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Abstract
A cultural and art event or festival celebrates societies related to a specific place or people. Hong Kong is considered a unique cultural position; it combines the traditional culture of China and the West simultaneously. Due to its colonial history, Hong Kong people appear to be simultaneously influenced by Western and Eastern cultures. The research aims to check the governments involvement in cultural events in Hong Kong. At the same time, considerable attention is also devoted to cultural events that have occurred worldwide. Therefore, the study also aspires to analyze the authorities involvement in cultural events conducted beyond Hong Kong.
Cultural events can have multiple practical benefits for the people, for instance, for the students. Participating in such events makes students more passionate and confident about their culture. These events also help foster team spirit and a strong sense of responsibility among the students. The researcher collected qualitative data from primary sources, meaning that interviews were conducted with eight respondents. The respondents responses were analysed using thematic analysis, where several themes were constructed. A discussion of the data was then held, and the level of involvement of the Hong Kong government and authorities around the world in cultural events was ascertained.
Introduction
A cultural and art event or festival refers to a celebration of societies related to a specific place or people observed by Zhang et al. (2019). Currently, Hosagrahar et al. (2016) noticed that culture is on the agenda of cities, territories, and regions. The technological dimension of culture is emphasised more through the global or international perspective. The local perspective has reminded that culture matters first as social capital. Every month a large number of cultural and art events hosts by Hong Kong. HKTB has bundled a range of cultural events and art landmarks in Hong Kong to promote visitors and international media (Hong Kong arts month, 2022). Every May is an eventful month as extravaganzas for the art, and the traditional city celebration join together. International tourists visit Hong Kong for various events in the city every year. Art Basel and The Cheung Chau Bun Festival possibly refer to the significant events during this period. (Duangdee and Sirikulchayanont, 2019).
Hong Kongs government categorises cultural and art development within the same policies. It cultivates art development organisations and provides financial assistance. Such as the association of the Hong Kong Arts Festival(HKAF) has been rooted in Hong Kong for 50 years. According to Gov.hk. (2022), HKAF refers to a major international arts festival and seems to be committed to enriching the citys cultural life by presenting leading local and international artists within all genres of the performing arts. The celebrations have given the top international artists across multiple genres such as music opera, Chinese opera, and ballet for breaking the dance and experimental theatre. Moreover, according to Lam (2016), the Arts and Sports Development Fund (ASDF), considered a sub-fund for Recreation, seems to be deployed in endorsing the development of arts, culture, and sports.
As a facilitator, the government of Hong Kong seems to be committed to upholding the freedom of cultural and artistic creation and expression. However, the government has provided an environment that supports the development of culture and arts. The government, along with its partners, has been enhancing the cultural software of Hong Kong by using a multi-pronged approach, such as the development of cultural programs, promotion of arts education and nurturing of the workforce, etc. On top of capital workings, HK$400 million is spent by the government on the arts and culture annually (Ho, 2017). Cultural festivals are the most effective way for communities to express themselves culturally. Festivals also have a monetary value in the communities where they are hosted.
As a result, they represent an essential economic activity for the host communities economic development. Arts and culture festivals, as financial endeavors, provide employment and commercial possibilities in the host communities through their inherent value chain. Hong Kong festivals are often lavish with street parades, packed temples, and performing art (Dance, Music, Drama). Leisure and Cultural Services Department(LCSD) present: The seventh edition of the cultural festivals in Hong Kong returns in November 2021, observed by Hong Kong Culture Festival (2022). Forces have also joined with the organisations of culture plus local communities to present a collection of programs throughout the celebration of the cultural heritage of Hong Kong. Moreover, the citys destination authorities have also made widespread use of cultural festivals as a medium to attract cultural tourists and add vitality to the scene of local culture.
