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1. Jacob
Given the fact that pharmacies are often one of the largest and most lu
1. Jacob
Given the fact that pharmacies are often one of the largest and most lucrative departments within a hospital, the influence of operations management on pharmacy operations is to be expected (Langabeer & Helton, 2020). Four key areas of pharmacy management fall under the scope of operations management. These areas include perpetual inventory, strategic pricing analysis, systems integration, and location and network optimization. Perpetual inventory is a driving force in reaching operational efficiency because of the massive scope of modern hospital pharmacies. Due to the massive implications for generating revenue, operations managers play a key role in establishing systems and procedures for cost avoidance such as eliminating theft and shrinkage. With the common goal of maximizing profits, strategic pricing analysis is used to create optimal returns on certain drug types. In this area of pharmacy management, operations managers can help gather, synthesize, and report on data points that provide pharmacy leadership with all the information necessary to establish ideal drug prices. Systems integration is another important contributor to pharmacy efficiency. Without leveraging data from adjacent systems or processes in this hospital, pharmacies would be unable to effectively distribute drugs to the right patients at the right time. Lastly, location and network optimization is an area of pharmacy strategy that requires detailed consideration of physical locations and the subprocesses that accompany having a centralized or decentralized pharmacy network. To identify the optimal setup for a given care setting, operations managers can use the square root law of inventory calculation. Simply put, this formula states that total costs will increase as the number of stocking points increases. As such, changes to location and network operations for pharmacies should not be made without robust forecasting and follow-up analysis.
From the computerized physician order entry (CPOE) system for managing scripts to robots handling the bulk of pharmacy distribution and packing, technology is integrated into every facet of pharmacy operations (Langabeer & Helton, 2020). One of the primary reasons the use of technology in pharmacy operations is so prevalent is that human error is the largest contributor to patient death due to the administration of incorrect medications (Alahmari et al., 2022). Despite the continued evolution of advanced technologies, there will likely always be some level of human intervention no matter how impressive the capabilities. As such, operations managers must find a balance when making decisions surrounding the use of technology in pharmacies. For example, if an operations manager suggests implementing a new robotic dispensing mechanism for dosing medications, there would need to be secondary and tertiary checks by humans to ensure the quality of the medication is consistent. In this scenario, the main challenge is who would be the final approving authority for the drug. This would likely need to be a data-driven decision. If robots are consistently more accurate in dosing, the output from that technology should be trusted. The opposite is also true if human pharmacists were found to be more reliable. One of the main benefits that technology is that it can be used in both physical and digital spaces. Robots are relatively common in physical supply chain operations for pharmacies, conducting functions such as automating drug selections from shelves. (Langabeer and Helton, 2020). However, other use cases for pharmacy technology include automating data entry and administrative tasks through robotic process automation (RPA) (Stasevych & Zvarych, 2023). No matter the context, tangibility, or setting, technology is a tool for operations managers to use to achieve operational efficiency.
According to the Bible, “bodies are temples of the Holy Spirit” (Holy Bible New International Version, 1973/2011, 1 Corinthians 6:19). With this in mind, pharmacies play a massive role in ensuring that the proper medications or treatments are administered to the correct individuals. For this process to run efficiently and safely, operations managers must apply fundamental skills of the profession while balancing the effects of technology.
References
Alahmari, A. R., Alrabghi, K. K., & Dighriri, I. M. (2022). An overview of the current state and perspectives of pharmacy robot and medication dispensing technology. Curēus (Palo Alto, CA), 14(8), e28642-e28642. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.28642Links to an external site.
Holy Bible New International Version. (2011). 1 Corinthians 6:19 New International Version. https://www.biblegateway.com (Original work published 1973)
Langabeer, J.R., II., & Helton, J. (2020). Health Care Operations Management (3rd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9781284220575Links to an external site.
Stasevych, M., & Zvarych, V. (2023). Innovative robotic technologies and artificial intelligence in pharmacy and medicine: Paving the way for the future of health Care—A review. Big Data and Cognitive Computing, 7(3), 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7030147Links to an external site.
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2.Cynthia
Pharmacies are convenient locations that most people have visited or gone to for purchases. They also seem to be one of the oldest and most in demand businesses historically. They can be found in hospitals, stores, and free-standing buildings. Langabeer & Helton (2021) define a pharmacy as a location where remedies and prescriptions from clinicians can be supplied and distributed. Medical providers and patients rely on pharmacy services to provide the vital medications and supplies that support the plan of care for saving, continuing, improving, for supplementing health (p. 265).
