.5523 µM

The concentration of amines in the original sample of whey

The dilution ratio of the original sample to dilute sample is 1:10

Concentration = 310.5523 × 10 = 3105.523 µM

The concentration of Amines in Milk

The concentration of amines in the tube sample of milk

Concentration = (0.503/0.0076) + 0.0052 = 66.18941 µM

The concentration of amines in the dilute sample of milk

The dilution ratio of dilute sample to milk tube sample is 1:10

Concentration = 66.1894 × 10 = 661.8941 µM

The concentration of amines in the original sample of milk

The dilution ratio of the original sample to dilute sample is 1:10

Concentration = 661.894 × 10 = 6618.941 µM

Percent of Lysine in Whey

Percent of lysine in whey = [original sample of whey]/[original sample of milk] × 100% = 3105.523 µM/6618.94 µM × 100% = 46.919%

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