Meanwhile, it is essential to mention the cultural events outside Hong Kong. Carnival in Rio attracts more than half a million visitors each year from all over the world and is considered the biggest carnival in Brazil. Venice has spent ¬1,300,000 on the carnival in recent years (Dittmer & Bos, 2019, p. 43). More than half of this amount is offset by sponsors and ticket revenues from gala dinners and parties in the palaces. Spains festivals are unique and incredible events not found elsewhere. It is also possible to note the Tomatina; it has long been one of Spains most visited and fun holidays (Dittmer & Bos, 2019). The public authorities sponsor the importation of vegetables and organize street security. Thus, the authorities are involved to a certain degree in organizing festivals and other events worldwide.
Problem Statement
According to Kim et al. (2018), events play an essential role in a countrys difference and good image. However, Ojo (2021) observed that events are crucial for maintaining a society. There are countless social, economic, and religious festivals and cultural events throughout the world. The Hong Kong government has contributed precious little to maintaining the citys unique culture, through which its originality and heritage are lost. At the same time, for example, in Brazil and Spain, festivals also reflect the peoples cultural traditions. However, the authorities do not assume full responsibility for their organization. However, there are few studies on the impact of events on tourist attitudes toward a destination or outcomes such as satisfaction, repeat visits, or others. The local and national governments much need the adaption of creativities for the promotion of events over a global and local scale to improve the image, political situation, and economic development of the city noticed by Lau & Li (2015). Hence, the study was conducted to understand further the importance of cultural events and the governments roles in planning cultural events.
Research Aims and Objectives
The research aims to check the involvement of the government in cultural events in Hong Kong. To reach the aim, the following objectives are conducted:
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To understand the importance of cultural and art events for Hong Kong city
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To explore the governments plans for the growth of local cultural and art events.
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To identify an efficient way of planning an event that has an impact on Hong Kongs socioeconomic and environmental conditions.
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To focus attention on important cultural events in the world.
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Identify government involvement in the organization of festivals and other events in the world.
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To provide recommendations for the improvement of government policies in cultural and art events.
Research Questions
In order to accomplish each objective, following questions will going to be answered throughout the study for providing a route through the research:
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What is the importance of cultural and artevents in the city of Hong Kong?
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What is the significance of cultural and artistic events in Hong Kong City, Bunyol and Rio de Janeiro?
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How socioeconomic and environmental conditions of Hong Kong impacted through the planning of an event?
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What would be the recommended strategies towards the improvement in current government policies for cultural and artevents?
Rationale of Study
According to Pirnar et al. (2019), festivals seem to be universally crucial for social and cultural roles, and increasingly they have been encouraged as the attractions of tourists. The cultural identities represented by the cultural festivals have served as a career of national emotions. The challenges for the organizers and attendees of festivals are presented by evaluating sustainability related to cultural festival tourism. Amazon (2022) observed that the governments contribution to the events industry results in the benefits of society as a whole or for the targeted groups involved in it. As the policy of culture has been assigned the role of promoting cultural activities, the procedure started to focus on areas that seem difficult for the market to sustain. However, the effectiveness of state cultural policy varies depending on the type of events, especially the authorities providing the organization, facilitation, and support of community events by providing facilities, funding, or others. According to De Salvo et al. (2017), governments play an essential role in the protection of health, safety, and happiness of Hong Kong and whereas helpful for the support towards the safe and secure delivery of the events.
Moreover, Learning to Give (2022) noticed that festivals throughout the public sector as well as non-profits, along with deep funding and support through the local authorities, involvement of government exists as one of the matters related to the legal or political necessity. Any did not convince a stakeholder of the respondents to assume all of the financial risks associated with the festivals. However, in such cases of publicly possessed principles, that has been a debatable point since the holding of responsibility by the government.