Being one of the most sizable and highly lucrative divisions within a hospital, pharmacies are value-added services that depend on business administration for the proficient transfer of assets to yields (Langabeer & Helton, 2021, p. 265). The services they provide range from critically urgent to customer pickup when needed.
True to the nature of healthcare, pharmacy work is complex and undergoing changes. One of the modern modifications is in the area of automation. This assists in lessening the amount of physical work, mistakes, the length of time patients wait while commonly raising the completed requests without changing the number of workers, which are all essential aims that operations managers monitor (Langabeer & Helton, 2021, p. 269). Pharmacies today use machines (which can be robots or carousels for example) with advanced technology to aid in choosing packages with one to multiple doses, add an identifying sticker, and stock them appropriately (Langabeer & Helton, 2021, p. 269).
Technology is also being used to understand pharmacy customers. Zhan et al. (2021) stated that the retail pharmacy in today’s marketplace, which is quickly developing, is modifying their processes so that they are more focused on the purchaser’s needs by incorporating industry investigation, questionnaires, and the addition of client consultants with the intention of getting responses for expanding progress. Specifically, they identified that various social networking websites, as part of the beginning of cybernetics, offer massive quantities of purchaser-produced information that can be attained and evaluated to discover patron views. Computerized physician order entry (CPOE) systems, used by hospitals that are big and contemporary, give providers the ability to submit care and prescription data expressly which is recorded and directed so the correct individual in the procedure receives it, incorporates any industry regulations related to improving patient well-being, and confirming that the correct person obtains the intended prescription (Langabeer & Helton, 2021, p. 268).
Pharmacies are also setting long term goals for advancing their work. According to Rough et al. (2021) a group of leads in the field of pharmacy established an outline with eight defined areas that need to be incorporated into modern pharmacy operations by 2025 called the high-value pharmacy enterprise (HVPE). They listed that the eight areas of the HVPE include “Patient Care Services; Business Services; Ambulatory and Specialty Pharmacy Services; Inpatient Operations; Safety and Quality; Pharmacy Workforce; Information Technology, Data, and Information Management; and Leadership” (p.498). This list exemplifies the many facets of pharmacy obligations and the operational components that require consistent management for meeting the organizational and customer demands.
In the Bible it states, “Bear ye one another’s burdens, and so fulfil the law of Christ. For if a man think himself to be something, when he is nothing, he deceiveth himself. But let every man prove his own work, and then shall he have rejoicing in himself alone, and not in another. For every man shall bear his own burden” (King James Bible, 1769/2017, Galatians 6:2-5). Pharmacists and operations managers need to work together, bearing each other’s burdens, as they both have tremendous responsibility to make sure these services flow smoothly and are cost-effective. They must cooperate with the same goals and not diminish the importance of the other. As it indicates in this verse, they need to take care of their own responsibilities while helping the other in their endeavors, and then there will be reason for contentment.
King James Bible. (2017). King James Bible Online. https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/ (Original work published 1769)
Langabeer, II, J. R. and Helton, J. (2021). Health care operations management (3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Rough, S., Shane, R., Armitstead, J. A., Belford, S. M., Brummond, P. W., Chen, D., Collins, C. M., Dalton, H., Dopp, A. L., Estevez, M. M., Hager, D. R., Halbach, B., Hays, R., Knoer, S., Kotis, D., Montgomery, D., Plummer, B., Riester, M. R., Schreier, D. J., . . . Vermeulen, L. C. (2021). The high-value pharmacy enterprise framework: Advancing pharmacy practice in health systems through a consensus-based, strategic approach. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 78(6), 498-510. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxaa431Links to an external site.
Zhan, Y., Han, R., Tse, M., Ali, M. H., & Hu, J. (2021). A social media analytic framework for improving operations and service management: A study of the retail pharmacy industry. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 163, 120504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120504Links to an external site.
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What role does a pharmacy play in operations management? How are modern day systems and technology streamlining pharmacy operations (please explain)?
Thread must include a biblical integration and 2 peer-reviewed source citations, in addition to the course textbook, in current APA format (4 references total)
Course textbook: Langabeer, J. R., & Helton, J. (2021). Health Care Operations Management: A systems perspective. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
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