Literature Review
Introduction
Hong Kongs culture is a mixture of Southeast Chinese traditions and Western culture. The natives of Hong Kong appear to be extremely proud and confident in the achievements of their culture (Wu et al., 2022). They want to preserve the old Chinese customs of their culture and the integrity of their colonial heritage. It is essential to understand their culture and develop an interest in their history, civilization, customs, food, and practices related to business and religion (Hinsbergh, 2020). The Hong Kong government encourages creative freedom in culture, provides opportunities for participation, and promotes artistic excellence (Ho and Lous, 2017). It is significant to note that Brazil is a country with an extraordinarily extensive and diverse culture, bringing together the traditions of immigrants from all parts of the planet. This cultural mixing ensures that there is a huge variety of dances in Brazil. All the cultural trends in Spain reflect the passionate nature of its inhabitants (Dittmer & Bos, 2019). European and Mediterranean cultures have blended together to make Spain one of the richest countries in terms of culture.
Importance of Cultural and Art Events
It is important to note that cultural events bring citizens together and contribute to the development of cities. In Brazil, the carnival in Rio de Janeiro, in Spain the Tomatina festival and various festivals and holidays in Hong Kong contribute to the social and cultural enrichment of residents and tourists. Meanwhile, they enrich local city budgets through the development of tourism (Richards, 2020). Tan & Ibrahim (2017) noticed that as human beings, social interactions with fellow beings are not only a source of happiness but its growth of capacity for the purpose of learning languages and familiarizing with the cultures.
According to Yusuf et al. (2020), Cultural Events are one of the expressive ways the celebrations of glorious heritage, traditions and culture are considered as a route of rejoicing superior moments and emotions throughout the lives with loved ones. However, Yuan (2016) observed that events play a vital role in adding up the structure towards the social lives through the connection with families plus backgrounds as in todays stressful planet, happiness seems to be outshined through the negativity, and the need for positivity felt timely. Cultural events substitute a kind of respect and open-mindedness for most countries as the celebration of differences and common interests unite and educate the children about religious and cultural festivals through the framework of family experiences.
Culturalevents seems to be gradually becoming stadia of discourse through which people has been enabled to view on wider cultural, political and social issues. Apart from fun, an offering of social and economic benefits towards the communities also exists from the well management of events was observed by Brownett (2018) which includes an increase in expenditures, creation of employment as well as increase in the standard of living plus the awareness of area. However, the act of cultural events accumulate and transmit the human experience by shaping the working ways of the people through a difference in the viewing ways of themselves and others as well.
Cultural events can have multiple practical benefits for the people as well. The mass cultural and spectacular events, as a part of the tourist industry, have considerable economic potential for the development of the cities in which they occur (Nadotti & Vannoni, 2019). Appropriate organization of such activities enables to attract new tourist flows to the areas, and with them the money that remains in these regions. There are many options and techniques for organizing mass cultural and entertainment events in different countries. Such activities enhance the competitiveness of countries, which causes them to develop more quickly (Nadotti & Vannoni, 2019). The most obvious benefit of tourism is an expansion of jobs in hotels, restaurants, and retail businesses. The second, less visible advantage is the support of individual industries and professions (Nadotti & Vannoni, 2019). At the same time, the organization of cultural events not only creates more jobs and improves the economic situation of regions, but also contributes to spreading a positive political image of the state.
Government Role in Cultural and Art Events
According to Macrae (2016) the specific obligations for several people as well as agencies, the safety of event is considered as a major responsibility that should be focused by the event organizers, government and public. Mitchell et al. (2016) observed that the structures of effective governance and event planning helps in order to ensure about such situation. However, festivals and events seems to be outsourced by the governments towards the nonprofitorganizations and for the profit companies for the purpose of shedding their risks or at least subtle it was observed by Sasse et al. (2019). Government holds the duty of care for working along with other agencies plus with the event organizers for the purpose of ensuring about the appropriate practices of risk management to be in the place of events where they may face any impact.
The Brazilian and Spanish authorities devote considerable attention to the development of culture, especially the internationally famous festivals. The departments of culture assist in the organization of events and ensure public order (Fernández-Tabales et al., 2017). For example, during tomato battles and dances in the streets, special control is required to ensure the basic rights of the population. At the same time, in Spain, city authorities facilitate the prompt delivery of tomatoes and involve doctors, police and other services to ensure order. After the celebration, the state budget receives about 18 million euros annually from the event (Fernández-Tabales et al., 2017, p. 1276). Similarly, in Brazil, authorities involve law enforcement and medics to patrol the streets during the Rio de Janeiro Carnival. Local and state authorities provide rehearsal facilities and financial support.
According to Wang (2018) the government of Hong Kong is well known by its efficiency, transparency as well as fairness. A proactive approach has also been taken by the government of Hong Kong plus to remove the restrictions of market and the promotion of every event throughout the region. However, according to Hemingway &Gunawan (2018) event organizers have also been ensured by the government about the understanding and preparation for the management of risk as well as hazards linked with the planning and delivery of events. Further, the government might be able for providing the direction, setting of expectations as well as offering guidance for the events that use public spaces. When government becomes the owner and organizer of an event, they holds the primary responsibility for the safety and security of the event.
The government should accentuate the intrinsic value and also the social and economic values of arts and cultures. The lower tiers of government would be the most important in organizing such events and promoting the value of cultural festivals. Furthermore, the government has the responsibility to market its culture to the foreigners to encourage them to visit their country and experience their culture (Luo & Chui, 2016). This can be mainly done via the media platforms where specific documentaries can be used by the local authorities to demonstrate their culture. Moreover, the government can collaborate with other foreign governments to hold talks regarding organizing such events at foreign territories. This encourages the students and other local community members to participate in these festivals and get a chance to know the culture of the other countries as well.
Governments Plan for The Local Cultural and Art Events Growth
The culture of Hong Kong has gained much attention in fewer decades and multiple cultures from different regions of the world as well as traditions of Chinese customs have immensely indulged in the culture of Hong Kong and declared an international culture. In Brazil and Spain, culture is also especially significant in forming an international image. Thus, governments have decided to develop culture and implement it in the public interest. In addition to each cultural events new level of creativity, government agencies work to promote investment and social cohesion. These activities will all contribute to transforming Hong Kong, Rio de Janeiro, and Bunyol into centers of new cultures capable of accommodating people of all backgrounds (Chan, 2018).
State governments and city leaders implement basic policies, which are as follows. First, government plans encourage aspiring residents to participate in cultural events in various roles, such as developing their talents and businesses or building intercultural connections (Nadotti & Vannoni, 2019). At the same time, government agencies in cities where cultural events occur create favorable conditions for them to appear. For example, they allocate significant investments to improve roads and infrastructures or provide local life with additional financial resources to support their local businesses. In the case of the carnival in Rio de Janeiro, such contributions facilitate the filling of the state budget and urban enhancement (Nadotti & Vannoni, 2019). It is significant to observe that government bodies affected by cultural policy offer innovative ideas to preserve the states traditions and, at the same time, develop in the cultural sphere.
This significantly affects the stable development of cities and, at the same time, the influx of new sources of investment, residents, and improved living standards (Morris, 2015). Therefore, all these activities will assist in transforming Hong Kong, Rio de Janeiro, and Bunyol into a center of new cultures. It is noteworthy to emphasize that the government promotes the organization of cultural events to provide a better criterion of living for the individuals. Therefore, government agencies plans also include the social and environmental spheres (Luo & Chui, 2016). Festivals, carnivals, and celebrations aim to improve social equality, protection, and abundance of citizens.
Impact of cultural and Art Events on Socioeconomic and Environment Conditions
From the beginning of the world, people from all backgrounds set a schedule for celebrating events and occasions. They made it a priority and began to prepare for specific events long in advance and dressed according to the events theme. These include carnivals, parades, and festivals, which serve as sources of joy and provide excitement and new ways of expressing feelings and emotions (Boden et al., 2017). Many scholars have noticed that traditional customs and festivals have lost their charm and significance in the chaos of the modern world. That is because people have turned their lives into machines and cannot escape from the hectic routine and enjoy the attractions of the modern world. Along with these benefits, festivals retain tremendous importance for the country because they have a profound and long-lasting effect on society and the countrys economy (de Valck et al., 2016).
The event generally functions as a bridge between people and places and leaves individuals with traces of memories, and enhances the value of a place intended to celebrate a particular holiday. This event presents an opportunity to connect with new personalities. It promotes a friendly atmosphere between people of different cultures, understanding each others cultures and enjoying the flavor of various customs. Using a place to celebrate is a symbolic sign of a place, attracts tourists to visit, and inspires with its attraction (Finkel & Platt, 2020).
Cultural and art events usually help promote the value of place as well as develop regional values in several ways, such as helping to support the economy by serving as a source of attracting tourism which strengthens the local business market and has an impact on social standards (Getz et al., 2017). Tourists from other countries visiting the destination to celebrate festivals significantly affect the economy in the short term. They waste their money on regional goods to support fast business and, in the long run, growing job creation opportunities, such as the need for guides to provide better management (Lundberg et al., 2017).
The events also impose many significant impacts on the environment, usually adverse effects from activities such as increasing the use of transportation, energy, and construction. All factors combined cause climate change and resulted in a reduction of natural resources. The impact on the environment is from all over the states of festival preparation from beginning to end events. The waste generates from festival increase several kinds of pollution, such as dumping of waste into water bodies increase water pollution. The waste can be minimized by using biodegradable products instead of plastics, such as making flowers from plastic or using natural flowers. Early planning of events by keeping all eco-friendly environmental decisions in mind can significantly reduce negative impacts on the environment (BS & Koti, 2017). Festivals have many implications on social, environmental, and economic aspects. Festivals serve as a prominent source for building a strong economy, establishing high standards of society, and could prove themselves beneficial for the environment if planned sufficiently.
Overview of Cultural and Art Event in Hong Kong and in Other Countries
It is crucial to focus on Hong Kong as one of the most important cultural centers in the world. The exciting and lively city of Hong Kong initiated the journey as a trading port, then fought for their rights under British and Chinese rule. Currently, in the 21st century, it has developed swiftly and is considered the hub of financial and commercial centers of the world. Hong Kong city, along with its outstanding and unique past, is enriched with the beauty of multiple cultures and lifestyles. The heterogeneity of cultures makes it more attractive, magical, and famous worldwide. The culture of Hong Kong is highly diverse and eye-catching (Chiu & Siu, 2022).
Cultural events typically aid in the promotion of place value as well as the development of regional values in a variety of ways, including assisting the economy by serving as a source of drawing visitors to a strong local business market, as well as having an impact on social standards (Getz et al., 2017). The cultural festivals celebrated in Hong Kong usually include street parades, lighted temples, and unique exploration of dancing and musical performance. The city is filled with arsenals of the cultural festival which enhance the beauty of Hong Kong. The celebrations are celebrated every month of the Gregorian calendar.
Festivals of Buddhists and Taoists appear to celebrate according to the lunar calendar, which concludes that dates shift annually. One of the great festivals often rejoices in January, February, May, and October. Chinese New Year is a great significance and valuable festival in Hong Kong. People get three days holiday from work and enjoy unique and ancient customs on this day (Li & Yu, 2022).
The arts festival society organizes the art festival in Hong Kong in Hong Kong. It is one of the international festivals enriched with cultural values presented by multiple local and international artists related to all categories of arts, along with a vast range of Festival PLUS and educational events. The genres of art festivals include music, chamber opera, theatre, and many other successful performances in Hong Kong (Boyle et al., 2012). Due to the wide variety of festival cultures, this city is known as a cultural melting pot. It is a city of almost seven million people from various cultural backgrounds and has unique values. Many people are of Chinese origin, while others are Indonesian, Thai, Filipino, American, Canadian, British, and Australian. The diverse range of ethnic groups makes this city unique and ideal to live in and comes under the category of the most densely populated cities in the world (Chan, 2022).
Some of the most prominent cultural events include the following. Firstly. The Chinese New Year is a big celebration in Hong Kong. During this event, the people use red shock lanterns to cover the entire city, and it remains impossible to escape the city. Whereas most people are found praying for good fortune and good health, others are observed selling incense and flowers. The second most prominent event is the Clockenflap, where a music fest is arranged. It is one of the biggest music festivals and has grown in profile over the past few years. It organizes performances from English and Chinese pop stars (Lundberg et al., 2017). The Hong Kong Pride Parade is another annual event where the people of Hong Kong march against the hostility being faced by the LGBTQ+ Community.
It has also evolved into celebrating a culture of equality and love to help the LGBTQ+ community feel empowered. The Pride Parade of 2019 was observed to have above 10,000 people who marched throughout the cities. Another important festival is the Lantern Festival of Hong Kong, which marks the final day of the traditional Chinese New Year (Li & Yu, 2022). It remains to be one of the earliest festivals in Hong Kong.
It is significant to highlight a few prominent occasions that have occurred in other parts of the world. Festivals in Spain are unique events, analogs of which are not found in any other country. The programs richness and the events colorfulness attract tourists from all parts of Europe (Heller, 2019). Tomatina, known in Spain as the festival, is one of the most popular and visited Spanish festivals, which gained worldwide fame. The Tomatina festival occurs in the city of Bunyol in the province of Valencia. It is the largest tomato festival in Spain, during which more than 150 tons of tomatoes are transformed into juice, flooding the city streets and staining every event participant (Heller, 2019, p. 129).This holiday in Spain has received such wide publicity that today this red beating is being held in several cities of the world at once, which have borrowed the idea of the tomato battle from Spain (Heller, 2019). These include the Chinese city of Guangdong Province and the Colombian municipality of Sutamarchan.
Another trendy holiday is the carnival in Rio de Janerio, which is recognized all over the world. Every year, 40 days before Easter, a substantial rousing spectacle begins, which runs for 5 days (Heller, 2019, p. 130). Millions of Brazilians and foreigners from all over the world enjoy the extravagance of the carnival. The roads are overfilled with music, dancing, and colorful parades during the festival. Music plays a vital role in the carnival; bright lights are accompanied by dancers performing to the rhythmic sounds of the samba. The attraction of the celebration in Rio de Janeiro is the parade on the Sambodrome, a stadium specially built for the purpose. For several months, samba schools in Rio de Janeiro prepare their shows, with anywhere from 2,500 to 5,000 participants (Heller, 2019, p. 130). Each school has its theme, embodied in more minor details, including exotic handmade costumes. The parades begin in the evening and end only in the early morning. Tourists from around the world visit not just to observe but to take participate in the carnival.
Chapter Summary
This chapter reflects the significance of cultural and artistic events in Hong Kong and provides insight into the governments steps to improve cultural festival customs. At the same time, considerable attention is devoted to other cultural events that are popular worldwide. The cities of Hong Kong, Rio de Janeiro, and Bunyol are filled with a fusion of different cultures and traditions, and they have inherited other cultural practices. Events revolve around culture and art on a particular theme and create many socio-economic and environmental outcomes. Moreover, public authorities support festivals, carnivals, and celebrations that enhance the image of states and disseminate positive information about them. Cultural events promote heterogeneous culture and provide many opportunities to develop latent and inner talents in the arts and creativity. These events also facilitate the creation of a strong economy because of tourists. Thus, tourism increases the charm and beauty of festivals and enhances their value.
Methodology
Research Methods
Research methods are the techniques, approaches, and processes used to collect data and evidence to analyze the research, determine the findings, and demonstrate an understanding of the research audiences theme. There are several research methods that the researcher selects as the tool or instrument of data collection (Busetto et al., 2022). Research methods include research philosophy and an integrated approach with the philosophy of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data. The current study has selected Qualitative research methods for the research analysis, the inductive approach, and interpretivism philosophy. As identified by Kumar (2019), there are four research philosophies: interpretivism, pragmatism, positivism, and realism. A major underline of the pragmatism philosophy is that the knowledge acquired by one is always based on ones experiences. Therefore, one way of reasoning is based on the experience of the author, which is
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